组织学与胚胎学血液双语教学

Chapter 4 Blood,组 胚 教 研 室: 袁 娲Department of histology and embryology,Learning Objectives,The composition of blood (血液). The structure, function and normal values (正常值) of the formed elements of blood(血液有形成分).Hematopoiesis (血细胞的发生). The hematopoietic tissue (造血组织) and the hematopoietic stem cells (造血干细胞) .The production and significance of lymph(淋巴).,* a specialized form of C.T.* a circulating tissue* as a transporting medium* a total volume about 5 liters in health adult,INTRODUCTION,Components of blood 血液的组成成分,* Formed elements-blood cells (45%)* Intercellular substance-plasma (55%),Erythrocytes 红细胞Leukocytes 白细胞Platelets 血小板,H2O ( 90% )Plasma proteins: albumin白蛋白, globulin球蛋 白, fibrinogen纤维蛋白原, etc.Others:,血液的组成,centrifugation (离心),- plasma,Leukocytes + Platelets,- Erythrocyte (Red blood cell),anticoagulant (heparin)抗凝剂（肝素）,血块、血清,Serum 血清,without anticoagulant,Clotting,无纤维蛋白原,血液有形成分,红细胞：男 （4.05.5）1012/L ； 女 （3.55.0）1012/L（350-500万个/ul),白细胞 (4.010) 109 /L或 4千-1万个/ul,血小板 （100300） 109 /L （或10-30万个/ul）,有粒白细胞,无粒白细胞,中性粒细胞 50-70%嗜酸性粒细胞 0.5-3%嗜碱性粒细胞 0-1%,淋巴细胞 25-30%单核细胞 3-8%,血液有形成分正常值,血象(hemogram)： 血细胞的形态、数量、百分比及血红蛋白的含量. 血象是临床疾病诊断、治疗的重要指标。,Wright染色法（瑞特染色法）:染料是由酸性染料伊红和碱性染料亚甲蓝组成。与酸性染料伊红结合，染粉红色；与碱性染料亚甲蓝结合，染紫蓝色。 Giemsa染色法（吉姆萨染色法）:吉姆萨染液由伊红，天青组成。,血涂片 blood smear: 观察血细胞形态染色方法: Wright 或 Giemsa染色,一、红细胞（erythrocyte,red blood cell, RBC）,1.结构特点2.血型3.功能4.寿命5.网织红细胞,Mature Erythrocyte * biconcave disc shape, providing greater surface area; * no nucleus and organelles; * Hemoglobin ( Hb ); * deformability.,SEM,Size: 7.5 8.5m (diameter)Number: Male: 4.25.51012/ L (Hb: 120150g/L) Female: 3.55.0 1012/ L (Hb: 110140g/L),2ABO血型抗原系统：红细胞膜含血型抗原 A型：有A型抗原 B型：有B型抗原 O型：无A型、B型抗原 AB型：有A型、B型抗原,3功能: 红细胞具有携带 O和CO的功能，由血红 蛋白执行。 4寿命:红细胞的平均寿命 约为120天。,溶血 (hemolysis)血影（erythrocyte ghost）:溶血后残留 的红细胞膜囊。,* not fully mature RBC * 0.5 1% of a total number of RBC * no nucleus * ribosomal RNA remnants (netlike structure) * remaining Hb synthesis * Clinic significance,Reticulocyte网织红细胞,Pathological conditionsNumberSizeShape Hb,Anemia贫血,Erythrocytosis红细胞增多症,Spherocytosis; Sickle cell anemia,Thalassemia（地中海贫血）,Large / small cell anemia,Normal RBC Sickled RBC 镰状,Typically, the affected RBCs are small, spherically shaped, and lack the light centers seen in normal RBCs.,Spherocytosis,General characteristic of leukocytes* spherical shape * posses nuclei * presence of organelles * a total number less than that of erythrocytes * exhibiting amoeboid movement* involving in body defenses and immunity,二、白细胞（leukocyte, white blood cell，WBC）,Classification*Granular leukocytes 有粒白细胞neutrophils 5070% 中性粒细胞eosinophils 0.53% 嗜酸性粒细胞basophils 0 1% 嗜碱性粒细胞*Agranular leukocytes 无粒白细胞lymphocytes 2530% 淋巴细胞monocytes 38% 单核细胞,Neutrophil Size : 10 12 m (diameter) Morphology 形态 nucleus：highly morphonuclear rod-like 2-3 lobulated 4-5 lobulated young old cytoplasm：specific granules: 80%, smallazurophilic granules: 20%, lysosome 溶酶体,Neutrophils 中性粒细胞,(嗜天青颗粒),中性粒细胞模式图（示杆状核演变至5叶核, 新生到衰老）,中性粒细胞 （血涂片）,Neutrophils,Lobulated nuclei,Rod-like nucleus,azurophilic granules,* fine, uniform细腻，均匀 * evenly distributed* pink staining,Charateristics of specific granules:,Specific granules (80%, samll) contain:alkaline phosphatase碱性磷酸酶 * Phagocytin 吞噬素* lysozyme 溶菌酶,Azurophilic G. (large, less) containing:acid phosphatase 酸性磷酸酶* Peroxidase 过氧化物酶,Neutrophil (EM),Function,Chemotaxis (Mobility) 趋化性: Attracted by chemotactic factor (released by macrophages)Phagocytosis & destroy bacteria: 吞噬和杀灭细菌 the number of leukocytes acute the % of neutrophils bacteria infection,Size: 10 12 m (diameter)LM:nucleus: lobulated; S or irregular; obscured outlinecytoplasm: basophilic granules,* variable size* uneven distribution* strong basophilia,Characteristic,Basophil 嗜碱性粒细胞,Basophil,E.M.: Basophilic granules contain:* heparin * histamine F.N.: * anticoagulate * responsible to allergic reaction,nucleus,Size: 10 15 m (diameter)LM:- usually bilobed nucleus- eosinophilic granules,* strong eosinophilia (reddish)* coarse and refractile * uniform size and evenly distributed,Eosinophils 嗜酸性粒细胞,Characteristic,（电镜）,Eosinophilic granules ( primary lysosomes ) which contain substances: * acid phosphatase* aryl sulphatase 芳基硫酸酯酶* Peroxidase * histaminase 组胺酶,nucleus,Eosinophilic granules with crystalloid in the center,(EM),Function,Chemotaxis（趋化性） attracted by chemotactic factor from the mast cells Phagocytize（吞噬） foreign bodies, Ag-Ab complexAnti-allergy （抗过敏） Release histaminase，inactivate histamine for weakening allergic reactionAnti-parasite（抗寄生虫） It is increased in patients infected w/ allergic reaction or parasite,Neutrophils: * ruffled membrane movement* chemetaxis* phagocytosis Eosinophils: anti-parasite; anti-allergy Basophils: * anticoagulation;* involving in allergic response,Function of granular leukocytes,Size: 14 20 m (diameter)Nucleus: large, eccentric, light staining, deep indentation, horseshoe cytoplasm： abundant，gray-blue staining, weak basophilia, numerous purple granules (azurophilic G),Monocyte 单核细胞,Small pseudopodia , microvillus, mitochondrionRER,Lysosomes (azurophilic granule) contain:,* Peroxidase * Acid phoshpatase * Lysozyme 溶菌酶,(EM模式图）,nucleus,Monocyte under EM,Function of monocyte,- differentiate into macrophages. phagocytosis immune response give rise to osteoclasts 破骨细胞, which are able to dissolve bone.,Lymphocytes 淋巴细胞,3 types: small 68m;medium-sized 912m;large 1320mSmall lymphocyte(90%): LM: Round or ovoid; Nu.: sphericity, indentation, condensed chromatin, darkstaining. Cytoplasm: scanty, as a thinrim in light-blue w/ azurophilicgranules,* a large number of free ribosomes, * a few mitochondria, and other organelles * exhibiting small cytoplasmic projections in the surface of cells.,(EM模式图）,nucleus,Lymphocyte under EM,Classification* function# T-Cell: 75% cellular immunity B-Cell: 10-15% humoral immunity large granule lymphocyte (K & NK cell)* based on the source, characteristics on cellular membrane, life & function# immunological defence,Classification & Function,三、血小板 （ blood platelet, thrombocyte ）,Megakaryocyte s fragment, in clumpsLM: 24m，disc-likeor irregular, anucleated. Two regions: Granulomere: centrally-located, purple-blue granules. Hyalomere: peripherallylocated, in light-blue., cell coat: rich inglycoproteins associated to platelet adhesion; M.T. system: a. opening tubule system开放小管系统: to increase the surface area for platelet adhesion. b. dense tubule system致密小管系统: sER , support, collect Ca 2+ and synthesize prostaglandin 前列腺素,E.M.:,actin-like M.F 微丝: mobile. granules: a. granules (special granules): containing platelet derived growth factor, PDGF; thrombospondin. b. dense granules致密颗粒: serotonin (5-HT), ADP, ATP, Ca2+ & adrenaline 肾上腺素,Function,Hemostasia 止血: 2. Coagulation 凝血:3. Protect blood vessel endothelium, repairing endothelium, prevent atherosclerosis(动脉硬化),Slides review,五、骨髓和血细胞的发生（ bone marrow and hematopoiesis ）,Hematopoietic organ 造血器官 yolk sac卵黄囊 （early embryo) Liver肝 / spleen脾 (6w5m) bone marrow骨髓 (4m and after)Structure of bone marrow 骨髓的结构 red bone marrow: hematopoietic tissue 造血组织 + blood sinusoid 血窦 yellow bone marrow: adipose tissue 脂肪组织 + immature hemocyte 血细胞,Red bone marrow,hematopoietic tissue: 造血组织 reticular c.t. +hemocytes in various stage, macrophages, adipocytes, mesenchymal cells blood sinusoid: 血窦 discontinuous endothelia,incomplete BM,Hemopoietic stem cell (HSP) and Hemopoietic progenitor cell (HPC),Hemopoietic stem cell self-replication powerful proliferationpotency multi-differentiation Potency,Hemopoietic progenitor c.Unipotential or bipotential Produce matrue blood c. Erythrocytes series granulocyte series mo