首医研究生英语第一单元课后习题答案.ppt

医学院校硕士研究生英语读与写 首都医科大学应用语言学系 EnglishforMasterStudentsinMedicalUniversities DepartmentofAppliedLinguisticsCapitalMedicalUniversity Unit1 TextATheHippocraticOath Outline BackgroundinformationtoTextAAnalysisofthetextGlobalanalysisofthetextAnalysisofthetextstructureSummaryofthetext Outline BackgroundinformationtoTextBAnalysisofthetextGlobalanalysisofthetextAnalysisofthetextstructureSummaryofthetextReferenceanswerstotheexercises BackgroundinformationtoTextA IntroductiontotheauthorHippocrateswasaGreekphysicianbornin460BContheislandofCos Greece Hebecameknownasthefounderofmedicineandisregardedasthegreatestphysicianofhistime Hebasedhismedicalpracticeonobservationsandonthestudyofthehumanbody Heheldthebeliefthatillnesshasaphysicalaswellasarationalexplanation BackgroundinformationtoTextA IntroductiontotheauthorHerejectedthecommonviewofhistimethatconsideredillnesstobecausedbysuperstitions possessionbyevilspiritsanddisfavorfromthegods Hippocratesheldthebeliefthatthebodymustbetreatedasawholeandnotjustaseriesofparts Heaccuratelydescribeddiseasesymptomsandwasthefirstphysiciantoaccuratelydescribethesymptomsofpneumonia aswellaschildepilepsy BackgroundinformationtoTextA IntroductiontotheauthorHebelievedinthenaturalhealingprocessofrest agooddiet freshairandcleanliness Henotedthattherewereindividualdifferencesintheseverityofdiseasesymptomsandthatsomeindividualswerebetterabletocopewiththeirdiseaseandillnessthanothers Hewasalsothefirstphysicianthatheldthebeliefthatthoughts ideas andfeelingscomefromthebrainandnottheheartasothersofhistimebelieved BackgroundinformationtoTextA IntroductiontotheauthorHippocratestraveledthroughoutGreecepracticinghismedicine HefoundedamedicalschoolontheislandofCos Greeceandbeganteachinghisideas HesoondevelopedanOathofMedicalEthicsforphysicianstofollow ThisOathistakenbyphysicianstodayastheybegintheirmedicalpractice Hediedin377BC TodayHippocratesisknownasthe FatherofMedicine BackgroundinformationtoTextA IntroductiontothetopicThisoath theoldestandbest knownexpressionofamedicalethic wasforcenturiesregardedastheguideforpropermedicalconduct Althoughtheaccomplishmentsofmodernmedicineappeartohavetakenthedisciplinefarfromitsancientroots theoathcontinuestoofferapowerfulaccountofwhatitmeanstobeadoctor BackgroundinformationtoTextA RelatedbackgroundinformationAncientGreekMedicineMedicinewasveryimportanttotheAncientGreeksandAncientGreekCultureplacedahighpriorityonahealthylifestyledespiteAncientGreece sothergreatdifferencesfromthemodernWorld BackgroundinformationtoTextA RelatedbackgroundinformationAncientGreekMedicineAncientGreecewasverydifferentfromtheGreeceoftoday InAncientTimesGreecewasacollectionofCityStates EachCityStatewasindependentbuttheyallsharedasimilarcultureaswellassimilarreligiousbeliefs DespitetheirlackofcoherentgovernmenttheGreeksdevelopedasocietythatmatched ifnotexceeded thatoftheAncientEgyptians BackgroundinformationtoTextA RelatedbackgroundinformationAncientGreekMedicineMedicalpracticesinAncientGreece likeEgypt werebasedlargelyuponreligiousbeliefs TheCultofAsclepiosgrewinpopularityandwasamajorproviderofmedicalcare Thiscultdevelopedoldertheoriesandintroducedseveralnewtreatmentsthataresimilartoourmodernalternativemedicines BackgroundinformationtoTextA RelatedbackgroundinformationAncientGreekMedicineTheAncientGreeksmademajorstridesinthedevelopmentofmedicalknowledge TheworkofHippocratesandhisfollowersledtoseveralscientificfactsbeingrecordedforthefirsttimeandperhapsmoresignificantlytheworkofthesephilosophersbeganatraditionofstudyingthecausesofdiseaseratherthanlookingsolelyatthesymptomswhenprescribingacure BackgroundinformationtoTextA RelatedbackgroundinformationAncientGreekMedicineTheAncientGreekworldhasprovidedagreatlegacytothepracticeofmedicine Hippocrates theoryoftheFourHumourswas foralongtime thebasisuponwhichmedicalreasoningdeveloped Likewise themethodologyemployedbytheGreekshas toalargeextent beenretainedandmodifiedtoformwhatwenowconsidertobeconventionalmedicine BackgroundinformationtoTextA RelatedbackgroundinformationTheHippocraticOath ModernVersionIsweartofulfill tothebestofmyabilityandjudgment thiscovenant Iwillrespectthehard wonscientificgainsofthosephysiciansinwhosestepsIwalk andgladlysharesuchknowledgeasisminewiththosewhoaretofollow BackgroundinformationtoTextA RelatedbackgroundinformationTheHippocraticOath ModernVersionIwillapply forthebenefitofthesick allmeasureswhicharerequired avoidingthosetwintrapsofovertreatmentandtherapeuticnihilism Iwillrememberthatthereisarttomedicineaswellasscience andthatwarmth sympathy andunderstandingmayoutweighthesurgeon sknifeorthechemist sdrug BackgroundinformationtoTextA RelatedbackgroundinformationTheHippocraticOath ModernVersionIwillnotbeashamedtosay Iknownot norwillIfailtocallinmycolleagueswhentheskillsofanotherareneededforapatient srecovery BackgroundinformationtoTextA RelatedbackgroundinformationTheHippocraticOath ModernVersionIwillrespecttheprivacyofmypatients fortheirproblemsarenotdisclosedtomethattheworldmayknow MostespeciallymustItreadwithcareinmattersoflifeanddeath Ifitisgivenmetosavealife allthanks Butitmayalsobewithinmypowertotakealife thisawesomeresponsibilitymustbefacedwithgreathumblenessandawarenessofmyownfrailty Aboveall ImustnotplayatGod BackgroundinformationtoTextA RelatedbackgroundinformationTheHippocraticOath ModernVersionIwillrememberthatIdonottreatafeverchart acancerousgrowth butasickhumanbeing whoseillnessmayaffecttheperson sfamilyandeconomicstability Myresponsibilityincludestheserelatedproblems ifIamtocareadequatelyforthesick IwillpreventdiseasewheneverIcan forpreventionispreferabletocure BackgroundinformationtoTextA RelatedbackgroundinformationTheHippocraticOath ModernVersionIwillrememberthatIremainamemberofsociety withspecialobligationstoallmyfellowhumanbeings thosesoundofmindandbodyaswellastheinfirm BackgroundinformationtoTextA RelatedbackgroundinformationTheHippocraticOath ModernVersionIfIdonotviolatethisoath mayIenjoylifeandart respectedwhileIliveandrememberedwithaffectionthereafter MayIalwaysactsoastopreservethefinesttraditionsofmycallingandmayIlongexperiencethejoyofhealingthosewhoseekmyhelp BackgroundinformationtoTextA RelatedbackgroundinformationTheHippocraticOath ModernVersion Writtenin1964byLouisLasagna AcademicDeanoftheSchoolofMedicineatTuftsUniversity andusedinmanymedicalschoolstoday Analysisofthetext Toconsiderdeartomeasmyparentshimwhotaughtmethisart toliveincommonwithhimandifnecessarytosharemygoodswithhim Paragraph2 Totreatthepersonwhotaughtmemedicineasdearasmyparents tosharewithhimallthatIhave andifnecessary tosharemywealth Analysisofthetext Toconsiderdeartomeasmyparentshimwhotaughtmethisart toliveincommonwithhimandifnecessarytosharemygoodswithhim Paragraph2 Inthefirstsentence thedirectobjectof consider is him Because him isfollowedbyarelativeclause anambiguitywillresultifitisputdirectlyafter consider Sincetheobjectisputattheendofthesentencethereisnoambiguity Analysisofthetext Toconsiderdeartomeasmyparentshimwhotaughtmethisart toliveincommonwithhimandifnecessarytosharemygoodswithhim Paragraph2 incommonwithsb sth inthesamewayassomeoneorsomethingelse Example Incommonwithalotofothercountries we reinaneconomicrecession Analysisofthetext 2 toteachthemthisartiftheysodesirewithoutfeeorwrittenpromise Paragraph2 Eveniftheydon thavethemoneytopaymeorarewillingtopromisetopayme Iwillstillteachthemmedicalskillsiftheywanttolearntheartofmedicine Analysisofthetext 2 toteachthemthisartiftheysodesirewithoutfeeorwrittenpromise Paragraph2 Inthissentence sodesire hasthesamemeaningas desireso Example IsodesiretovisitthefamousBuckinghamPalace MybrotherwantedtobeaNobelPrizewinner andIdesireso too Analysisofthetext 3 toimparttomysonsandthesonsofthemasterwhotaughtmeandthediscipleswhohaveenrolledthemselvesandhaveagreedtotherulesoftheprofession Paragraph2 togiveknowledgetomysonsandthesonsofmyteacherandhisstudents whohavedecidedtostudymedicineandobservetherulesofbeingadoctor Analysisofthetext 3 toimparttomysonsandthesonsofthemasterwhotaughtmeandthediscipleswhohaveenrolledthemselvesandhaveagreedtotherulesoftheprofession Paragraph2 impart togiveinformation knowledge wisdometc tosomeoneExample Sheimpartedthesecrettoherboyfriend enroll toofficiallyarrangetojoinaschool universityorcourse orarrangeforsomeoneelsetoExample Therewere500peopleenrolledintheWesternCivilizationclass Analysisofthetext 4 TopleasenoonewillIprescribeadeadlydrugnorgiveadvicewhichmaycausehisdeath Paragraph2 Iwillnotprescribeadeadlydruginordertopleasesomeone andIwillnotgivemypatientsanyadvicethatmaycausetheirdeath Thereisa not nor structureinthissentence Sincethenegativeword no isputatthebeginningofthesentence therestofthesentenceisinvertedas willIprescribe Analysisofthetext 5 IneveryhousewhereIcomeIwillenteronlyforthegoodofmypatients Paragraph2 TheonlyreasonthatIenterahouseisthatIwanttoexaminemypatientsandmakethemfeelbetter forthegoodof tohelpsomethingorsomebodyExample IhateswimmingandIonlygoforthegoodofmyhealth Analysisofthetext 6 betheyfreeorslaves Paragraph2 Thissentenceisanadverbialclauseofconcessionintroducedby be Inthiscase thesentenceisinverted Thenormalsentenceshouldbe whethertheyarefreeorslaves AnotherExample Everybodymustobeythelaw beheacommoncitizenorahigh rankingofficial Analysisofthetext 7 indailycommercewith Paragraph2 inmyeverydaycontactwithpeople especially thepatients aroundme Inthisphrase commerce refersto relationshipsandcommunicationbetweenpeople So incommercewith means inthecommunicationorcontactwith Example Heestablishedselfconfidenceincommercewithhisfriends Analysisofthetext 8 IfIkeepthisoathfaithfully mayIenjoymylifeandpracticemyart respectedbyallmenandinalltimes butifIswervefromit maythereversebemylot Paragraph2 IfIkeeptheoath Iwillenjoymylife willbeagooddoctor andwillberespectedbyallmenandalltime however ifIbreaktheoath Iwillnotenjoymylifeorbeagooddoctor Iwillbedespised Globalanalysisofthetext TheoathbeginsbyinvokingancientGreekdeities ThespecificdeitiesinvokedareApollo ApolloPhysician thegodassociatedwithlight truth andprophecy Asclepius thechildofApollo thefatherofmedicine Hygieia whosenamemeanshe