辽宁省铁岭市2014高考英语 阅读理解、短文填单词类训练题（6）

1 辽宁铁岭市辽宁铁岭市 20142014 高考英语阅读理解 短文填单词类训练题 高考英语阅读理解 短文填单词类训练题 6 6 及答 及答 案案 阅读下列短文 按要求完成读写任务 Camping wild is a wonderful way to experience the natural world and at its best it makes little environmental influence But with increasing numbers of people wanting to escape into the wilderness it is becoming more and more important to camp unobtrusively and leave no mark Wild camping is not permitted in many places particularly in crowded lowland Britain Wherever you are find out about organizations responsible for managing wild spaces and contact them to find out their policy on camping and shelter building For example it is fine to camp wild in remote parts of Scotland but in England you must ask the landowner s permission except in national parks Camping is about having relaxation sleeping outdoors experiencing bad weather and making things without modern conveniences A busy fully equipped campsite 野营地 seems to go against this so seek out smaller more remote places with easy access to open spaces and perhaps beaches Better still find a campsite with no road access walking in makes a real adventure Finding the right spot to camp is the first step to guaranteeing a good night s sleep Choose a campsite with privacy and minimum influence on others and the environment Try to use an area where people have obviously camped before rather than creating a new spot When camping in woodland avoid standing by a dead tree which may fall on a windy night Avoid animal runs and caves and possible homes of biting insect Make sure you have most protection on the windward side If you make a fire do so downwind of your shelter Always consider what influence you might have on the natural world Avoid damaging plants A good campsite is found not made changing it should be unnecessary 以约 3030 词概括文章大意 2 根据短文内容选择最佳答案 1 You needn t ask for permission when camping in A national parks in England B most parts of Scotland C crowded lowland Britain D most parts of England 2 What does the underlined word unobtrusively in Para 1 probably mean A unofficially B unattractively C unnoticeably D uncomfortably 3 The author thinks that a good campsite is one A with easy access B used previously C with modern conveniences D far away from beaches 4 The last paragraph mainly deals with A protecting animals B building a campfire C camping in woodland D finding a campsite with privacy 5 The passage is mainly about A the protection of campsites B the importance of wild camping C the human influence on campsites D the dos and don ts of wild camping 参考答案参考答案 二 The text gives us some advice on camping wild including choosing a camp site with privacy and easy access to open spaces protect us from possible dangers and camping unobtrusively 30 words 3 1 解析 从第二段最后的 but in England you must ask the landowner s permission except in national parks 可知答案 答案 A 2 解析 此题可用同义释义法得出答案 因为后面的 leave no mark 不留痕迹 对划线 单词做了很好的解释 答案 C 3 解析 从最后一段的 Try to use an area where people have obviously camped before rather than creating a new spot 可知答案 答案 B 4 解析 从最后一段的 When camping in woodland Avoid damaging plants 可知答案 答案 C 5 解析 文章主旨题 阅读全文可知 本文主要给读者解释野外露营时的注意事项 告诉读者该做什么 不该做什么 答案 D 结束 阅读文章阅读文章 解题技巧解题技巧 一 捕捉信息的技巧 1 确定文章与表格之间的对应关系 先略读短文 然后速览表格 借助所给图表结构抓住文章中心大意以及文章的脉络 并 确定表格中某一行或某一列与文章中某一段落之间的对应关系 2 确定文章中相应的句子 在文章中标出与表格中空格前后所给出的关键词句相符合或一致的句子 注意 有时表 格中的语境会发生变化 有的是在空格前后 多一词 有的是 少一词 还有的是 换一 词 考生如果稍不留神就会犯错 二 变通信息的技巧 有许多答案是不能直接在文章中找到原句或原词的 这就需要我们对文章进行加工或变 通 这些变通大多与语法知识有关 也有些与短语和句型有关 1 间接法 即基于原文某个词语的语法变形 如 主动与被动 谓语动词与非谓语 动词 动词原形与动词第三人称单数形式 动词与名词 名词与形容词 形容词 副词的比 较级与最高级 名词单复数等 4 2 意译法 即对原文中的某句话在保持意思不变的前提下 变换一种说法 这种变 换有一定的难度 要求你正确理解原句 然后进行转换或解释 答案的来源往往有三个方面 1 根据关键词的导航 在文中捕捉原始信息 2 根据空格前后变化了的新语境 从语法和搭配的角度对原始信息进行加工 3 根据单元格本身的行文规律 遵循同一栏在表达上的一致性原则 从周围单元格中 确定信息最终的输出形式 三 概括信息的技巧 不会概括归纳的原因有两个 一是没有看懂表格里横向单元格和纵向单元格之间的逻辑 关系 二是没有掌握常见的表示归纳概括的词语 1 看懂表格 归纳概括词语往往位于表格上面的第一行或表格左边的第一列 方法通 常是 看下面的单元格向上概括 看右边的单元格向左归纳 大多是归纳某一段落的大意 有时是概括全文的主旨 归纳概括的注意事项有 1 大小写 2 单复数 3 搭配 2 掌握常见的归纳概括词语 1 赞成和反对 pros and cons 2 优劣 advantages disadvantages 3 异同 similarities differences 4 建议 suggestions tips advice 5 态度 观点 attitudes to towards opinion of 6 简介某个现象或问题 brief general introduction phenomenon phenomena problem s 四 不同题型的解题技巧 一 直接信息题 了解直接信息题的特点是答题的需要 所谓直接信息题 即能直接从文章中找到答题信息句 且能直接套用文中信息句中的某 个原词或词组而不需改变其词性 甚至不需改变其词形 例如 根据信息句 What comes first is to keep an open mind because everyone s ideas deserve consideration and each group member can make his or her own contribution 判断填空 Keep an open mind to 根据信息句中的 everyone s ideas deserve consideration 可判断该空应填写 everyone s ideas 即为文中原词 既没有改变原词的词性 也没有改变原词的词形 但有些时候 为了满足同一单元格中表达形式一致的原则 而需改变原词的词形 例如 A format for exchanging information e g photocopies of notes oral 5 discussion etc is also important for a well chosen method not only strengthens what you present but also makes yourself easily understood with others via proper format Make all decisions by compromise and agreement 根据信息句中的 exchanging information 再结合该单元格中所给出的表达形式可判 断 该空应填 Exchange your information 即将原词的 ing 形式改为动词原形 且动词 首字母要大写 有效寻找答题信息句是答题的保证 直接信息题主要考查检索信息的能力 因此有效快速定位信息句尤为重要 快速寻找有 效信息句的方法主要有 1 在粗读的过程中留意重要细节和关键词 前面我们介绍了阅读填空题的解题步骤 其中第一步是 快速浏览 抓住全文中心及段 落大意 正确获取信息 在快速浏览的过程中 考生应学会带着问题有意识地在细节处和关 键处做标记 例如 画线段落主题句 标记文中醒目词 time age number place suggestions tips ways benefits 等 注明信息词 who what when where why how first then after that next finally because thus lead to is caused by as a result of likeness alike just as either or but while instead different from on the contrary in a word in summary etc 2 根据试题在表格中的顺序确定有效信息句在文章中的大致位置 表格是文章框架的体现 其设题一般来说 是按照文章的段落顺序来排序的 例如 第 1 小题的答题信息句应在文首 而最后一小题的答题信息句中应在文尾 总之 阅读填空题 的 10 个小题的答题信息句在文章中一般是依次出现的 3 根据试题关键词的提示寻读有效信息句 表格中的表达通常以词组或句子出现 因此 考生应善于判断 识别该空所在语句表达 中的关键词 再有针对性地带着这些关键词的提示到文中相应段落寻找有效信息句 准确理解表格中的语意表达是答题的关键 表格中的语意表达一般不完全等同于文章中的原句表达 它显得更简洁 清楚 其表达 方式多为词组 偶尔为句子 因此 找到答题信息句后 考生应注意分析 比较 推敲表格 与原文在表达上的异同 首先找到两者在表达上的共同之处 再推敲其不同的地方 而后分 析文中原句的主干结构 比较实词的对应关系 二 归纳概括题 归纳概括题的种类 6 1 标题归纳题 根据 文章主旨句大多出现在三个位置 文章首段 一段末二段首转 折后信息 文章末段 的特点 可有意识地从上述三个位置找到文章主题句 再加以准确概 括 确定语篇标题 此外 常用于概括文章标题的词有 development history introduction study research experiment information fu ture 需注意的是 阅读填空题的标题表达常以 动 名词词组形式为主 2 段落归纳题 段落归纳概括题常位于表格的左栏 能最大限度覆盖相应行 列或单 元格的全部信息 常为名词 名词词组或动 名 词词组 例如下列短文设表格如下 Activities like investigations are most effective when done by small groups Here are some more suggestions for effective team performance during these activities Make sure each group member understands and agrees to the task given to him or her and everyone knows exactly when why and what to do take turns doing various tasks during similar and repeated activities be aware of where other group members are and what they are doing so as to ensure safety be responsible for your own learning though it is by no means unwise to compare your observations with those of other group members 1 Understand and agree to the 2 of one s own Take turns doing various tasks Show concern for others to ensure safety Take 3 for one s own learning Compare your own observations with those of others 第 1 题在表格的左栏 所填的词要求能概括右栏单元格的所有内容 而根据该段的主题 句 Here are some more suggestions for effective team performance during these activities 可判断第 1 空应填写 Suggestions 由此可知 概括词多为段落主题句中的关 键词 归纳概括词的判断与选用 1 常见的归纳概括词 表原因 reason for cause of 表目的 purpose aim goal 表种类 kind type category style 风格 表方式 方法 means way method solution approach 表方位 location position 表建议 advice suggestion recommendation tip 表态度 观点 attitude idea opinion 表用途 功能 use usage function 表变化 趋势 7 change trend development rise increase decrease 表描述 description appearance look color size length width distance height sha pe 表来源 历史 history source origin 表影响 结果 effect influence result consequence 表措施 行动 measure action activity behavior 举止行为 表益处 不利 benefit advantage disadvantage convenience 表概括 总结 summary conclusion 表主题 topic theme subject 表特点 feature characteristic character 性格 特征 表评论 评价 comment remark assessment 表问题 problem question issue 表要求 需求 demand need requirement qualification 表内容 项目 content item 表信息 information 表情绪 感觉 feeling emotion motivation 动机 表物质 材料 substance material 表步骤 step procedure process 表比例 rate 比例 速度 percentage 表天气 气候 weather climate 表灾难 事故 disaster accident threat 表关系 relation relationship 表异 同 difference similarity 表交通 运输 traffic transportation 表时间 年代 年 龄 date time age 表性别 sex 表质量 数量 quality amount quantity number 表事件 incident event 2 判定归纳概括词的方法 1 根据段落主题句的关键词判定概括词 段落主题句多在段首 其次在段尾 偶尔在段中 因此在读文章时要尤其注意段首尾 及时标注主题句 找到主题句后 要善于根据上下文的逻辑关系确认关键词 例如上述例句 中 找到主题句后 要能判断 suggestions 为主题句的关键词 值得注意的是 有时所填写 的概括词不能照抄主题句中的关键词 而需根据表达的需要改变关键词的词形或词性 甚至 是另换一词 2 根据文中信息词判定概括词 例如 根据 how 判断用 ways tips methods solutions etc 根据 why because result in lead to be caused by 等判断用 reasons causes 根据 in short all in all 判断用 summary 根据 refer to be be called 判断用 definition 根据 therefore thus so as a result 判断用 result conclusion 根据 find discover 判断用 findings 例如 Then how to solve the problem To a large degree it is the fashion producers that really have the power and the responsibility to shape our future There are numerous ways in which these producers can reduce their ecological footprint from switching to green energy and reducing energy use through selecting sustainable 可持续使用的 materials and choosing local 8 suppliers to recycle and minimize waste On the other hand as consumers we can all make contributions by selecting environmentally friendly clothing and reducing clothing consumption Fashion producers Ways to 2 and minimize waste Switching to green energy Reducing energy use Selecting sustainable materials Choosing local suppliers Selecting environmentally friendly clothing 1 to problems 3 4 第 1 题在表格的左栏 所填的词要求能概括右栏单元格的所有内容 根据该段首句 Then how to solve the problem 可判断第 1 空应填写 Solutions 三 信息组织题 信息组织题的特点 所谓信息组织题 即能从文中找到信息句 但需转换原词的词性或另用新词填空 例如 根据信息句 be responsible for your own learning though it is by no means unwise to compare your observations with those of other group members 判断填写 Take for one s own learning 显然该空应填写 responsibility 即为原 句中形容词 responsible 的名词形式 转换了词性 信息组织题的产生是因为表格中的表达形式不同于原文表达所致 因此 找到答题信息 句后 考生应注意分析 比较 推敲表格与原文在表达上的异同 从而作出正确的推理判断 值得注意的是 所填入的词或词组不仅要求拼写正确 符合语法规则 还要确保上下 左右 语义的一致 信息组织题的答题技巧 与另外两种设题相比 信息组织题的答题要求更高 难度更大 它要求考生不仅要有较 强的阅读能力 还要有丰富扎实的英语语言知识 例如 要掌握常用同义词和近义词 必备 的构词法知识和习惯搭配 丰富的语法知识等 其具体答题技巧有 1 转换词性 例如动词转换为名词 名词转换为动词或形容词 名词或形容词转换为 动词等 例如 2007 年高考湖南卷 82 题 根据信息句 On the other hand students expectations have risen 将动词 risen 转换为名词 确定答案为 Rise in expectations 再如 2006 年高考湖南卷 80 题 根据信息句 They also have fewer absences and are likely to blame 将确定其答案为 blame 由动词转换成名词 确定答 案为 less blame 9 2 用名词所有格 s 代替 of 所有格 例如 2005 年高考湖南卷 79 题 Baby boomers old growing 就是将文中表达方式 the old growing of the baby boomers 用 s 所有格代替 of 所有格转换而成 3 后置定语 补语等转化为前置定语 例如将定语从句转化为前置定语或改为非谓语 动词形式作后置定语 名词 形容词 分词作前置定语等 例如 2007 年高考湖南卷 84 题 根据信息句 They are trying to make living conditions better 将宾补 better 转为 动词确定答案为 Bettering living conditions 4 省略次要信息 提炼关键信息 例如 2007 年高考湖南卷 78 79 题 根据信息句 Staying alongside host families enables students to get enough practice for the short time of their studying so that their language acquisition is likely to become faster 提炼关键信息 确定 78 题答案为 Possibly becoming faster 根据信息 句 Living in host families also has the advantage for students of being able to spend a lot of time communicating with their host parents 提炼关键信息 确定 79 题答案为 Communicating with hosts 5 意义理解转换 例如 2007 年高考湖南卷 80 题 理解信息句 It attracts students for it ensures them a family type of living at a low cost 将 living at a low cost 转化为 Cost of living 再如 2008 年高考湖南卷 81 题 理解信息句 The intensive type may be smaller 再结合该空下面的表达方式可将 may be 转换为 possibly 即答案为 possibly smaller 又如 2010 年高考湖南卷 77 题理解信息句 It can offer employers a pool of well trained workers to draw from 可判断为 many well trained workers 阅读文章阅读文章 误区警示误区警示 一 总结 归纳题上出错 2012 湖南卷 Title 71 错误透析 River Control 根据首段 people have controlled rivers to meet society s demands Today rivers are controlled for many reasons 和第 二段开头 River control is 及第四段开头 people control ri