高考复合句复习思路

复习思路 一 状语从句 二 定语从句 三 名词性从句 其中 名词性从句又分 主 语从句 宾语从句 表语从句和同位语从句 大家按照这个思路就不会觉得手忙脚乱了 在高考英语试题中 复合句占有较大的比例 复习时应该注意 倡发散思维 忌单向思维 考各种从属句 常常是不同类型的连接词语正误连缀而 至 如果不抓住这 一点 不从多方面思考选择 就容易以偏概全 误入歧途 弄清主从复合句中的每一个从属连接词的意思 用法 主句与从句在时态上的呼应 语气 是否需要 倒装 固定搭配及逻辑常识等 熟记句型及特殊表达形式 注意各分句之间的特点及区别 注意有些连接词的省略情况及省略后某些语序发生的变化 总之在做习题时 不能生搬硬套 一成不变 要全方位的思考 摸清出题者的意图 灵 活机动 随着不同 的语言环境而变化 什么是复合句 什么是复合句 从句子结构上来说 句子有三种 简单句 并列句和复合句 简单句有一个主语或多 个主语和一个谓语 一个主语和多个谓语 并列句是由并列连词连接的两个或多个简单句 复合句指的是含有两个或更多的主谓结构的句子 其中有一个 或更多 主谓结构充当句 子的某一 些 成分 如主语 宾语 表语 定语 状语 同位语等 主语从句 宾语从 句 表语从句 同位语从句 定语从句和状语从句都属于复合句 一 状语从句 一 状语从句 状语从句 Adverbial Clause 从句用作状语称为状语从句 根据用途 状语从句可分为 时间 地点 原因 条件 方式 让步 结果 目的等状语从句 I 时间状语从句 时间状语从句表示时间 常用的关联词有 when until as after before once since as long as whenever 等等 例 1 When you cross a main road you must be careful 2 He went out to play football after he had finished his homework 3 Wait until you are called 4 I can t recognize you You are so changed since last we met 5 He didn t go to school until he was eleven You can use my house as long as you are careful He is so terrible once he is drunk I listen to the radio while I walk every evening II 地点状语从句 地点状语从句表示地点 常用的关联词有 where wherever anywhere 等 例如 1 Put it where you found it 2 Sit down wherever you like 3 Anywhere she goes he goes too III 原因状语从句 原因状语从句表示原因或理由 常用的关联词有 because as since in case 等 1 I eat ice cream so much because I like sweet food 2 As I didn t know the way I asked a policeman 3 Since you won t help me I ll ask someone else I ll take my raincoat in case it rains in case it rains because it may rain 我将带上雨衣 以防 下雨 IV 条件状语从句 条件状语从句表示真实的或现实的条件 引导从句所用的关联词有 if unless suppose in case that in the event that as so long as 等等 1 If it snows tomorrow we will build a snowman You ll be late unless you hurry 3 Suppose we are late what will he say suppose 从句必须放在主句之前 我们如果迟到了 他会说什么 4 In the event that our team wins there will be a party 5 In case it rains do not expect me 如果下雨 就不要等我了 6 He will do anything as so long as it is interesting 只要好玩 他什么都愿意做 V 方式状语从句 方式状语从句表示动作的方式 回答 How 的问题 常用关联词 as as if as though the way that in the way that 等引导 一般置于主语之后 Do as I say I did just as you told me 照我说的去做 我就是照你说的去做的 He acts as if as though he is the owner 他行为举止好象是这儿的主人似的 They did it in a way that I had never seen before 他们以我从没见过的方式行事 I was never allowed to sing the way I wanted to 我从未被允许用自己想用的方式唱歌 VI 让步状语从句 让步状语从句表示 虽然 尽管 即使 等概念 使句子具有对比的因素 常用的关联 词有 although though even if even though not that although not 等 置于主语之前或后 1 Although you feel very ill right now this is still a common disease 2 Though he has lived for years in London he writes in French 3 We intend to go U S even if air fares are expensive 4 Even though fruits are good you can t live with fruits only 5 I m OK now not that I slept although I did not sleep very well last night VII 结果状语从句 结果状语从句表示结果 常由连词 so that such a an that so that such that 等引导 置于主语之后 She was so frightened about the dog that she cried The news worried him so much that he didn t sleep at all for the whole night He is such a wonderful joker that you can t help laughing They are such wonderful players that no one can beat them We arrived early so that we got good seats The weather was such that I couldn t go out VIII 目的状语从句 目的状语从句表示目的 回答 what for 或 for what purpose 的问题 常用关联词 so that in order that 等引导 一般置于主语之后 目的状语从句中的谓语动词常由 情态动词 动词 原形 构成 Ships carry lifeboats so that people can escape if the ship sinks They wrote the notice in several languages so that foreigners could understand it We carved their names on the stone in order that people should always remember them They risk their lives so that in order that they may support their kids A will finish B shall finish C finish D finished 选 在时间 条件状语从句中 主句可能是祈使句 一般将来时或带情态动词 从 句用一般现在时 如 果主句是过去将来时 从句可以用一般过去时 能够引导时间状语从 句 条件状语从句的从属连接词 常见的 有 when until directly unless as long as suppose 等 如 Unless he comes we won t be able to go Suppose it goes on raining what shall we do Lu Xun often said As long as I am alive I shall go on studying No sooner the news than they rushed out into the street A they heard B they had heard C did they hear D had they heard 选 no sooner than hardly when scarcely before 表示 就 主句一般用过去 完成时 h ad V ed 从句用一般过去时 如果 hardly no sooner scarcely 放句首 主谓倒 装 Although he is considered a great writer MET 91 A his works are not widely read B but his works are not widelyread C however his works are not widely read D still his works arenot widely read 选 这是一个让步状语从句 主句与从句之间有一个从属连词 although though 不 能再加 but howeve r still 等 但可以和 yet 连用 No matter how hard he worked 年 A he could not do any better B and he could not do any better C so he could do any bettes D but he could not do any better 选 由 no matter 引导的让步状语从句 其主句也不能再用 but and so 等并列连接词 he might he failed A Try as B As try C Tried as D As tried 选 为了强调让步的意义 表示出非常强烈的对照 用 as 或 though 引导的让步状 语从句 从句的语序要 作部分调整 即把句子受强调的表语 状语或动词原形置于从句的 句首 如果表语是单数可数名词 移置句首 时 名词前不用冠词 如 Much as I like it I will not buy it Child as she is she knows a lot of English Did the two boys look so much alike no one could tell them apart A and B that C as D so that 选 目的状语从句的表达 主 谓 that so that in order that 主 may might can could sho uldn t 等 谓 Mr Smith is well again he can travel A Now that B But that C And that D Since that 选 now that 相当于 since 表示原因状语从句的连接词常见的有 because as since now that seeing that considering that 等 It was a hundred people looked lost in it A so large a room that B so large a room C such large a room that D a such large room 选 引导结果状语从句 so adj adv that 从句 so adj a an n that 从句 such a an adj n that 从句 表示 这样 一个 以至于 The harder he worked he felt A happier B the happier C the happy D the happiest 选 the 比较级 主 谓 the 比较级 主 谓 意思是 越 越 二 定语从句 定语从句 Attributive Clauses 在句中做定语 修饰一个名词或代词 被修饰的名词 词组或代词即先行词 定语从句通常出现在先行词之后 由关系词 关系代词或关系副词 引出 关系代词有 who whom whose that which 等 关系副词有 when where why 等 1 关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词 并在句中充当主语 宾语 定语等 成分 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时 从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致 1 who whom that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词 在从句中所起作用如下 Is he the man who that wants to see you 他就是你想见的人吗 who that 在从句中作主语 He is the man whom that I saw yesterday 他就是我昨天见的那个人 whom that 在从句中作宾语 2 Whose 用来指人或物 只用作定语 若指物 它还可以同 of which 互换 例如 They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down 那人车坏了 大家都跑过去帮忙 Please pass me the book whose of which cover is green 请递给我那本绿皮的书 3 which that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词 在从句中可作主语 宾语等 例 如 A prosperity which that had never been seen before appears in the countryside 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣 which that 在句中作宾语 The package which that you are carrying is about to come unwrapped 你拿的包快散了 which that 在句中作宾语 2 关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间 地点或理由的名词 在从句中作状语 1 when where why 关系副词 when where why 的含义相当于 介词 which 结构 因此常 常和 介词 which 结构交替使用 例如 There are occasions when on which one must yield 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候 Beijing is the place where in which I was born 北京是我的出生地 Is this the reason why for which he refused our offer 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗 2 that 代替关系副词 that 可以用于表示时间 地点 方式 理由的名词后取代 when where why 和 介词 which 引导的定语从句 在口语中 that 常被省略 例如 His father died the year that when in which he was born 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了 He is unlikely to find the place that where in which he lived forty years ago 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方 3 判断关系代词与关系副词 方法一 用关系代词 还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词 及物动词后面无宾语 就必须要求用关系代词 而不及物动词则要求用关系副词 例如 This is the mountain village where I stayed last year I ll never forget the days when I worked together with you 习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where when 联系在一起 方法二 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分 主 谓 宾 定 状 也能正确选择出关 系代词 关系副词 例 1 Is this museum you visited a few days age A where B that C on which D the one 例 2 Is this the museum the exhibition was held A where B that C on which D the one 答案 例 1 D 例 2 A 例 1 变为肯定句 This museum is you visited a few days ago 例 2 变为肯定句 This is the museum the exhibition was held 在句 1 中 所缺部分为宾语 而 where that on which 都不能起到宾语的作用 只有 the one 既做了主句的表语 又可做从句的宾语 可以省略关系代词 所以应选 D 而 句 2 中 主 谓 宾俱全 从句部分为句子的状语表地点 既可用副词 where 又因 in the museum 词组 可用介词 in which 引导地点状语 而此题中 介词 on 用的不对 所 以选 A 关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分 先行词在从句中做主 定 宾语时 选择关系代词 who whom that which whose 先行词在从句中做状语时 应选择关系副 词 where 地点状语 when 时间状语 why 原因状语 4 限制性和非限制性定语从句 1 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种 限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分 去掉它 主句意思往往不明确 非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明 去掉了也不会影响主句的 意思 它与主句之间通常用逗号分开 例如 This is the house which we bought last month 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子 限制性 The house which we bought last month is very nice 这幢房子很漂亮 是我们上个月买的 非限制性 2 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时 其后的定语从句通常是非限制性 的 例如 Charles Smith who was my former teacher retired last year 查理 史密斯去年退休了 他曾经是我的老师 My house which I bought last year has got a lovely garden 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园 This novel which I have read three times is very touching 这本小说很动人 我已经读了三遍 3 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词 对其进行修饰 这时从句谓语动词要用 第三人称单数 例如 He seems not to have grasped what I meant which greatly upsets me 他似乎没抓住我的意思 这使我心烦 Liquid water changes to vapor which is called evaporation 液态水变为蒸汽 这就叫做蒸发 说明 关系代词 that 和关系副词 why 不能引导非限制性定语从句 5 介词 关系词 1 介词后面的关系词不能省略 2 that 前不能有介词 3 某些在从句中充当时间 地点或原因状语的 介词 关系词 结构可以同关系副词 when 和 where 互换 This is the house in which I lived two years ago This is the house where I lived two years ago Do you remember the day on which you joined our club Do you remember the day when you joined our club 6 as which 非限定性定语从句 由 as which 引导的非限定性定语从句 as 和 which 可代整个主句 相当于 and this 或 and that As 一般放在句首 which 在句中 As we know smoking is harmful to one s health The sun heats the earth which is very important to us 典型例题 1 Alice received an invitation from her boss came as a surprise A it B that C which D he 答案 C 此为非限定性从句 不能用 that 修饰 而用 which it 和 he 都使后句成为句子 两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接 况且选 he 句意不通 2 The weather turned out to be very good was more than we could expect A what B which C that D it 答案 B which 可代替句子 用于非限定性定语从句 而 what 不可 That 不能用于非限定 性定语从句 it 不为连词 使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通 3 It rained hard yesterday prevented me from going to the park A that B which C as D it 答案 B as 和 which 在引导非限制性定语从句时 这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思 且 在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语 但不同之处主要有两点 1 as 引导的定语从句可置于句首 而 which 不可 2 as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时 从句中的谓语必须是系动词 若为行 为动词 则从句中的关系代词只能用 which 在本题中 prevent 由于是行为动词 所 以正确选项应为 B As 的用法 例 1 the same as such as 中的 as 是一种固定结构 和 一样 I have got into the same trouble as he has 例 2 as 可引导非限制性从句 常含有 正如 的意思 As we know smoking is harmful to one s health As is know smoking is harmful to one s health As 是关系代词 例 1 中的 as 作 know 的宾语 例 2 中 它充当从句的主语 谓语动词 know 要用被动式 7 先行词和关系词二合一 1 Whoever spits in public will be punished here Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替 2 The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school what 可以用 all that 代替 8 what whatever that what who whoever 1 what the thing which whatever anything What you want has been sent here Whatever you want makes no difference to me 2 who the person that whoever anyone who 错 Who breaks the law will be punished 错 Whoever robbed the bank is not clear 对 Whoever breaks the law will be punished 对 Who robbed the bank is not clear 3 that 和 what 当 that 引导定语从句时 通常用作关系代词 而引导名词性从句时 是个不充当任何 成分的连接词 宾语从句和表语从句中的 that 常可省略 What 只能引导名词性从句 用 作连接代词 作从句的具体成分 且不能省略 I think that you will like the stamps What we need is more practice 9 关系代词 that 的用法 1 不用 that 的情况 a 在引导非限定性定语从句时 错 The tree that is four hundred years old is very famous here b 介词后不能用 We depend on the land from that we get our food 错 改为 We depend on the land from which we get our food We depend on the land that which we get our food from 2 只能用 that 作为定语从句的关系代词的情况 a 在 there be 句型中 只用 that 不用 which b 在不定代词 如 anything nothing the one all much few any little 等作先行词时 只 用 that 不用 which c 先行词有 the only the very 修饰时 只用 that d 先行词为序数词 数词 形容词最高级时 只用 that e 先行词既有人 又有物时 只用 that 例如 All that is needed is a supply of oil 所需的只是供油问题 Finally the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police 那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察 She heard a terrible noise brought her heart into ber mouth MET 91 A it B which C this D that 选 在非限定性定语从句中 关系代词用 which 不能用 that He paid the boy 10 for washing ten wiondows most of hadn t cleaned for at least a y ear MET 90 A these B those C that D which 选 如果选 整个句子不符合语法要求 因为有一个 逗号 不是并列 句 因此只能是一 个非限定性定语从句 在非限定性定语从句中关系代词一般用 which His parents wouldn t marry anyone family was poor MET 88 A of whom B whom c of whose D whose 选 因为 whose 作 family 的定语 Finally the thief handed in everything he had stolen to the police MET 87 A after B what C whatever D that 选 因为 不能引导定语从句 先行词 everything 关系代词 that 在从句中 作宾语 当先行词 是不定代词 all anything nothing everything something 等 关系代词只能 由 that 引导 All is needed is a supply of oil MET 89 A the thing B that C what C which 选 All 作先行词 关系代词由 that 引导 In fact the Swede did not understand the three questions were asked in French 年 A where B who C in which D which 选 question 是先行词 在从句中作主语 所以应用 which 引导 The man talked to you just now is an engineer 年 A who B where C which D what 选 先行词是 man 在从句中作主语 所以选 who The word write has the same pronunciation the work right 年 A of B as C to D from 选 先行词中含有 such the same 时 或先行词被 such the same 修饰时 关系代词 用 as 引导 Watch the girl and her dog are crossing the bridge A which B who C they D that 选 当先行词含有 人 和 物 时 关系代词用 that This dictionary a few pages are missing is of no use A among which B of which C which D in which 选 dictionary 是先行词 which 是关系代词 a few pages of which diciotnary You may take book you like A which B only c whichever D what 选 复合关系代词本身兼有先行词 whichever anything that whatever anything that whoever any one who whomever anyone whom whosever anyone whose This is the best dictionary I ve ever bought A with which B that C which D when 选 先行词是 dictionary 因为先行词前有最高级 序数词 only very any 等修饰时 关系代词用 tha t I still remember the day I first came to Beijing A which B that C when D where 选 先行词 the day 在定语从句中作状语 所以选 when 当先行词是时间名词或 地点名词时 关系词选 用 when 或 where that 或 which 主要取决于在定语从句中所作成份 如果作宾语 用 that 或 which 作状语用 wh en 或 where 如 I still remember the days that which we spent in the countryside 先行词是 the days spent 是及物动词 that which 作 spent 的宾语 This is the place where I lived three years ago 先行词是 place lived 是不及物动词 where 在从句中作状语 This is the place that which we visited three years ago 先行词是 place visited 是及物动词 that which 在从句中作宾语 Charles Dickens was an English writetr A It s knownn to all B It s known that C We all know D As isknown to all 选 as 引出非限定性定语从句 表示 正如 那样 类似的还有 asyou know as you see as can be known as has been pointed out as is known to all 等 I don t like the way you laughed at her A which B in that C where D that 选 先行词是 the way 表示方式 可用 that 可省 或 in which 来引导一个定语从 句 如果先行词是时 间或原因 也可用 that 可省 或 when 或 why 来引导定语从句 如 This was the reason that why he was late yesterday This is the last time that I shall give you a lesson 三 名词性从句 三 名词性从句 在句子中充当主语 宾语 表语与同位语的句子分别叫做主语从句 宾语从句 表语 从句和同位语从句 这些统称为名词性从句 一 主语从句 一 主语从句 在复合句中用作主语的从句叫主语从句 A 为了强调主语从句的内容 可将从句置于句首 That you are leaving is a pity 你要走 真遗憾 What matters is how you live 重要的是你如何生活 Where he lives is not clear 他住哪儿不清楚 Who will stay makes no difference 谁留下来都一样 连词 that 引导的主语从句位于句首时 that 不可以省 反意问句用 it That he has lost his watch is not true is it 他手表丢了不是真的 是吗 Whether the football game will be played depends on the weather 足球比赛是否举行将视天气而定 B 大部分主语从句都可以用 it 作形式主语 为了保持句子平衡 主语从句常用 it 作形式主语 将主语从句后置 用 it 作形式主语 的主语从句结构有如下几种 1 It is 名词 that 从句 It s a pity that we can t go 很遗憾我们不能去 It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language 英语正在被人们接受为一种国际语言 这是一个事实 It is no wonder that he is not hungry he has been eating sweets all day 难怪他不饿 他整天在吃糖果 2 It is 形容词 that 从句 It is certain that she will do well in her exam 毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好 It is probable that he told her everything 很可能他把一切都告诉她了 Is it true that the scientist will give us a lecture next week 下周那位科学家将给我们作报告是真的吗 3 It 动词 that 从句 It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all 艾丽丝似乎不来参加晚会 It happened that I was out that day 碰巧我那天外出了 I happened to be out that day 比 较 It is reported that there was a fire in the supermarket last night 据报导超市昨晚失火了 主语从句 As is reported there was a fire in the supermarket last night 据报导超市昨晚失火了 定语从句 4 It is 过去分词 that 从句 It is said that Mr Green has arrived in Beijing 据说格林先生已经到了北京 It is reported that China has sent another man made earth satellite into orbit 据报道中国又成功地发射了一颗人造地球卫星 必背 用形式主语 it 引导的主语从句相当多 有些已形成固定的语法和译法 常见的有 It is said that 据说 It is reported that 据报导 It is well known that 众所周知 It is announced that 据宣布 It is believed that 人们相信 It is thought that 人们认为 It is understood that 自不待言 It must be pointed out that 必须指出 It must be admitted that 必须承认 其他情况 It doesn t matter whether she will come or not 她是否来这无关紧要 It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting 我们在哪里开会毫无区别 It suddenly occurred to her that she had forgotten to lock the door 她突然想到她忘记锁门了 当 that 引导的主语从句出现在疑问句中时 宜用 it 作形式主语 而把主语从句后置 Is it possible that they may complete the task ahead of time 他们有可能提前完成任务吗 Does it matter much that he won t be able to come tomorrow 他明天来不了很要紧吗 当主语从句出现在感叹句中时 宜用 it 作形式主语 而把主语从句后置 How strange it is that the students are so quiet 学生们这么安静真奇怪 What a shame it is that you cannot stay for dinner 你不能留下来吃饭多可惜呀 连接代词 what whoever whatever whichever 等引导的主语从句不宜用 it 作形式主语 Is what he told us really true 他所告诉我们的的确是真的吗 Whichever of you want to come to our party will be welcome 你们中任何想来参加我们晚会的人都欢迎 C 使用虚拟语气的主语从句 在 It is suggested ordered requested insisted etc that 从句中 谓语部分用 should 动 词原形 should 常被省略 详见第 3 章虚拟语气 It is suggested that we should do the experiment a second time 有人建议我们再做一次实验 在 It is important natural necessary etc that 从句中 谓语部分常用 should 动词原形 should 常被省略 It is important and necessary that we should keep the balance of nature 我们要维持生态平衡 这是重要而且必不可少的 在 It is funny strange surprising a pity a shame no wonder etc that 从句中 有时谓语 部分用 should 动词原形 来表达说话者的感情色彩 此时 should 也可省略 It is a pity that you should miss such a good chance 真遗憾你竟然失去这么好的机会 宾语从句 The Object Clause 在复合句中作主句的宾语 它属于名词性从句 它可以 作主句谓语动词的宾语 也可以作介词的宾语 宾语从句以从句的句式来决定连接词 宾语从句有四步曲 连接词 也叫引导词 语序 从句的词序用陈述语序 主 谓 时态 主句的时态如果是过去时 从句的时态应以过去时为基础作相应的变化 人称 要根据句中的意义作相应的变化 连接词 引导词 连接词 引导词 从属连词 that if whether 连接代词 who whom whose which what 连接副词 when where how why 1 如果陈述句作从句 连接词用 that 在口语和非正式语体中常可省略 that We know that there are two kinds of sports Mother thought that they should have a talk with Patrick He decided that he was not going to say anything about it She knew that the teacher would change the score 2 特殊疑问句作从句 就用原来的特殊疑问词 Which class are you in The headmaster asked me which class I was in Can you tell me which class you are