专四语法重点总结

专四语法重点总结 一 代词 名词 数次 1 在使用两个以上的人称代词时 顺序是 第二人称 第三人称 第一人称 2 everyone 后面不可以跟 of 短语 every one 就可以 3 以 名词 动名词 介词 短语 形容词 副词 动词不定式 构成的复合名词 它的复数 形式是将作为主要部分的名词或动名词变为复数 直接来源于短语或以可数名词结尾的复合 名词的复数形式是将最后一个构词部分变为复数 以 man 或者 woman 名词 构成的复 合名词的复数形式是将两个组成部分全变成复数 以不可数名词结尾的复合名词无复数形式 如 homework 4 物质名词一般不可数 但用于表示 各种不同品种 时 几乎都可做可数名词 如 different teas 5 当抽象名词前后有修饰语表示 某一种 或 某一方面 的抽象概念时 其前可加 a an 6 名词所有格要点 必须用 s 的场合 1 s 属格用于表示时间 度量衡 价值的名词之后 2 作为一个整体的词组在最后一个词加 s 3 人或物为两人共有 在第二个名词后加 s 4 当所有格后面的名词是人们熟悉的建筑物 如商店 住家 教堂 医院等 此名词常 省略 5 复合名词在最后一个词后加 s 6 当被修饰的名词后有同位语时 必须用 s 7 当用来表示类别或属性时 要用 s children s shoes 儿童鞋 必须用 of 的场合 1 名词后跟有后置修饰语或同位语时 2 以定冠词加分词或形容词表示一类人时 7 如果 dozen score hundred thousand million 前有基数词以表示确切数目时 都不能用复 数形式 如果用来表示很多有不确切的数目时 须用复数 而且后面加 of 8 表示顺序的两种方式 1 名词 基数词 不用冠词 如 Chapter four 2 the 序数词 名词 如 the Fourth Chapter 9 倍数增减的表示法 1 倍数 形容词 副词比较级 than 2 倍数 as 形容词 副词 as 3 倍数 名词 4 动词 百分比或倍数 5 动词 to 数词 6 double triple quadruple 名词 7 动词 by 数词 百分比 倍数 10 分数分子为基数词 分母为序数词 分母除了在分子为一的其他情况下为复数 11 百分比后接名词时加 of 二 形容词 副词 1 前置修饰语的排列顺序 可以置于冠词前的形容词 all both such 冠词 指示形容词 所有格形容词 不定形容 词 a an the this your his any some 基数词 one 序数词 first 表示性质 状态 质量的形容词 good useful 表示大小 长短 形状的形容词 表 示年龄 新旧 温度的形容词 表示颜色的形容词 表示国籍 产地 区域的形容词 表示材料 用做形容词的名词 动名词 分词 2 后置修饰语 由前缀 a 构成的形容词 3 形容词修饰由 some any every no body one thing 等组成的复合不定代词时 必须后 置 4 enough 作形容词修饰名词时既可放前又可放后 但当它作副词修饰形容词或副词时 必须后置 5 有些形容词本身就有 比 年长 比 优等的意思 这些形容词后面用介词 to 而不用 than 6 much too 作为副词短语修饰形容词或副词 不修饰名词 7 more 不能用来修饰比较级 8 与名词连用的 more of a as much of a more of a 意为更像 9 as much of a 意为称得上 less of a 意为算不上 10 none other than 不是别人 正是 no other than 11 any sone every 与 other 连用时 其后若用可数名词 一般为单数 三 情态动词 虚拟语气 1 can 用于否定句 cannot help but 表示不能不 只能 but 后跟不带 to 的动词不定式 2 must 表示禁止 一定不要时的否定式为 mustn t 当它表示有把握的推断时 意为一定 准是时 它的否定形式为 can t 3 need doing need to be done 这个句型表示被动意味 4 need not have done sth 表示本来没有必要做某事 经常考 虚拟语气 1 It is high about the time 谓语动词用过去式 指现在或将来的情况 表示早该做某事而 现在已经有点晚了 2 It is the first second third time 后的 that 从句中 谓语动词要用完成体来表示一种经验 3 as if though 的虚拟要点 1 对当时事实的假设 从句谓语用过去式 be 动词一律用 were 2 对过去事实的假设 从句谓语用过去完成式 3 对未来事实的假设 从句谓语用 would 动词原型 五 比较级 比较等级的含义 英语中形容词与副词有三个比较等级 即原级 比较级和最高级 一般来说 表示等于时用原级 Eg I m just as busy today as I was yesterday 表示二者的比较时用比较级 eg I m much busier today than I was yesterday 表示 最 时用最高级 Eg That was the busiest day of my life 存在句 形容词与副词比较等级的构成 构成 原级 比较级 最高级 单音节词尾加 er est great greater greatest 单音节词尾 e 加 r st fine finer finest 闭音节单音节词尾只有一个辅音字母 双写 big bigger biggest 辅音字母加 er est 少数以 y er ow ble 结尾 双音节词尾加 er est happy happier happiest y 前为辅音字母去 y 加 clever cleverer cleverest er est 其它双音节词和多音节词 前加 more difficult more difficult most difficult most 不规则变化 副词比较等级的构成 副词比较等级的构成大致与形容词比较等级的构成相同 但以后缀 ly 结尾的副词用 more 和 most hard hardest hardest early earlier earliest quickly more quickly most quickly 不规则变化 形容词与副词比较等级的基本用法 A 基本形式 as 原级 as 结构 eg He s as tall as I B 否定的同级比较常用 not as as 或 not so as eg He does not smoke so heavily as his brother C 变体 1 as much many 名词 as 2 as 形原级 a 名词 as 3 as 形 不可数名词 as 4 名词复数 as 形 as 5 the same as be similar to 比较级 A 基本结构 比较级 than 结构 eg He is taller than I She sees me more often than she sees her brother B 变体 1 形比较级 名 than 2 名 形比较级 than 3 the 形比较级 of the two 4 superior inferior to 最高级 A 常用 the 最高级 比较范围 eg This is the best picture in the hall He sings the best in the class B 变体 1 more than any other 2 Not 比较等级 关于比较结构用法的补充说明 1 more than 是 而不是 与其说是 不如说是 eg She is more been than wise He is more a writer than an artist 2 not so much as 与其说是 不如说是 eg It wasn t so much that I disliked her as that I just wasn t interested 3 not more er than 与 no more er than eg He is no richer than I as poor as He is not richer than I 4 more and more eg He is becoming fatter and fatter 5 The more the more eg The harder she worked the more progress she made 6 more than 多于 eg More than 1000 people attended the meeting 7 more than 不止 超过 eg She is more than pretty 8 more than 简直不 eg My trip to Beijing is more than sightseeing 六 并列结构 两个或两个以上意义相关 层次相同 句法功能也相同 并由并列连词或其他并列手段连 接起来的语法结构序列叫做并列结构 1 并列结构的各种形式 词与词的并列 you and me 词组与词组的并列 a teacher and a student 分句与分句的并列 you can go or you can stay with us 2 并列结构的连接手段 并列连词 标点符号 并列结构的插入语 在最后一个项目之前插入一个词语 使这个项目处于更加突出的地位 并列结构的对称组合 成对组合的办法使整个结构更加紧凑 3 并列连词的意义和用法 以 and 为代表的表示语义引申的并列连词 and both and not only but also not nor neither nor 等 这一类并列连词在语义上表 示其连接的成分是对前项的补充和引申 包括肯定和否定两种意义的引申 And 除表示语义增补外还有其他意义 还有一些 and 连接的语法结构形似并列结构实际并 非并列结构 Eg This room is nice and warm nicely warm I ll go and see my friend go to see 以 or 为代表的表示选择的并列连词 这类连词包括 or 和 either or 以 but 为代表的表示语义转折和对比的并列连词 这类连词包括 but not but while whereas only yet 4 补充说明 1 both and 只连结成分不连接句子 只连对等结构 Eg Both the student and the teacher are pleased to hear the news 2 not only but also 连结成分和连接句子 只连对等结构 Eg Not only I but also he will take part in the meeting Not only did he help me but also he sent me home 3 either or 连结成分和连接句子 连对等结构或不对等结构 Eg Either you or I am going to shanghai He can either stay at home or leave He has either gone to the movies or gone to the theatre 4 neither nor 连结成分和连接句子 连对等结构或不对等结构 Eg He neither likes fiction nor likes poetry 并列连词与连接性状语 And 与 moreover furthermore what s more Eg He is a good teacher and a good friend He is a good teacher Moreover he is a good friend but 与 however or 与 otherwise So 与 as a result consequently 七 存在句 There be 存在句的结构特征 存在句的结构模式是 There be NP Locative Expression Temporal Expression 存在句的引导词 There 在句中位于主语位置 实义主语是随后的名词词组 There 起形式主语的作用 在疑 问句中 它和操作词倒装 注意存在句的引导词 There 和句首状语 There 的区别 存在句的实义主语 实义主语的名词词组通常是非确定特指 即通常带有不定冠词 零冠词及其他非确定意义 的限定词 some any many much a lot of enough little 基本句型凡带有非确定特指的名词 词组 一般都可用 There 存在句转化 存在句的谓语动词 存在句的谓语动词主要是动词 be 的某种形式 分限定形式和非限定形式 限定形式 一般现在时 一般过去时 现在完成体 过去完成体和情态助动词 不定式 除 be 外 某些表示存在意义的不及物动词如 exist remain occur stand lie 等 能用于 there 存在句 地点状语前移 there 可省 Eg There can be very little about his guilt There are many desks in the classroom There used to be a hospital round the corner There appears to be no doubt about it There stands a house behind the tree Behind the tree there stands a house 八 存在句的非限定形式 1 存在句的非限定形式 there to be 和 there being 结构 2 there to be 和 there being 结构用法与区别 there to be 作 for 介词补语 作动词 except want like prefer hate 的宾语 eg They planned for there to be another meeting Members like there to be plenty of choice there being 作除 for 外的介词的补语 作主语和状语 eg John was relying on there being another opportunity There being a bus stop so near the house is a good advantage 存在句的非限定形式与限定形式的转化 eg For there to be so few people in the street was unusual It was unusual that there were so few people in the street 九 it 句型 1 Basic structure There be subject adverbial 2 Non finite structure There to be for Verb There being in on noun adverbial There being a lawn extends from the river to the house There is a lawn extending from the river to the house There extends a lawn from the house to the river From the house to the river lies a lawn From the wall comes the voice of the doctor It 1 Reference it Beijing is a big city It is the capital of China 2 Non reference it A Empty it B Anticipatory it C Cleft it It 句型包括由 非指代性 it 作型式主语的三种句子 第一种是以 it 作形式主语的表示时 间 距离 天气等意义的句子 第二种是以 it 作先行主语的句子 第三种是以 it 作引导词 的分裂句 Empty it 虚义 it 是一种非指代性 it 以区别于人称代词 it 常用作没有具体意义的主语 出现于表 示气候 天气 温度 时间 地点 距离等意义的句子中 也用来表示一般的笼统的情况 也用于一些结构及习惯语中 Eg It s fine today isn t it It was dull when Mary was away It looks as if the college is very small Hop it Go away Anticipatory it it 用来充当形式主语或形式宾语 后面的真正主语或真正宾语通常是不定式结构 动名词 或名词性分句 It 的这种用法叫作先行 it eg It is quite important for us to form a good studying habit I think it important to finish the task in time it 用来充当形式主语 后置的真正主语往往可以取代先行 it 的位置 出现在句首 Eg To form a good studying habit is quite important for us 并非所有先行 it 结构都可转化 下边句子只能作如下转化 eg It seems that John is not coming after all John doesn t seem to be coming after all Cleft it Task 1 句子的基本结构 2 分裂句的本质 3 分裂句的结构 4 假拟分裂句 句子结构 主语 谓语 已知信息 新信息 末端中心 末端重心 Eg I told him the news yesterday 分裂句的本质 Eg I told him the news yesterday Eg It is I that told him the news yesterday 分裂 it 分裂句是以 it 为引导词的强调句型 它的结构形式是 It be 的一定形式 中心成分 that who 分句 通过这种结构可以强调除谓语动词以外的大多数句子成分 说话人通过分裂句 分别强调主语 间接宾语 直接宾语 状语 使之成为信息中心 分裂句中的谓语可以采 取复杂形式 Eg It is I who am to blame It may have been at Christmas that John gave Mary a handbag It was in Shanghai that I got my Master s Degree 主语补语通常不作分裂句的中心成分 宾语补语可以这样用 It is beautiful that she is It is Chairman of the committee that they elected him 十 动词的强调形式 Do 的适当形式 Eg I Do give you the book 拟似分裂句 Pesudo cleft 要强调谓语动词 就得采用另外一种强调句型 这种句型叫作拟似分裂句 拟似分裂句的主语通常是由 what 引导的名词性分句 分句的主动词通常是 do 的一定形式 分句的主语补语根据主动词 do 的适当形式而采取相应的形式 拟似分裂句可采用下列几种形式 what 分句 be 动词的不定式 eg He gave her a book What he did was to give her a book what 分句 be 动词的分词 He will be taking a plane to Beijing What he will be doing is taking a plane to Beijing He has finished his homework What he has done is finished finish to finish his homework Pesudo cleft I gave him a letter What I did is give him a letter do did does do doing doing done done what 分句 be 名词词组 名词词组 be what 分句 Eg He gave her a book What he gave her was a book A book was what he gave her 十一 附加疑问句 Tag Question He must be a clever boy He must be studying in the room He must have worked hard last night He must have finished his work He said he would go with Mary If he had worked hard he would have passed the examination I think he is a good student I don t think he is a good student You have a new book He had to go now I have read the book Mary has milk for breakfast everyday We used to live in the country We never used to live in the country There be There is a book on the desk There is a book and two pens on the desk There come the last bus There go the last spoon of ice cream 并列结构 both and 只连接词与词组 Not only but also either or neither nor 不但连接词与词组 还可连接句子 Both and not only but also 必须连接对等结构 either or neither nor 可连接不对等结构 I neither like novels nor like poems 十二 倒装 倒装 固定语序 主语 谓语 后置 1 句尾焦点和句尾重心 2 关键词语的后置 前置与倒装 1 不引起倒装的前置 不引起倒装的前置成分通常是宾语 主语补语和宾语补语 2 引起倒装的前置 主语补语前置时 如主语较长或结构较复杂 就会引起倒装 前置宾语由 not a 名词或 not a single 名词 就会引起倒装 A horrible mess I have made of it Books I need Happy indeed I am Happy indeed are those who got the tickets to Beijing 倒装 某些状语的前置会引起倒装 全部倒装和部分倒装 a 句首状语为方位词或拟声词 谓语动词为 go come 等表示位置转移的动态动词时 通常 用全部倒装 主语为代词 不用倒装 Eg Lower and lower he bent b 当句首状语为表地点的介词词组时 也会引起全部倒装 Eg From the wall comes the voice of the doctor c 当句首状语为否定词或带有否定意义的词语时 一般引起局部倒装 Eg Nowhere else could you find so cheap books d 当句首状语为 only 副词 only 介词词组 only 状语分句构成 也可引起局部倒装 Eg Only through sheer luck did he manage to get some tickets e 以关联连词 so that 开头的句子 引起局部倒装 so 形容词是主语补语的前置 so 副词是状语的前置 Eg So small was the mark that I could hardly see it f 当方式状语 频度状语等移至句首时 有时也引起局部倒装 也可不用倒装 Eg Many a time has Mike given me good advice Slowly and impressively he rose from his seat 十三 不定式做定语 1 被修饰的名词前有序数词 形容词最高级或 next last only not a the very 等限定词时 该名词用不定式做定语 如 the first woman to set foot on the moon 第一个登上月球的女 性 2 如果其动词要求不定式做宾语 相应的名词一般用不定式做定语 如 tendency to do tend to do decision to do decide to do This book is an attempt to help you use English and recognize how it is used 3 如果其形容词形式要求接不定式做补语 相应的名词一般用不定式做定语 如 ambition to do 干 的雄心 be ambitious to do 有雄心干 curiosity to do 对 的好奇心 be curious to do 对 好奇 ability to do 做 的能力 able to do 有能力做 According to Darwin random changes that enhance a species ability to survive are natu