高考语法 代词

高考语法 代词 用来代替名词 名词性短语或句子的词称为代词 代词分为九类 人称代词 物主代词 反身代词 相互代词 指示代词 疑问代词 连接代词 不定代词 关系代词 大多数代词具 有名词和形容词的作用 高考重点要求 1 物主代词 疑问代词 反身代词和指示代词的基本用法 2 不定代词的指代含义及数的情况 3 连接代词和关系带词的用法及区别 4 it 的用法 第一节 知识要点概述 一 人称代词 人称代词是用以指代人或事物名称的代词 人称代词不仅指人 也可以指事或物 做主语 用主格 作宾语 表语用宾格 第三人称的人称代词分阳性 he him 阴性 she her 和中性 it 复数和宾语形式都只有一个形式 但 they 和 them 不分性别 注意以下几种情况 1 做主语的人称代词如果孤立地使用于无谓语动词的句子中 或在这种句子中与动词不定式 连用 常用宾格 如 Does any of you know where they went Me What Me to tell him the truth Why me No 2 句子中代词作宾语或宾语补足语时 与所替代的名词在人称 数 性 格在意义上一般要保 持前后一致 The thief was thought to be he the thief 是主格 故用 he 代替 They took me to be her 他们误以为我是她 me 是宾格 故用 her 替代 3 作表语人称代词一般用宾格 但在强调句型中 被强调部分代词的格不变 I met her in the hospital It was her who I met in the hospital It was I who met her in the hospital 4 在比较级的句子中 than as 后用主格 宾格都可以 如 He is taller than me I 但在下列句中 有区别 I like Jack as much as her I like both Jack and her I like Jack as much as she I like Jack and she likes him too 两个以上的人称代词并列 其次序排列原则 在并列主语中 I 总是放在最后 排列顺序为 二 三 一 人称 宾格 me 也一样 You she and I will be in charge of the case Mr Zhang asked Tom and me to help him 第三人称 男女两性并用 男先女后 He and she still don t agree to the plan 几个人称代词的特殊用法 we you 口语 常用来泛指一般人 she 可以代表国家 船只 大地 月亮等 The Titanic was the largest wasn t she 二 物主代词 物主代词是用来表示所有关系的 分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种 形容词 性物主代词放在名词前作定语 相当于形容词 名词性物主代词相当于名词 可以作主语 表 语或宾语 可以转化为 形容词性物主代词 名词 的形式 物主代词的用法 1 形容词性物主代词放在名词前作定语 例如 His pencil box is on the desk This is our school 2 名词性物主代词作名词用 本身就相当于 形容词性物主代词 名词 因此 后面不可 再加名词 做主语 Her pen is blue and mine is black mine my school pen 作表语 The book is his 这是他的 东西 作宾语 He borrows your dictionary and you may borrow mine 他借走了你的字典 你可以借我 的 of 名词性物主代词 可以放在名词后作定语 表示强调 He is a friend of mine 他是我的一个朋友 试比较下面两句句子 This is a photo of mine 这是我的一张照片 照片是我拥有的 但未必照的我本人 This is a photo of me 这是一张我本人的照片 照片上是我本人 注意 1 名词和形容词性物主代词各自的语法功能 2 one s own of one s own 句式的转换 3 某些固定结构中常用定冠词代替物主代词 如 take sb by the arm be wounded in the leg 三 反身代词反身代词用于所强调的动作与动作执行者的关系 1 反身代词的语法功能 宾语 表语 同位语 2 反身代词和某些动词连有 构成固定短语 enjoy oneself make oneself at home make oneself understood heard known feel oneself 3 反身代词还可用于某些成语中 for oneself 为自己或独立地 of oneself 自然地 自动地 by oneself 独自地 in oneself 本身性质 This problem gets a chapter to itself 这个问题占了一章 独有 Just between ourselves I don t think much of him 私下地说我并不怎么看重他 They were discussing about it among themselves 相互共同 Left to himself he began to write 别人走后只留下他 他写了起来 I m very angry with myself 生自己的气 四 相互代词 each other one another 相互代词无人称 数和格的区别 在句中作宾语 其所有格分别为 each other s one another s 作定语 一般来说 each other 指两者之间 one another 指三者或三者以上之间 五 指示代词 一 指示代词是具有指示概念的代词 this 这 that 那 these 这些 those 那些 such 如此的 same 同样的 二 指示代词的用法 1 this that these those 在句子中做主语 宾语 表语或定语 2 such 一般在句子中作定语或主语 Such 这样的 such a 这样一个 such as 像 这 样 3 same 可作定语 表语 主语和宾语 例如 That is our English teacher 主语 This storybook is thicker than that one 定语 I prefer this these to that those 宾语 What he likes best is this that 表语 I have never read such an exciting book 定语 I like such sports as basketball and swimming 定语 Such is our trip plan 主语 指上文提到过或刚说过的内容 She wants the book and I want the same 宾语 We were born on the same day 定语 注意 this these 指空间上离说话人较近的人或物 可以与 here 连用 that those 指空间上离说话 人较远的人或物 可以与 there 连用 诸如打电话等场合 本人这一方用 this 或 these 对方用 that 或 those such 作定语时 如名词前有不定冠词 应把 such 置于不定冠词之前 在 same 之前必须加冠词 the 六 疑问代词 who whom which what whose 疑问代词在句中做主语 宾语 定语和表语 1 who what 询问姓名或关系 Who is he He is my brother He is Henry 询问职业或地位 What is he He is a lawyer teacher What who 做主语时 谓语动词的数取决于说话人的视点 可单数也可复数 What is are on the table Who is are in the library 2 which 与 who what which 表示在一定范围内 而 who what 则无此限制 I found two books on the desk Which is yours 七 不定代词 不指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫不定代词 常见的不定代词有 all both each every some any many much a few a little one ones either neither other another no none 以及含有 some any no 等的合成代词 如 anybody something no one 这些不定代词具有名词和形容词的性质 并有可数和不可数之分 在句中可以做主语 表语 宾语 同位语 定语 状语等 但 none 和由 some any no every 构成的复合不定代词 如 somebody 等 只能做主语 宾语和表语 而 every 和 no 只能作定语 下面介绍几组主要不定代词的用法与区别 1 some 与 any 一般用法 some any 可与单 复数可数名词及不可数名词连有 some 一般用于肯定句 any 多用于疑问 否定或条件句 He has some Chinese paintings 定语 Some like sports others like music 主语 Ask me if you have any questions 定语 Do you have any questions to ask 定语 I don t know any of the students 宾语 特殊用法 any 用于肯定句表示 任何 的意思 Any child can do that 定语 You may take any of them 宾语 some 用于单数可数名词前表示 某一 Smith went to some place in England 定语 some 用在期待对方肯定回答或表示请求或邀请的问句中 Would you like some bananas 邀请 Mum could you give me some money 请求 some 用于否定句表示部分否定 I don t know some of the students 宾语 some 和 any 在句中还可作状语 作副词 some 意为 大约 相当于 about 而 any 则表示程 度 意为 稍或任何 如 There are some 300 workers on strike Do you feel any better today 2 one both all one 作定语 表语 主语或宾语 可以指人或物 表示 一个 的意思 其复数为 ones 指人 时 其所有格是 one s 反身代词是 oneself One should try one s best to serve the people 主语 定语 This is not the one I want 表语 one ones 可以代替上文提到过的名词 以免重复 one ones 前面分别可以用 this that these those 或 the which 等词修饰 如 These books are more interesting than those ones Here are three pens Which one is yours this one or that one or the one in the pencil box both 用作定语 宾语 主语和同位语 可以指人或指物 表示 两者都 的意思 This maths problem can be worked out in both ways 定语 Both of the boys are here 主语 We both are students 同位语 注意 both 用于否定句 表示部分否定 表示完全否定时 用 neither 如 Both of us are not teachers 我们俩并不都是教师 Neither of us is a teacher 我们俩都不是教师 both 不能放在 the these those my 等之后 而应放在它们的前面 如 Both my parents like this film Both the these boys are tall all 用作主语 表语 宾语 定语 同位语 指 全部的 整个的 可与可数或不可数名 词连用 除少数情况外 一般不与单数可数名词连用 与复数名词连用时 表示 所有的 全部的 指三个或三个以上的人或物 He gave me all the money 他把全部的钱给了我 All the schools are flooded 所有的学校都被淹了 I told him all about it 我把一切都告诉了他 That s all for today 今天就在这儿 They have all been to Xi an 他们都去过西安 注意 all 用于否定句 表示部分否定 完全否定用 none 如 Not all the ants go out for food or All the ants don t go out for food 并不是所有的蚂蚁都出去寻 找食物 None of the money is mine 这钱一分也不是我的 3 many 和 much many 和 much 都表示 许多 但 many 修饰或代替复数可数名词 much 修饰或代替不可数名 词 它们在句中可做主语 宾语 定语 much 有时用作状语 4 few little a few a little few 和 little 表示没有多少 含否定意义 而 a few 和 a little 表示有一些 有几个 含肯定意义 另外 few a few 修饰可数名词 little a little 修饰不可数名词 它们在句中常用作定语 主 语和宾语 5 no 和 none no not any 表示 没有 用来修饰可数名词或不可数名词 通常作定语 none 代替不可数名 词作主语时 谓语动词用单数形式 代替可数名词做主语时 谓语动词可用单数也可用复数形 式 none 还可以在句中作宾语 注意 none 既可以指人又可以指物 常有一定的范围 no one 和 nothing 则为泛指 6 each 和 every each 各个 指两个或两个以上的人或物 侧重个体 在句中作主语 宾语 定语和同位语 every 每个 指三个或三个以上的人或物 侧重整体 在句中只能作定语 Every student it our class has a dictionary 定语 强调班上 所有的人 Each student in our class has a dictionary 定语 强调各个个体 Each of them has been there 主语 The teacher gave each of the students a new textbook 宾语 We each got a ticket 同位语 7 either 和 neither either 是 两者中任何一个 的意思 可修饰或代替单数可数名词 neither 是 两者中没有一 个 的意思 可以修饰或代替单数可数名词 它们可在句在做主语 宾语或定语 如 Here are two pens You may take either of them 宾语 Neither boy knows French 定语 注意 either 也作副词 其意为 也 用于否定句的句末 He doesn like tea and I don t either 状语 either 与 or 构成连词 意为 不是 就是 或 要么 要么 He is either Japanese or Chinese neither 用作副词 意为 也不 即 not either He can t do it neither can I neither 可与 nor 构成连词 意为 既不 也不 Neither he nor you are a student 8 other 和 another the others 和 others the other 表示 两者中的另一个 the other 复数可数名词 表示 其余 他 的 the others 表示 其他的人或物 others 及 other 复数名词 泛指 其他的 别的 人或物 这些词语在句中可做主语 宾语和定语 如 He got two books one is textbook the other is a novel Five of the pencils are red the others the other pens are yellow Some are singing others are dancing another 修饰或代替单数可数名词 意为 三个或三个以上的 另一个 不能指两者中的另 一个 在句中可作宾语和定语 This coat is too dark Please show me another 宾语 Please give me another book 定语 注意 another 修饰复数名词时 意为 再 又 如 Please give me another ten ten more minutes one another a second a third the other 意为 一个 一个 一个 一个 用于三者或三者以上的排列 some others others 意为 一些 一些 一些 八 连接代词和关系代词 连接代词与疑问代词的形式相同 主要有 who whom whose what which 以及它们与 ever 合成的代词 whoever whomever whatever whichever 等 它们用来引导主语从句 宾语从句 和表语从句 即连接复合句中的主句和从句 并在从句中担任一定的句子成分 以连接代词引 起的名词性从句前不能再加 that 关系代词是用来引导定语从句的代词 它们包括 who whom whose which that 等 这两类 代词的用法详见 名词性从句 和 定语从句 部分 九 it 的用法 一 作无人称代词 1 指代天气 时间 距离 季节和温度和潮水等自然现象等 例如 It rains continually in the south in June It is a half hour s walk to the factory It s high tide low tide 2 指代上文中提到的无生命的东西 例如 Where is my notebook It was here just now There is air all around us but we cannot see it 3 it 通常用来代替事物或指代我们不知道其性别的动物 有时也用来指代婴儿或较年幼的小孩 The baby cried because it was hungry Someone is knocking at the door who can it be Her new baby is tiny It only weights 2 kilos 在下列句子中 it 可以用于指代人 1 Ann on phone Who is that Who is it Bill It s me 2 Is that Tom over there No it s Peter 二 it 作形式主语和形式宾语 it 作形式主语和形式宾语是为了使句子平衡 而把真正的主语或宾语置于句子后面 例如 I found it interesting to study English It is of great help to master a foreign language 三 用作强调句 构成强调结构 句型结构 It is was 强调部分 that 例如 It was last night that they left for H K It was I that who his sister in the park yesterday 这种 it 甚至可以与复数名词连用 It s pilots that we need not ground staff 四 it 还可以充当非人称动词的主语 it seems 似乎 看起来好像 it appears 似乎 看来 it looks 显得 好像 it happens 碰巧 偶然 第二节考点实战演练 一 复习时需注意的要点 1 不定代词作定语时 应该注意其所修饰的名词是可数还是不可数 以确定这个名词用单数还 是复数 如 All that can be done has been done to fight pollution Each of them has got a present We each have many books each 是 we 的同位语 2 不定代词可做主语时 要明确其为单数还是复数 以确定它和谓语动词在人和数的一致 none 既可以指人又可以指物 常有一定的范围 no one 和 nothing 则为泛指 如 1 What is in the box Nothing 2 How many classmates are there None 若 How many classmates 改为 who 则用 no one 3 many few 和 both 用于可数名词 表示复数概念 Many a 可数名词单数 Many 名词的复数 但是前者谓语用单数 后者用复数 4 All both each 和 some 以及含有 every 的复合代词用在否定句中只表示部分否定 Neither none 和含有 no 的复合代词表示全部否定 如 All the students haven t been to the America She can t work out both of the difficult problems Everybody cannot work out the problem None of us can answer the question Neither of the questions is right 5 each every 或 no n and each every 或 no n 做主语 谓语用单数 如 No boy and no girl knows the truth 二 历届高考试题分析 例 1 No progress was made in the trade talk as neither side would accept the conditions of A others B the other C either D another 解析 答案 B 根据上文 neither 的提示可以看出所指的应该是两者中的另外一个 所以用 the other 这句的意思是 贸易谈判没有取得进展 因为双方都不愿意接受对方的条件 例 2 Shanghai is really a fascinating city and we ve decided to stay for two weeks A another B other C the other D other s 解析 答案为 A another 意为 又一 再一 后面如接 two three 等数词或 few 等时 可与 复数形式连用 我们可以把 two weeks 看作一个整体 在原来的基础上再待两星期 而 other the other 用于两者之间的另一个 other s 是 other 的所有格形式 故 B C D 都不可 选 例 3 The Parkers bought a new house but will need a lot of work before they can move in A they B it C one D which 解析 答案为 B 分析题意可知 they 显然不合 which 多引导定语从句 但题干中有连词 but 为并列句式 one 表示泛指 同名异物 而此处空格内容指代前面提到的 the new house 要仔细区别代词的所指范围 是人还是物 单数还是复数 另应注意句式 例 4 In fact is a hard job for the police to keep order in an important football match A this B that C there D it 解析 答案为 D it 在句子中作形式主语 真正的主语是 to keep order in an important football match 由于空格出现在 fact 的后面 所以一些考生把它当成了同位语从句 而选了 that 而实 际上 in fact 是介词短语作状语 后不能接同位语从句 译文 实际上 在一次重大的足球赛 中 对警察来说 维持秩序是一项很难的工作 例 5 Some of the wheat is from Canada What about A another B the other C others D the rest 解析 答案为 D wheat 是不可数名词 不能用 others 代替 the rest 既可代可数名词 也可 代不可数名词 此处指 the rest of the wheat 例 6 If this dictionary is not yours can it be A what else B who else C which elses D who else s 答案为 D 解析 考查关系代词所有格的用法 who else 其他什么人 用于主格 宾格 who else s 其他什么人 用于所有格 例 7 One of the sides of the board should be painted yellow and A the other is white B another white C the other white D another is white 解析 答案为 C 木板一般只有两面 把一面染成黄色的 另一面染成白色的 考查 one the other 结构 由此排除 B D 原句结构为 the other should be painted white 为避 免重复可省略 例 8 He was nearly drowned once When was was in 1998 when he was in middle school A that It B this This C this It D that This 解析 答案为 A 用 that 指代上文提到的事 避免了重复 it 指代时间 例 9 Your coffee smells great It s from Mexico Would you like A it B some C this D little 解析 答案为 B some 相当于 some of this coffee 例 10 Few pleasures can equal of a cool drink on a hot day A some B any C that D those 解析 答案为 C 本题考查替代词 that 的用法 that 通常在句中替代同类的 特定的但不是 同一的事物 本句中 that 替代 the pleasure 句意为 在炎热的夏天几乎没有任何乐趣能与饮一 杯冷饮的乐趣相比 that 指代单数或不可数名词 复数用 those 表示特指 以避免重复 在 比较句型中较为常用 代替可数名词时可换用 the one 例 11 If you want to change for a double room you ll have to pay 15 A another B other C more D each 解析 答案为 A 本题考查不定代词用于表示数量附加的用法 another 数字 复数名 词 结构通常用来表示在原有数量上的附加 若选 C 正确结构是 数词 more 复数名词 掌握 another 和 more 与数字搭配的位置是此题关键 another 放在数字前 more 放在数字后 例 12 What an amazing film It s the most interesting film I ve ever seen But I m sure it won t interest A somebody B anybody C nobody D everybody 解析 答案 D 根据上下文语境及答话人的意思 我敢肯定这部电影不可能使每个人都感兴 趣 说明该句为部分否定 解答该题的关键是要准确判断句子的部分否定与全部否定 作出选 择 例 13 The information he gave us is more important than we got ourselves A one B those C that D the one 解析 答案 C 根据句子意思可以知道 选项代词所代替的是句中不可数名词 information 选项 A B D 必须替代可数名词 只有 that 可以替代不可数名词或特指的可数名词单数 解 答该题的关键是准确定位选项代词所指代的句中名词 作出正确选择 例 14 Which of those electronic dictionaries do you like most They are both expensive and of little use A None B Both C Neither D All 解析 答案 A 根据问话人所用的 most 可以知道 句中 electronic dictionaries 应为三者以上 再根据答句意义判断 选项应为否定 故应选 none 该句答句部分 both and 很容易迷惑考生 使之误认为是两者的否定形式 而误选 neither 解答该题的关键是要注意分析说话者指向的范 围 特别注意答话人的语意 例 15 The winners Bob and who won the game praised the losers and A she them us B her they are C they she I D her me him 解析 答案 A 第一空为主语的同位语 故选人称代词的主格 第二空为宾语的同位语 应 选人称代词的宾格 分析四个选项可以知道只有 A 项符合句子结构 解答该题的关键是要准确 判断人称代词在句中作主语和宾语的用法 例 16 Mr Green kept telling her daughter not to surf the Internet too frequently but didn t help A he B she C which D it 解析 答案 D 分析句子结构可以知道 该句是有转折连词 but 连接的并列分句 故首先排 除选项 C 注意 如句中没有连词 but 可用关系代词 which 引导非限制性定语从句 解答该 题的关键是要注意理清句子的结构 分析选项代词所指代内容 例 17 Which of the two books will you take I ll take and I think of them is very important to me A either neither B neither both C both either D either both 解析 答案 C 根据答句意义可以知道 此句为肯定意义 说明答话人对两者都表示满意 故首先排除选项 A B 选项 D 局部与整体意义矛盾 只有选项 C 符合句子意思 解答该题的 关键是要理清句子意思 判断表示两者的肯定代词与否定代词能否使句子意思前后一致 例 18 Never laugh at failure of because enjoys being laughed at A others nobody B the others everyone C the others anyone D others someone 解析 答案 A 根据句子意思 第一空没有特定范围 表示泛指 第二空应为表示否定意义 的不定代词 意思为 没有人喜欢被人嘲笑 解答该题的关键是要根据句子意思 判断选项 代词的特指与泛指 肯定与否定的意思 例 19 What do you think of the price of these computers They are at least equal in price to if not cheaper than at the other companies A it B ones C that D the ones 解析 答案 D 分析句子意思可以知道 选项代词所指代的名词为 computers 且为特指 故应选 the ones those 相当于 the computers 解答该题的关键是要根据句子意思 推断选 项代词的句中具体名词 做出正确选择 例 20 It s time to tidy your room Mike See the tidy room Mum is where it should be A Something B Anything C Everything D Nothing 解析 答案 C 根据答话人所说内容可以知道 房间里一切都很整洁 含有整体性 应用 everything anything 用于肯定句时 表示强调 该句无强调之意 解答该题的关键是要准确区 别 anything 与 everything 在肯定句中所表达的意义 例 21 Shopping online can provide convenience and choice but not websites are safe enough for shopping A either both B neither any C both both D both all 解析 答案 D 第一空用 both 构成 both and 用来连接两个宾语 既方便 种类又多 第二空用 all 与 not 连用 表示部分否定 并非所有的网站都安全 此处无两者之意 解答该 题的关键是要根据句子意思 分辨表示两者和三者意义的代词在句中的准确表达 第三节 巩 固练习 高考题 1 95 全国 They were all very tired but of them would stop to take a rest A any B some C none D neither 2 95 全国 I hope there are enough glasses for each guest to have A it B those C them D one 3 When shall we meet again Make it day you like it s all same to me A one B any C another D some 4 96 全国 Tom felt that he knew everybody s business better than they knew it A themselves B oneself C itself D himself 5 96 全国 we can t get seems better than we have A What what B What that C That that D That what 6 97 上海 All of the flowers now raised here have developed from those in the forest A once they grew B they grew once C that once grew D once grew 7 97 全国 I agree with most of what you said but I don t agree with A everything B anything C something D nothing 8 97 全国 It is generally considered unwise to give a child he or she wants A however B whatever C whichever D whenever 9 98 全国 Can you come on Monday or Tuesday I m afraid day is possible A either B neither C some D any 10 98 全国 Dr Black comes from either Oxford or Cambridge I can t remember A where B there C which D that 11 99 全国 Are the new rules working Yes books are stolen A Few B More C Some D None 12 99 全国 Few pleasures can equal of a cool drink on a hot day A some B any C that D those 13 00 春京皖 Do want tea or coffee I really don t mind A Both B None C Either D Neither 14 00 全国 If you want to change for a double room you ll have to pay 15 A another B other C more D each 15 00 全国 Why don t we take a little break Didn t we just have A it B that C one D this 16 00 全国 It is the ability to do the job matters not where you come from or what you are A one B that C what D it 17 00 全国 Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play of course made the others unhappy A who B which C this D what 18 00 上海 Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase was very reasonable A which price B the price of which C its price D the price of whose 19 01 春京皖 John said he d been working in the office for an hour was ture A he B this C which D who 20 01 春京皖 I read about it in some book or other does it matter it was A where B what C how D which 21 02 春京皖 He was nearly drowned once When was was in 1998 when he was in middle school A that It B this This C this It D that This 22 02 春京皖 You re always working Come on let s go shopping you ever want to do is going shopping A Anything B Something C All D That 23 02 春京皖 The famous basketball star tried to make a comeback attracted a lot of attention A where B when C which D who 24 02 全国 Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgetable moment I will always treasure A that B one C it D what 25 03 春北京 People have heard what the president has said they are waiting to see he will do A how B what C when D that 26 03 全国 There s coffee and tea you can have Thanks A either B each C one D it 27 03 全国 Susan go and join your sister cleaning the yard Why John is sitting there doing nothing A him B he C I D me 28 04 春北京 There at the door stood a girl about the same height A as me B as mine C with mine D with me 29 04 春北京 Luckily we d brought a road map with he would have lost our way A it B that C this D which 30 04 江苏 is often the case we have worked out the production plan A Which B When C What D As 31 04 福建 Which of the three wa