组织学与胚胎学内分泌系统双语教学

内分泌系统 Endocrine System,主讲人: 袁 娲Department of Histology and Embryology Gannan Medical University,双语教学Bilingual teaching,Learning Objectives, The structure and function of thyroid gland甲状腺, parathyroid gland 甲状旁腺, adrenal gland 肾上腺 and hypophysis 垂体. The composition of endocrine system and the common features of endocrine tissuse. Two types of endocrine cells. Relationship between hypophysis 垂体 and hypothalamus 下丘脑.,General description 概述,Components Endocrine glands 内分泌腺 Endocrine tissues （ Pancreas islet 胰岛） 内分泌组织 Endocrine cells 内分泌细胞 Function,Hormones are molecules that function in the body as chemical signals.,What is hormone？,Endocrine glands,Thyroid glandAdrenal glandsPituitary gland,Hormones secretion,Special secreting formsAutocrine （自分泌） Paracrine （旁分泌）,远距分泌：激素进入血液,common features, Ductless Endocrine cells arrange into nests, cords, clusters or follicles Rich in capillaries,Two types of endocrine cells,Nitrogenous-hormone secreting cell,Steroid-hormone secreting cell,含氮激素分泌细胞粗面内质网、高尔基复合体、膜包分泌颗粒,类固醇激素分泌细胞滑面内质网、线粒体、脂滴、无分泌颗粒,一、甲状腺 Thyroid gland,甲状腺位于甲状软骨下紧贴在气管第三，四软骨环前面。甲状腺形如“H”，分左右两个侧叶，中间以峡部相连。 甲状腺可随吞咽动作而向上移动。,一、甲状腺 Thyroid gland,（一）一般结构 1. 被膜：薄层结缔组织 2. 实质：小叶 甲状腺滤泡 滤泡旁细胞 3. 间质：结缔组织 毛细血管丰富,重点掌握甲状腺滤泡和滤泡旁细胞的结构与功能,Thyroid gland,General structure,- capsule 被摸 : L.C.T forming septa - parenchyma 实质: lobules 小叶 follicles 滤泡 interstitium间质: CT,Constitution: Follicle: Colloid is surrounded by a single layer epithelium.Epithelium 上皮: Simple squamous (hypoactive功能减退), cuboidal or columnar (hyperactive功能活跃), depending upon the functional status.,Thyroid gland follicles 甲状腺滤泡,2. Colloid 胶质: Homogeneous secretion of epithelium. Acidophilic. Contains iodinated thyroglobulin 碘化的甲状腺球蛋白.,Thyroid gland follicles,Follicular epithelial cells EM: microvilli RER, Golgi apparatus secretory granules lysosome, mitochondria endocytotic vesicles,According to the structures of follicular epithelial cells, can you illustrate their functions?,四碘甲状腺原氨酸 （多）,三碘甲状腺原氨酸 （少）, 甲状腺激素形成的过程 合成 滤泡上皮细胞内合成甲状腺球蛋白； 储存 甲状腺球蛋白储存在滤泡腔内（胶质）； 碘化 滤泡腔内，形成碘化的甲状腺球蛋白； 重吸收 滤泡上皮细胞将碘化的甲状腺球蛋白以 胞吞的方式吸收回细胞内（胶质小泡）； 分解 溶酶体酶将碘化的甲状腺球蛋白分解成甲 状腺激素（ T4 和T3 ）； 释放 T4 和T3从细胞的基底面入毛细血管。,What is the secretory process?,Formation of T3 & T4:a. AA RER thyroglobulin (Gogi, glycosylated (G, secreting granules) colloid 胶质.b. Iodide 碘 (iodide pump) iodide oxidation in cytoplasm colloid bound to tyrosine 酪氨酸residues of thyroglobulin iodated thyroglobulin.,c. iodated thyroglobulin (TSH, microvilli) endocytic vesicles LYS T3 & T4.,Function of T3, T4:a. elevate the basal metabolic rate. b. influence the body growth and nervous system development during fetal life.,Modulation of T3, T4 secretion: hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis下丘脑-垂体-甲状腺轴,Pathological state,Pathological state,在出生时甲状腺功能减退：精神发育迟滞 ；身材矮小；粗糙的五官 ；突出的舌头；脐疝,呆小症,单纯性甲状腺肿大,Parafollicular cell,-single between follicular cells-in small groups in interstitial tissueAlso called calcitonin cell / C cell LM: ovoid, polygonal larger pale-stained: eosinophilic argyrophilic granules 嗜银Function: synthesize and release calcitonin, make blood calcium,滤泡旁细胞,镀银染色,HE染色,二、甲状旁腺 Parathyroid （一） 一般结构 两对，每个为扁椭圆形。表面有被膜，少量间质内含有孔毛细血管，实质由腺细胞排列成索状或团状。 腺细胞由主细胞和嗜酸性细胞组成。,甲状旁腺一、主细胞:数量多,染色浅 功能：分泌甲状旁腺素 升高血钙二、嗜酸性细胞:单个或成群存在,染色深， 含嗜酸性颗粒,三、 肾 上 腺 Adrenal gland,左侧呈半月形，右侧呈扁平三角形。,（一 ）一般结构 表面有被膜； 间质少，含血管和神经； 实质由皮质和髓质两部分构成。,重点掌握皮质和髓质的激素,-capsule: CT-cortex: yellow, derived from mesoderm 中胚层-medulla: reddish-brown, derived from neural ectoderm 神经外胚层,Adrenal gland,Adrenal gland cortex,Zona glomerulosa,Zona fasciculata,Zona reticularis,Zona glomerulosa,Zona fasciculata,Zona reticularis,球状带,束状带,网状带,Zona glomerulosa,15% of cortex volume-Structure: LM cells: small, low columnar or polygonal be arranged into nests or clusters nuclei: deep stained, round cytoplasm: light basophilic-Function:,secrete mineralocorticoid ( eg. aldosterone) 盐皮质激素 醛固酮regulate electrolyte and water balance,Zona fasciculata,About 78% of cortex volume-Structure:LMcells : large，clear margin be arranged in straight cordscytoplasm: light staining,appear vacuolated(formy)-empty,-Function:secrete glucocorticosteroid 糖皮质激素(e.g cortisol、corticosterone) and androgen 雄激素(less)regulate carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolisminfluence immune response,Zona reticularis,7% of cortex volume-Structure:LMcells: small; be arranged in irregular anastomosing cords 吻合成网cytoplasm: acidophilic-Function:secret androgen(testosterone) andsmall amount of oestrogen 雌激素,Adrenal medulla,-Structure: medullary cell ( chromaffin cell ) : LM:cells: polyhedral 多边形, be arranged in short cordscytoplasm: weakly basophilic,brownish granules- when fixed bybichromate-containing fixative.,central veinganglial cells: multipolar neuronslarge, 23 in groups,Adrenal medulla,EMelectron-dense granules adrenaline cell: 80% 肾上腺素细胞noradrenaline cell: 20% 去甲肾上腺细胞,-Function: secrete adrenaline and noradrenaline secrete some polypeptides 多肽 (galanin甘丙肽, neuropeptide Y神经肽, enkephalin脑啡肽),i. heart rateii. dilate blood vessel,i. blood pressure ii. the flow speed of blood,Pathological state,Excessive adrenal secretion of glucocorticoid hormones,Cushings syndrome 库欣综合征,满月脸、多血质外貌、向心性肥胖、紫纹等,四、垂体,垂体,腺垂体（前叶）,神经垂体（后叶）,远侧部结节部中间部,神经部漏斗,正中隆起漏斗柄,重点掌握腺垂体远侧部结构与分泌的激素；掌握神经垂体的结构；掌握垂体门脉系统、赫令体的概念。,Pituitary gland,Pars distalis,Pars intermedia,Pars nervosa,Infundibular,Pas distalis 远侧部,Glandular cells are arranged in cords Rich in capillaries around the cellsClassification:ChromophobesChromophils,Acidophils Basophils,A - Acidophilround or oval , eosinophilic stainningB - Basophilless, large cell, ovoid or polygonalbasophilic granulesC - Chromophobemore, small, pale, no clear boundary,Tropic hormones of pas distalis,cell type secreting hormone,acidophil,basophil,somatotroph,growth hormone(GH)生长激素,mammotroph,prolactin(PRL)催乳激素,thyrotrope,gonadotrope,adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH) 促肾上腺皮质激素,corticotrope,follicle stimulating hormone(FSH)卵泡刺激素 luteinizing hormone(LH) 黄体生成素,thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH) 促甲状腺激素,生长激素细胞,催乳激素细胞,促甲状腺激素细胞,促性腺激素细胞,促肾上腺皮质激素细胞,Gigantism 巨人症,Dwarfism 侏儒症,Pathological state,growth hormone in kids,too much,deficient,Acromegaly 肢端肥大症,Pathological state,Too much growth hormone occurs in adults,Protruding jaw 下颚突出Broaden lower faceEnlarged hands,Pas intermedia 中间部,Structure:chromophobe cellsbasophilsbe arranged into cords/follicles.Function:Secrete melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) 黑素细胞刺激素,Pas tuberalis 结节部,包围着神经垂体的漏斗，含丰富的毛细血管.,下丘脑、腺垂体的关系和垂体门脉系统,1、垂体门脉系统： 垂体门微静脉及其两端的毛细血管网共同构成垂体门脉系统2、意义：下丘脑与腺垂体之间的功能联系 下丘脑弓状核的神经内分泌细胞分泌的释放激素或释放抑制激素通过垂体门脉系统运送到腺垂体远侧部，调节腺垂体细胞的分泌。,Neurohypophysis 神经垂体,Pars nervosa 神经部ComponentsPituicytes ( glial cells) 垂体细胞Capillaries (fenestrated) 有孔毛细血管Unmyelinated nerve fibers 无髓神经纤维,Function: Store and release oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH),催产素,抗利尿激素