生物科学专业英语.ppt

生物专业英语 InsidetheLivingCell StructureandFunctionofInternalCellparts Glossary Cytoplasm细胞质Thelivingcontentsofacellboundedexternallybytheplasmalemma includinganaqueousgroundsubstance hyaloplasm 透明质 cellsap orcellmatrix containingorganellesandvariousinclusionsbutexcludingthenucleusandvisiblevacuoles 细胞中的亚器官 Chloroplast叶绿体Aplastidinwhichphotosynthesisiscarriedout Chloroplastsoccurinallphotosyntheticorganismsexceptphotosyntheticbacteriaandblue greenalgae Stroma子座 基质Regionwithinachloroplastthathasnochlorophyll Plastid质体Anorganellepresentinallplantsexceptbacteria blue greenalgae andfungi itisenclosedbytwomembranes theenvelope andhasvariousfunctions Endoplasmicreticulum内质网Foldedmembranesandtubesthroughouttheeukaryoticcellthatprovidealargesurfaceuponwhichchemicalactivitiestakeplace Golgicomplex高尔基复合体Astackofflattened smooth memebranoussacs thesiteofsynthesisandpackagingofcertainmoleculesineukaryoticcells Mitochondrion线粒体Amembranousorganelleresemblingasmallbagwithalargerbaginsidethatisfoldedbackonitself serveasthesiteofaerobiccellularrespiration Ribosome核糖体Smallstructurescomposedoftwoproteinandribonucleicacidsubunitsinvolvedintheassemblyofproteinsfromaminoacids Polysome多核糖体Ofproteinsynthesis severalribosomesalltranslatingthesamemessengerRNAmolecule oneaftertheother Vacuole液泡Storagecontainerwithinthecytoplasmofacellhavingasurroundingmembrane Lysosome溶酶体AspecializedorganellethatholdsamixtureofhydrolyticenzymesCentriole中心粒Anorganellelocatedclosetothenucleusinmostanimalandlowerplantcellsbutabsentfromprokaryotesandhigherplants 细胞的遗传亚结构 细胞核和染色体 Chromosome染色体ADNA histonethreadresidinginthenucleusofacell Eachchromosomepossessestwotelomeresandacentromere andsomecontainanucleousorganizer RNAproteinsareinvariablyassociatedwiththechromosome Nuclearenvelope核膜 核被膜Adoublemembrane twolipidbilayersandassociatedproteins thatistheoutermostportionofacellnucleous Nucleoid核质体TheDNA containingareaofaprokaryotecell analogoustoeukaryotenucleusbutnotmembranebounded Nucleoli核仁Nuclearstructurescomposedofcompletedorpartiallycompletedribosomesandthespecificpartsofchromosomesthatcontaintheinformationfortheirconstruction Nucleus细胞核 神经核Theorganelleoftheeukaryotecellthatcontainsthechromosomesandhenceultimatelycontrolscellularactivityandinheritancethroughtheactivityofthegeneticmaterial DNA 细胞运动结构和骨架 Cytoskeleton细胞骨架Ofeukaryoticcells aninternal skeleton Itsmicrotubulesandothercomponentsstructurallysupportthecell organizeandmoveitsinternalcomponents Thecytoskeletonalsohelpsfree livingcellsmovethroughtheirenvironment Microtubule微管Small hollowtubesofproteinthatfunctionthroughoutthecytoplasmtoprovidestrucuturalsupportandenablemovement Microfilament微丝 纤丝Long fiberlikestructuresmadeofproteinandfoundincells oftenincloseassociationwiththemicrotubule providestructuralsupportandenablemovement Cilia纤毛Numerousshort hairlikestructuresprojectingfromthecellsurfacethatenablelocomotion Flagella鞭毛Long hairlikestructuresprojectingfromthecellsurfacethatenablelocomotion Actin肌动蛋白Aglobularcontractileprotein Inmusclecells actininteractswithanotherprotein myosein tobringaboutcontraction Dynein动力蛋白AgroupofatleastfourdistinctproteinsfoundintheflagellaandmicrotubulesofeukaryoticcellsandpossessingATPaseactivity Myosin肌球蛋白Aproteinthat withactin constitutestheprincipalelementofthecontractileapparatusofmuscle Tubulin微管蛋白Aproteinthatisthemajorconstituentofmicrotubules Basalbody基体Abodyidenticalinstructuretoacentriole foundalwaysatthebaseofaciliumoreukaryoteflagellum Chemotaxis趋化性Alocomotorymovementofanorganismorcellinresponseto anddirectedby anexternaldirectionalstimulus Phagocytosis吞噬作用Theprocessbywhichthecellwrapsaroundaparticleandengulfsit Pinocytosis胞饮作用Theprocessbywhichacellengulfssomemoleculesdissolvedinwater 胞饮作用 Cytoplasm细胞质Thedynamic MobileFactory Semifluid半流体Plasmamembrane质膜Organelle细胞器官Cytoskeleton细胞骨架 Mostofthepropertiesweassociatedwithlifearepropertiesofthecytoplasm Muchofthemassofacellconsistsofthissemifluidsubstance whichisboundedontheoutsidebytheplasmamembrane Organellesaresuspendedwithinit supportedbythefilamentousnetworkofthecytoskeleton Dissolvedinthecytoplasmicfluidarenutrients ions solubleproteins andothermaterialsneededforcellfunctioning Nucleus细胞核 Eukaryotic真核细胞的Prokaryote原核细胞Hereditary遗传的Sac液囊 细胞核和染色体 Theeukaryoticcellnucleusisthelargestorganelleandhousesthegeneticmaterial DNA onchromosomes Inprokaryotesthehereditarymaterialisfoundinthenucleoid Thenucleusalsocontainsoneortwoorgenelles thenucleoli thatplayaroleincelldivision Apore perforatedsaccalledthenuclearenvelopeseparatesthenucleusanditscontentsfromthecytoplasm Smallmoleculescanpassthroughthenuclearenvelope butlargermoleculessuchasMRNAandribosomesmustenterandexitviathepores Organelle细胞器官 Aminoacid氨基酸Lacy花边Vesicle小泡Stud布满Fat脂肪Steroid胆固醇Oxidation氧化Sugar糖 digestive消化的carbohydrate碳水化合物Leucoplast白色体Pigment色素Starch淀粉Chromoplast色素细胞Grana叶绿素基粒 细胞结构 Alleukaryoticcellscontainmostofthevariouskindsoforganelles andeachorganelleperformsaspecializedfunctioninthecell Organellesdescribedinthissectionincluderibosomes theendoplasmicreticulum theGolgicomplex vacuoles mitochondria andtheplastidsofplantcells Thenumberofribosomeswithinacellmayrangefromafewhundredtomanythousands Thisquantityreflectsthefactthatribosomesarethesitesatwhichaminoacidsareassembledintoproteinsforexportorforuseincellprocesses Acompleteribosomeiscomposedofonelargerandonesmallersubunit DuringproteinsynthesisthetwosubunitsmovealongastrandofMRNA reading thegeneticsequencecodedinitandtranslatingthatsequenceintoprotein SeveralribosomesmaybecomeattachedtoasingleMRNAstrand suchacombinationiscalledapolysome Mostcellularproteinsaremanufacturedonribosomesinthecytoplasm Exportableproteinsandmembraneproteinsareusuallymadeinassociationwiththeendoplasmicreticulum Theendoplasmicreticulum alacyarrayofmembranoussacs tubules andvesicles maybeeitherrough RER andsmooth SER Bothtypesplayrolesinthesynthesisandtransportofproteins TheRER whichisstuddedwithpolysomes alsoseemstobethesourceofthenuclearenvelopeafteracelldivides SERlackspolysomes itisactiveinthesynthesisoffatsandsteroidsandintheoxidationoftoxicsubstanceinthecell Bothtypesofendoplasmicreticulumserveascompartmentswithinthecellwherespecificproductscanbeisolatedandsubsequentlyshuntedtoparticularareasinoroutsidethecell 内质网 Transportvesiclesmaycarryexportablemoleculesfromtheendoplasmicreticulumtoanothermembranousorganelle theGolgicomplex WithintheGolgicomplexmoleculesaremodifiedandpackagedforexportoutofthecellorfordeliveryelsewhereinthecytoplasm 高尔基体 液泡 Vacuolesincellsappeartobehollowsacsbutareactuallyfilledwithfluidandsolublemolecules Themostprominentvaculoesappearinplantcellsandserveaswaterreservoirsandstoragesitesforsurgarsandothermolecules Vacuolesinanimalcellscarryoutphagocytosis 吞噬作用 theintakeofparticulatematter andpinocytosis 胞饮作用 vacuolardrinking 胞饮作用 Asubsetofvacuolesistheorganellesknownaslysosomeswhichcontaindigestiveenzymes packagedinlysosomesintheGolgicomplex thatcanbreakdownmostbiologicalmacromolecules Theyacttodigestfoodparticlesandtodegradedamagedcellparts 线粒体 Mitochondriaarethesitesofenergy yieldingchemicalreactionsinallcells inaddition plantcellscontainplastidsthatutilizelightenergytomanufacturecarbohydratesintheprocessofphotosynthesis ItisonthelargesurfaceareaprovidedbytheinnercristaeofmitochondriathatATP generatingenzymesarelocated Mitochondriaareself replicating andprobablytheyaretheevolutionarydescendantsofwhatwereoncefree livingprokaryotes 叶绿体立体结构 Therearetwotypesofplastids leucoplasts 白色体 whichlackpigmentsandserveasstoragesitesforstarch proteins andoils andchromoplasts 色素母细胞 whichcontainpigments Themostimportantchromoplastsarechloroplasts organellesthatcontainthechlorophyllusedinphotosynthesis Theinternalstructureofchloroplastsincludesstacksofmembranescalledgrana 叶绿体基粒 whichareembedded inamatrixcalledthestroma 基质 Cytoskeleton细胞骨架 Convoluted回旋Latticework格子状Mechanoenzyme功能酶Kinesin运动蛋白 Alleukryotescellshaveacytoskeleton whichisaconvolutedlatticeworkoffilamentsandtubulesthatappearstoavailablespaceinthecellandprovidessupportforvariousotherorganelles Alargeportionofthecytoskeletonconsistsofthreadlikemicrofilamentscomposedmainllyofthecontractileproteinactin Theyareinvolvedinmanytypesofintracellularmovementsinplantandanimalcells Asecondprotein myosinisinvolveinthecontractionofmusclecells Anothermainstructuralcomponentofthecytoskeletonconsistsofmicrotubules whicharecomposedoftheglobularproteintubulinandtogetheractasscaffoldingthatprovidesastablecellshape Cytoskeletalintermediatefilamentsappeartoimparttensilestrengthtothecellcytoplasm Mechanoenzymessuchasmyosin dyneinandkinesininteractwiththecytoskeletalfilamentsandtubulinstogenerateforcesthatcausemovements Cellularmovements细胞运动 Creep爬行Glide滑动Geometry几何Propel推动Spindle纺锤体 Althoughthecytosketetonprovidessomestabilitytocells itsmicrotubulesandfilamentsandtheirassociatedproteinsenablecellstomovebycreepingorgliding Suchmovementsrequireasubstratetowhichthecellcanadhereandcanbeguidedbythegeometryofthesurface Somecellsalsoexhibitchemotaxis theabilitytomovetowardorawayfromthesourceofadiffusingchemical Certaineukaryoticcellscanswimfreelyinliquidenvironments propelledbywhiplikecilia 纤毛 andflagella 鞭毛 Bothciliaandflagellahavethesameinternalstructure ninedoublets pairsormicrotubules arearragedinaringandextendthelengthoftheciliumorflagellum andtwomoremicrotubulesrundowntheenterofthering Everyciliumorflagellumgrowsonlyfromthecellsurfacewhereabasalbodyislocated Movementisbasedontheactivitiesoftinydyneins