非言语交际在英语教学中的应用

摘要 阐述非言语交际的内涵及其重要性 探讨非言语交际在英语教学中的应用 以期提 高教学效果和学生的实际交际能力 关键词 非言语交际 英语教学 交际能力 众所周知 人类的交际行为可分为言语交际和非言语交际 长期以来 言语交际的研 究一直倍受人们的青睐 而非言语交际的研究却没有引起人们的重视 国内传统的外语教 学往往只注重言语本身 强调语音 语法 词汇 句型的练习和掌握 对于学生交际能力的 培养 也主要集中在言语交际能力的培养上 忽略了对非语言交际能力的提高 作为言语交 际的重要补充形式 非言语交际在人际交往过程中起着极为重要的作用 它能传递言语交际 难以表达的事物 意念和情感 起到支持 修饰或否定言语行为的作用 Samovar et al 2000 Birdwhistell 1970 通过对同一文化的人在对话中的言语行为和非言语行为比较 发现 言语交际最多只占整个交际行为的 30 左右 70 为非言语交际 同时 绝大多数研 究专家认为 在面对面的交际中 信息的社交内容只有 35 左右是言语行为 其他是通过非语 言行为传递的 心理学家 Mehrabian 1971 认为人们在表达情感和态度时 言语只占交际行为 的 7 而声调和面部表情等非言语行为所传递的信息多达 93 可见非言语交际在人际交 往中起着极其重要的作用 如果英语教师能根据教学内容和学生的实际情况 把非语言交 际有效地运用到英语课堂教学中 定会促进英语教学活动达到更佳效果 一 非言语交际的概述 1 非语言交际的定义 关于非言语交际的定义颇多 杨全良 1990 认为 所谓非言语交际 就是通过使用 不属于言语范畴的方法来传递信息的过程 非言语交际的形式很多 不像言语交际那样只 有口语和书面语之分 它包括除使用语言和文字以外的一切传递信息的方式 如身体动作 面部表情 空间利用 触摸行为 声音暗示 穿着打扮和其它装饰等 甚至没有表情的表 情 没有动作的动作 都是非语言交际的有效途径 Samovar 2000 等人将非言语交际 定义为 在交际的环境中人为的和环境产生的对于传播者或受传者含有潜在信息的所有的刺 激 因此它包括了言语行为之外的一切由人为的或由环境所产生的刺激 如 表情 手势 身势 触摸 界域 服饰 副语言 时间 场景等 同时 李杰群 2002 也认为 非语言 交际手段包括表情 动作 语调 气温 颜色 气味 器物 服饰 时间 空间等多种手 段 其中与人体有关的表情 动作等又称为人体语言或体态语 由此可见 非言语交际是 一项涵盖范围极广 内容颇丰的跨学科学术研究 除言语交际之外有助于交流的任何利用 行为举止 表情 外部环境的交际我们都可称为非言语交际 2 类型 非言语交际的涵盖范围很广 纷繁的分类方法随之产生 毕继万 1999 将非言语交际 分为四大类型 1 体态语 包括基本姿态 姿势和身势 基本礼节动作 如握手 微笑 体触 女士优先的礼节动作 以及人体各部分动作 如头部 面部动作 目光交流 臂部 手部 腿部动作等等 2 副语言 又称类语言或伴随语言 主要包括沉默 话轮转接和 非语义声音 发音器官非语言声音 非发音器官非语言声音 3 客体语 包括化妆品 修饰物 服装 衣饰 家具及其他耐用和非耐用物品 4 环境语 研究的是人们为自己 所创造的环境对交际的影响 而不是自然环境的作用 环境语包括时间 空间信息 如拥 挤 近体距离 领地观念 空间取向 座位安排等 颜色 声音 灯光 标识 建筑设计 与室内装修等 3 作用 非言语交际通常与言语交际结合进行 大体上起到重复 补充 替代 调节 否定的作 用 Samovar 2000 作为言语范畴外的一切表现形式 非言语交际不仅能产生听觉方面的 效果 更能产生视觉 感觉 触觉等效果 同时 作为言语交际的重要补充形式 非言语 交际能够传达出言语交际不能表达出的情感 人与人之间的态度等重要信息 能增强语言 交际的效果 在有些时候 非言语交际较之言语交际更能表达人的潜在意识和真实情感 二 非言语交际在英语教学中的应用 1 非语言交际在英语教学中应用的必要性 Patrick 1988 指出教师授课时的信息 88 由非言语渠道传递 只有 12 是由言语交际 传递的 而英语课堂又是一个传授知识和技能的信息交流场所 教师会运用大量的非言语 交际手段以保证学生对英语言语知识的切实掌握 所以 作为一名外语传授者 英语教师 不仅要有较强的言语交际能力 更应该有扎实的非言语交际功底 因为合理正确地将非言 语行为运用到英语课堂教学中 不仅可以吸引学生的注意力 激发学生学英语的兴趣 同 时 英语教师也能通过师生互动性极强的英语课堂切实提高教学效率 不仅使学生获得丰 富的英语语言知识 而且能切实提高学生用英语交际的能力 2 非言语交际在英语教学中的具体应用 1 体态语 体态语 又称手势语 身势语 身体语言 行为语言等 它是指人用人体某一部分的形态 变化来表达情感的一种辅助性言语表达方式 是一种没有声音伴随的语言 且丰富多彩 千 变万化 对言语行为起着支持 修饰 否定甚至直接替代言语行为的重要作用 因此 在 具有丰富体态语展示的英语课堂上中 如果能恰如其分地将其运用到英语教学中 势必会 起到事半功倍的效果 具体表现在以下几方面 a 面部表情 英语教师在课堂教学中应该具有适时的面部表情 如经常以微笑面对学生会给学生亲 切感 可以缩短师生之间的距离 学生也会对教师的教学进行默契的配合 从而形成融洽 的课堂气氛 反之 如果教师一味刻意地保持严肃之态 学生势必会感到压抑 课堂气氛 也就会死气沉沉 而这对于语言的教学是极其不利的 因为语言本身就是用来交流的 师 生之间如果没有融洽的教学气氛 整个课堂也就是机械的教与学 学习语言的真正目的就 没法实现 如有的学生性格内项 往往迫于羞怯而不敢回答老师的问题 即使遇到会的问 题也常常保持沉默 这时 教师如能微笑并点头示意定能增加此类学生的自信 不仅能很 好地回答老师的问题 同时也促进了教学活动的顺利进行 b 眼神 在课堂教学中 教师要善于运用自然 得体的眼神交际手段 因为眼神的表义功能极 为丰富细腻 将其与具体的英语教学实践密切结合 可充分发挥其传情达意的功能 所以 师生之间应适时保持恰当的眼神交流 教学过程中 教师不能只盯着天花板或死盯教案照 本宣科 而应有意识地用眼神关注到每一个学生 这样才能有助于教师获得及时全面的课 堂教学信息反馈 有助于教师对整个课堂教学的掌控 同时能提高学生的注意力 从而提 高教学效果 c 手势 手势在体态语中占有重要的比例 手势的恰当运用有助于解读对方的心理 在教学过 程中 教师运用手势有助于吸引学生的注意力 并有助于描述和强调教学活动 使言语表 达更有力 更形象 更生动 如在教学生认识 he 和 she 这两个虽然拼写简单但广大中国学 生却经常出现口误和笔误的单词时 就可以边教学生发 hi 时 同时用手指着班里的男 生 同样发音 i 时 用手势指向班里的女生 这样比起单纯的记忆 hi 他 i 她 形象好记多了 2 副语言 副语言指的是言语的非词语方面 即声音的音质 音量 音调 语速 语调以及会话 中发出的一些非语言的声音等 虽然它属于言语表达的一部分 但并非指言语本身 因而 常被用来辅助语言的表达 通过说话人语调的抑扬顿挫 语气的轻重缓急 高低强弱就可 以判断说话人的感情和态度 所以优秀的英语教师应该将高超的语言能力与完美的副语言 能力相结合 不仅要保持适当的音量 适中的语速 恰当的沉默和话语停顿 而且要运用 适时的升降调 抑扬顿挫的语调等吸引学生的注意力 并引导学生对问题的思考和领会 3 客体语 客体语 又称物体语 是非语言交际的另一种形式 主要指着装 修饰物等各种不同教学 手段所体现或传递的信息 在课堂教学中 教师应注意自己的服饰与仪表 并且要很好地利 用诸如板书 图表等客观教学手段以促进教学顺利的进行 a 服饰与仪表 教师的服饰与仪表 作为教学艺术的一部分 能直接反映教师的精神面貌 对教师的 课堂教学能否收到良好的效果起着十分重要的作用 整洁适体的服饰能增强教师对学生的 感染力 从而收到良好的教学效果 反之 如果教师的服饰仪表不得体 则会失去学生的 尊重 教学效果自然不会令人满意 所以 作为一名教师 应随时注意自己的服饰与仪表 给学生以为人师表的形象 b 客观教学手段 客观教学手段作为外语课堂教学中非言语交际的重要手段是不容忽视的 善于利用板 书 图表 直观教具等客观教学手段能有效增进教学效果 适当的板书 图表等可以增强 教学的直观性和系统性 可以使学生对重点难点问题一目了然 可以减轻学生的语言障碍 从而有助于学生对另一种语言的掌握 比如在学英语单词 dinosaur 恐龙 时 可根据其 音标 dain s 将其分解为如下图示 dai die 死 n no 不 s saw 看见 意即这个动物 已经灭绝了 现在看不见了 将其联想为 恐龙 这样就可以将 恐龙 这个比较难记的单词让学生轻松掌握了 除此之外 教师还可利用实物 图片 幻 灯片 多媒体等直观教具来传递言语知识 这样通过多种多样的教学手段使课本内容形象 化 不仅能够激发学生学英语的兴趣 同时也能提高教学效果 4 环境语 从非言语交际角度讲 环境指的是文化本身所造成的生理和心理环境 而不是自然环 境 根据英语教学的特点 本文着重对空间信息的概念进行阐述 空间信息是指交际者用 空间距离传递信息 即人们在言语交际中处理相互之间空间距离的方式 合理利用空间语 可以加强交际的效果 有时还会超过言语的作用 因此 教师在教室的空间位置也会直接 影响师生之间的关系 所以 教师不应总是站在讲台后面而是应该适时走到学生中间 拉 近与学生的距离 增强与学生的交流 同时 在信息交流极其频繁的英语课堂上 教师也 应采取新颖的空间形式代替教师处于主导地位 而学生处于被动地位的传统空间模式 比如 传统式的座位安排是将桌椅一排排整齐地排列在教室里面 这样便于教师对整个课堂的掌 控 而这样却经常导致死气沉沉的课堂气氛 所以为了活跃课堂气氛 教师可根据所教内 容将传统式的桌椅排列改变成有利于教学的排列模式 比如在讨论某一话题时 可将座位 按半圆形 方块形 或让学生自由结组进行讨论学习 这样有利于学生平等地参与课堂学 习 从而增强学生进行语言交流的主动性和积极性 四 结束语 综上所述 作为言语交际的重要补充形式 非言语交际是一个内容十分丰富 表现形 式繁多的重要交际手段 在英语教学中起着不可忽视的作用 将非言语交际与言语交际结 合必定能提高英语教学的效率 作为一名优秀的英语教师 不仅要精通言语表达的交际方 式 有扎实的英语专业知识 而且要有真正的非言语交际能力 值得一提的是 非言语行为 具有社会性 关世杰 1995 而社会性是指有一些非言语行为是人们后天学得的 是由某一社 会群体的成员所共同享有的 因此 它已成为该群体文化的一部分 不同文化背景下的非言语 行为也就带有了各自的文化特征 所以教师在课堂上的非言语交际行为要遵循英语文化背 景 并且通过多种途径对学生输入英语文化背景下的非言语交际信息 引导学生体会学习 异域文化的真正乐趣 使其既具备运用英语的言语交际能力 又具备非言语交际能力 从 而实现学习英语的真正目的 参考文献 1 Birdwhistell R S Kinesics and Context M Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press 1970 2 Mehrabian A Silent Messages M Belmont California Wadsworth Publishing Company 1971 3 Patrick W M Nonverbal Communication 3rd Edition M USA Natl Education Assen 1988 4 Samovar A L E R Porter and A L Stefani Communication between Cultures M Beijing Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 2000 5 毕继万 跨文化非语言交际 M 北京 外语教学与研究出版社 1999 6 关世杰 跨文化交流学 M 北京 北京大学出版社 1995 7 李杰群 非言语交际概论 M 北京 北京大学出版社 2002 8 杨全良 非言语交际简述 M 外语研究 1990 2 Abstract This paper introduces the connotation and the importance of nonverbal communication application of nonverbal communication in English teaching in order to improve the teaching effect and the students communicative competence Keywords nonverbal communication English teaching communicative competence As everyone knows the communication of human behavior can be divided into verbal communication and non verbal communication Long term since the research on verbal communication has been favored by people rather than the study of verbal communication but did not cause the attention of people the traditional foreign language teaching tend to focus only on the language itself it is the voice grammar vocabulary practice and master to cultivate students communicative competence also focused on the cultivation of speech communication competence ignores the nonverbal communicative competence As an important supplement to the form of verbal communication nonverbal communication plays a very important role in the process of interpersonal communication it can transmit speech communication is difficult to express things ideas and feelings to support modification or negative speech behavior Samovar et al 2000 Birdwhistell 1970 by the same culture people of speech act in the dialogue and nonverbal behavior is found verbal communication only accounted for the entire communication behavior of around 30 70 for the nonverbal communication At the same time most of the experts believe that in face to face communication information social content is only around 35 of speech act the other is transmitted by nonverbal behavior psychologist Mehrabian 1971 think that people in the expression of emotion and attitude speech only communication behavior of the 7 and the tone and facial expressions and other non speech act information up to 93 Visible nonverbal communication plays a very important role in interpersonal communication If the English teachers can according to the actual situation of teaching content and students the nonverbal communication effectively applied to classroom teaching in English will promote English teaching activities to achieve better results An overview of nonverbal communication 1 the definition of non verbal communication A definition of non verbal communication Yang Quanliang 1990 think the so called non verbal communication process is to transmit information through the method of using words do not belong to the category of nonverbal communication a lot of the form not only verbal communication that spoken language and written language it includes in addition to the use of language and text by all means of delivering information abroad such as body movements facial expressions space utilization touch sound cues dress and other decoration or even no expression of the face no movement are all effective ways of nonverbal communication Samovar 2000 and others will be nonverbal communication is defined as the human and environment in the communication environment for communication or by the transmission of information with potential for all stimulus it includes everything except verbal behaviors of man made or produced by environmental stimulation such as expression gestures body touch boundaries clothing paralanguage time scene at the same time Li Jiequn 2002 also think non verbal communication includes facial expressions movements intonation temperature color odor utensils clothing time space and other means and related to the human expression which action is also known as body language or body language Thus nonverbal communication is an interdisciplinary academic research covers a wide range content rich besides verbal communication of any use behavior expression external communication to exchange we are referred to as the nonverbal communication 2 types of nonverbal communication is also very wide and the resulting classification method Bi Jiwan 1999 put non verbal communication is divided into four types 1 the body language including basic attitude posture and body basic etiquette action such as shaking hands smiling touching ladies first courtesy action and all parts of body movement such as head face eye contact arm movements department hand leg movement and so on 2 auxiliary language also known as the class of languages or with language including the silence turn taking and non semantic voice vocal organ nonverbal sounds non speech organs nonverbal sound 3 object language including cosmetics modifiers clothing clothing furniture and other durable and non durable goods 4 environmental language is the study of people to influence her creation environment of communication rather than the natural environment effect Environmental language including time and space information such as congestion near distance territorial spatial orientation seating arrangements color sound lights signs architectural design and interior decoration 3 Effect of nonverbal communication is usually combined with verbal communication generally to repeat complement substitute regulation negative effect Samovar 2000 As all forms of speech category non verbal communication can not only produce the auditory aspect effect can produce more visual tactile feel etc At the same time as an important supplement to the form of verbal communication nonverbal communication to convey the verbal communication cannot express the emotion between the person and person s attitude and other important information can enhance the communicative effect In some cases nonverbal communication than verbal communication can express people s subconscious and true feelings Two application of non verbal communication in English Teaching 1 of nonverbal communication in English teaching the necessity of the application of Patrick 1988 pointed out that the teacher information transmitted by nonverbal channel 88 only 12 are transmitted by nonverbal communication English classroom is a teaching knowledge and skill to exchange information teachers will use a lot of non verbal communication to ensure that students of English language knowledge to master Therefore as a foreign language teaching English teachers should not only have strong language communication ability should have a solid non verbal communication skills Because of reasonable correctly will nonverbal behavior is applied to the English classroom teaching not only can attract the attention of students stimulate students interest in learning English and at the same time English teachers can also through the teacher student interaction is very strong in English class to improve the teaching efficiency not only enable students access to a wealth of English language knowledge ability and can effectively improve the students in English communication 2 non specific application of verbal communication in English Teaching 1 also called body language body language gestures body language body language language behavior etc It refers to a kind of auxiliary words expression with morphological changes of a part of the human body to express emotion is not a sound with language and rich and colorful the myriads of changes in speech acts plays a support role modification negative or even replace verbal behavior Therefore in the rich body language shows the English class if to a proper extent to apply it to English teaching which will play a multiplier effect specifically manifested in the following aspects a facial expressions English teachers should have appropriate facial expressions in the classroom teaching such as often with a smile the face of students will give the students a cordial feeling can shorten the distance between teachers and students students will also cooperate tacit understanding of teachers teaching so as to form a harmonious classroom atmosphere Conversely if the teacher constantly deliberately maintained serious state the students will feel depressed the classroom atmosphere will lose one s vitality which is detrimental to the language because language itself is used for communication between teachers and students if not the harmonious teaching atmosphere the whole class is also the mechanical teaching and learning the real purpose of learning a language can t realize If the students character of the often due to shyness and dare not answer the teacher s question even if the problems are often encountered in silence then if teachers can smile and nod can increase the confidence of the students not only to answer the teacher s question very well but also to promote the teaching activities smoothly b eyes in the classroom teaching teachers should be good at using natural appropriate eye contact means because the eyes of the semantic function is very rich and delicate combined closely with the concrete teaching practice can give full play to its function of expressing feelings So between the teachers and students should maintain an appropriate eye contact the teaching process the teacher should not only stare at the ceiling or stare templates echo what the books say and should use eye attention to every student like this can be helpful to obtain timely and comprehensive teaching information feedback to teachers help teachers to control the class teaching at the same time can improve the students attention so as to improve the teaching effect c hand gesture occupies an important proportion in body language appropriate use of gestures is helpful to read each other s mind In the process of teaching teachers use gestures to help attract students attention and help to describe and emphasizes the teaching activities which makes the expressions more powerful more vivid more vivid Such as understanding in teaching he and she this two although the spelling simple but the majority of Chinese students often slips of the tongue and a word they can teach students hi at the same time pointing to the boys in the class the same pronunciation f i using hand gestures to the class of female students so rather than simply memory hi he i she image of good 2 the vice language refers to the non words namely the sound quality volume pitch tempo tone and in conversation with some nonverbal sounds although it belongs to the verbal part but not the language itself which are often used to express the auxiliary language by speaking people speak in measured tones the tone order of priority level of strength can judge the speaker s emotion and attitude So good English teachers should combine the excellent language ability and perfect pair of language ability not only to maintain proper volume moderate speed the right of silence and utterance pause and to use the falling tone the tone and speak in measured tones to attract the attention of students and guide to thinking about the problems of students and understanding 3 object language object language also called object language is another form of nonverbal communication mainly reflected or transmitted dress modification and other various means of teaching information In the classroom teaching teachers should pay attention to dress and appearance of their own and to make good use of such writing on the blackboard charts and other objective teaching methods in order to promote the teaching smoothly a dress and appearance and instrumentation of the teacher as a part of the art of teaching can directly reflect the spirit of teachers plays a very important role to receive the good effect of teachers classroom teaching ability Neat aptamer clothing can enhance the teacher to the student appeal to receive good teaching effect Conversely if the dress and appearance of teachers is not appropriate will lose the respect of the students the teaching effect will naturally not satisfied So as a teacher should always pay attention to dress and appearance of their own to give students thought that the teacher image b the objective teaching objective means of teaching as a foreign language teaching in the classroom is not an important means of communication can not be ignored Make good use of the writing on the blackboard charts visual aids such as the objective teaching method can effectively improve teaching effect The writing on the blackboard charts can enhance the visibility and the system of teaching so that students can stick out a mile on the key and difficult problem can reduce students language barrier which helps students to master another language Such as in the English word dinosaur dinosaur according to the phonetic alphabet s Dain it could be divided into the following presentation DAI die die n no no s saw see which means the animal already extinct and now can t see the association Dinosaur so that could be dinosaur this difficult words let students master the In addition the teacher also can use objects pictures slides multimedia an