语言学内容讲义Chapter Three Phonology

ChapterChapter ThreeThree PhonologyPhonology Teaching aims let the students have the general idea about phonology Focal points phoneme phonological rules Teaching difficulties phoneme allophone minimal pair Teaching procedure Outline of this chapter 1 1 PhonologyPhonology 1 1 Definition of phonology 1 1 1 Phonology at p24 1 1 2 Phonetics 1 2 the difference between phonetics and phonology 2 2 TermsTerms inin phonologyphonology 2 1 Minimal pairs 最小对立体 2 1 1 concept 2 1 2 arguments and examples 2 1 3Three requirements for a minimal pair 2 2 phonemes 2 2 1 phones 2 2 2 phoneme 2 2 3 Phonetic transcription 2 3 allophones 2 3 1Allophones P41 Para 1 2 3 2 Complementary distribution P41 para 1 and free variation 2 4 Difference between phonemes and allophones 3 3 PhonologicalPhonological processprocess 3 1 assimilation P42 para 2 3 1 1 regressive P43 Para 1 3 1 2 progressive 3 1 3 Examples P43 para 2 3 2 Phonological rules P44 3 2 1 devoicing 3 2 2 nasalization 3 2 3 dentalization 3 2 4 velarization 3 2 5 the deletion rule 4 Suprasegmental phonemes 4 1 concept 4 2 kinds of suprasegmental phonemes 4 2 1 stress 4 2 2 Tones 4 2 3 Intonation 4 2 4 Linking 5 Some principle of phonology 5 1The sequential rules 5 2 the deletion rule 1 1 PhonologyPhonology 1 1 Definition of phonology 1 1 1 Phonology is the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of languages It aims to discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages and to explain the variations that occur at p24 1 1 2 Phonetics studies how speech sounds are made transmitted and received 1 2 the difference between phonetics and phonology 1 Phonetics and phonology are the two disciplines dealing with speech sounds Both are related to the study of sounds They differ in their approach and focus 2 Phonology is concerned with the abstract and mental aspect of the sounds in language while phonetics deals with the actual physical articulation of speech sounds 3 definition 4 P 16 Para 2 2 Terms in phonology 2 1 Minimal pairs 最小对立体 2 1 1 concept When two words are identical in form in every way except for a contrast in one phoneme occurring in the same position the two words are described as a minimal pair P39 2 1 2 arguments and examples 1 When two different phonetic forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the string the two forms i e word are supposed to form a minimal pair e g pill and bill pill and till till and dill till and kill etc 2 All these words together constitute a minimal set They are identical in form except for the initial consonants 3 Minimal pairs are established on the basis of sound and not spelling 2 1 3Three requirements for a minimal pair 1 the same number of segment 2 one phonetic difference in the same place 3 different meaning e g a minimal pair lit lip phone tone pill bill a minimal set beat bit bet boot but bite The minimal pair test helps establish which sounds contrast in a language 2 2 phonemes 2 2 1 phones the speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones It s a phonetic unit or segment in the mouth Conventionally phones are placed within square brackets phonetic transcription Phones do not necessarily distinguish meaning Usually phones of different phonemes distinguish meaning 2 2 2 phoneme P16 Para 1 The phoneme is the smallest meaning distinguishing unit 2 2 3 Phonetic transcription Phonemes are placed in slashes phonemic transcription e g Neither the sound p in pit or the sound b in bit is a phoneme They are phones they are the phonetic realization of the phoneme p and b 2 3 allophones 2 3 1Allophones P41 Para 1 are the variants of the same phoneme 2 3 2 Complementary distribution P41 para 1 and free variation P42 para 1 Phonetically similar sounds might be related in two ways If they are two distinctive phoneme they might form a contrast e g p and b in pit and bit If they are allophones of the same phoneme then they don t distinguish meaning but complement each other in distribution i e they occur in different phonetic context Strictly speaking every sound is different from every other sounds But in phonology some of the difference may be ignored A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another result in a change of meaning Complementary distribution Not all speech sounds occur in the same environment when the two sounds never occur in the same environment they are said to be in complementary distribution Not all phones in complementary distribution are considered to be allophones of the same phoneme They must be phonetically similar and in complementary distribution Free variation A phone may sometimes has free variants If two sounds occurring in the same environment do not contrast that is the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word form but merely a different pronunciation of the same word then the two sounds are in free variation 2 4 Difference between phonemes and allophones 1 concept 2 transcription 3 abstract vs concrete 4 possibility of production 5 characteristics 3 3 PhonologicalPhonological processprocess 3 1 assimilation P42 para 2 3 1 1 regressive P43 Para 1 3 1 2 progressive 3 1 3 Examples P43 para 2 3 2 Phonological rules P44 3 2 1 devoicing 3 2 2 nasalization 3 2 3 dentalization 3 2 4 velarization 3 2 5 the deletion rule The deletion rule tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented While the letter is mute in sign design and paradigm it is pronounced in their corresponding derivatives signature designation and paradigmatic The rule then can be stated as delete a g when it occurs before a final nasal consonant This accounts for some of the seeming irregularities of the English spelling Sign design there is no g sound Signature designation the g is pronounced Delete a g when it occurs before a final nasal constant 4 Suprasegmental phonemess 4 1 concept The phonemic phonemes that occur above the level of the phonemic segments are called suprasegmental phonemes Suprasegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of linguistic units larger than the segment called phoneme Suprasegmental features includes stress length and pitch as what they suppose to be principal suprasegmental features 4 2 kinds of suprasegmental phonemes 4 2 1 stress Stress including both word and sentence stress distinguishes meaning in English 形 容 词 词 义 动 词 词 义 abstract 抽象的 ab stract 摘要 提炼 frequent 时常发生的 fre quent 常去 地点 perfect 完美的 完全的 per fect 使完美 present 出席的 现在的 pre sent 给 赠 呈 递 复合词 词义 名词短语 词义 heavy weight 重量级拳击手 heavy weight 特别重的人或物 red cap 宪兵 red cap 红色的帽子 small fry 不重要的人或者物 small fry 小鱼苗 tall boy 卧室用的 高衣柜 tall boy 高个子的男孩 4 2 2 Tones In some languages the pitches of words can make a difference in their meaning Such languages are called tone languages