胡壮麟《语言学教程》笔记第四章

Chapter 4 Syntax 1 Immediate Constituent Analysis 直接成分分析法 Definition It may be defined as the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents word groups or phrases which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached However for the sake of convenience in practice we usually stop at the level of word The immediate constituent analysis of a sentence may be carried out with brackets or with a tree diagram 直接成分分析法先把句子分析为直接成分 词组 或短语 再把这些直接成分依次切分 得 到各自的直接成分 层层切分 直到最终成分为止 实际操作中 为了方便 通常切到词为止 直接成分分析法可以用括弧或树形图表示 Advantages Through IC analysis the internal structure of a sentence may be demonstrated clearly ambiguities if any will be revealed 通过 IC 分析法 句子的内在结构可以清晰地展示出来 如果有歧义 也会被揭示出来 Problems At the beginning some advocators insisted on binary divisions Any construction at any level will be cut into two parts But this is not always possible 开始的时候 一些提倡者坚持二元切分 任何结构体在任何层面都分为两个部分 但实际上 并不总是如此 Constructions with discontinuous constituents will pose technical problems for tree diagrams in IC analysis The most serious problem is that there are structural ambiguities which cannot be revealed by IC analysis 含有不连续成分的结构体会给 IC 分析法的树形图造成技术困难 最严重的问题是有些结 构的歧义不能用 IC 分析法来揭示和分析 2 Deep structure and enables them to distinguish a text from random set of sentences 语言的功能之一 指语言那种使说话者或作者有能力构造 语篇 或者跟语境相关的连续话 语并且使他们有能力把语篇和随意的句子组合区分开来的能力 4 Syntagmatic and Paradigmatic relations 4 1 Syntagmatic relation 组合关系 Syntagmatic relation is a relation between one item and others in a sequence or between elements which are all present such as the relation between weather and the others in the following sentence If the weather is nice we ll go out 组合关系是指一个词项和同一序列中的其他词项之间的关系或者说是共现的所有成分之间 的关系 4 2 Paradigmatic relation 聚合关系 Paradigmatic a k a vertical choice relation is a relation between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure or between one element present and the others absent 聚合关系或称联想关系 是指在结构的某个位置彼此可以互相替换的成分之间的关系 5 Endocentric and exocentric constructions 向心结构 离心结构 5 1 Endocentric construction 向心结构 It is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent or approaching equivalence to one of its constituents which serves as the center or head of the whole Typical endocentric constructions are noun phrases verb phrases and adjective phrases They may be further divided into two subtypes subordinate and coordinate constructions 向心结构包含一个作为整体结构的中心或核心的成分 典型的向心结构包括名词短语 动 词短语和形容词短语 可以从结构上分为两类 主从结构和并列结构 Those in which there is only one head with the head being dominant and the other constructions dependent are subordinate constructions 凡是结构中只有一个支配性主词 其他成分是该主词的修饰成分 这样的结构成为主从向 心结构 In the coordinate construction there are more than one head e g boys and girls in which the two content constituents boys and girls are of equal syntactic status and no one is dependent on the other 凡是结构中有一个以上句法地位相等的主词 互不依靠 这样的结构称为并列向心结构 5 2 Exocentric construction 离心结构 The exocentric construction is defined negatively as a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any of its constituents There is no noticeable center or head in it Typical exocen