七年级英语专题（一）：语法串讲人教四年制版知识精讲

七年级英语七年级英语专题 一 语法串讲专题 一 语法串讲人教四年制人教四年制 本讲教育信息本讲教育信息 一 教学内容 专题 一 语法串讲 二 重点 难点 现在完成时 被动语态 不定式 三 具体内容 现在完成时是较难掌握 中考考查较多的时态 涉及的考点有 一 考查其构成 助动词 have has 动词过去分词 构成现在完成时 如 1 Kate s never seen Chinese films A hasn t she B has she C isn t she D is she 析 析 陈述句部分含否定词 never 简略问句部分要用肯定式 又因 Kate s 是 Kate has 的 缩写 故选 B 2 His uncle has already posted the photos to him 改为否定句 His uncle posted the photos to him 析 析 already 常用在肯定句中 yet 常用在否定句 疑问句中 故填 hasn t yet 3 Ann has gone to Shanghai So her parents A has B had C did D have 析 析 so 助 系 情态动词 主语 结构中的动词形式应与前句结构中动词形式保持一致 又后句的主语为 her parents 是复数 故选 D 二 考查其用法与标志词 当句中有 never ever just already yet before 等时 常用现在完成时 如 1 Mum may I go out and play basketball you your homework yet A Do finish B Are finishing C Did finish D Have finished 2 you anywhere before Yes but I can t remember where I A Did surf surfed B Have surfed surfed C Did surf have surfedD Have surfed have surfed 析 析 据 yet 和 before 可知 应用现在完成时 故 1 题选 D 2 题选 B 当句中有 for 段时间 或 since 点时间 等时 主句常用现在完成时 谓语动词必须 是延续性动词 若是非延续性动词 要改为延续性动词或表状态的词 短语 如 1 His brother has been to Stone Forest twice he came to Yunnan A after B before C since D for 析 析 主句用的是现在完成时 而从句用的是一般过去时 故选 C 2 Tom the CD player for two weeks A has lent B has borrowed C has bought D has had 析 析 A B C 均为非延续性动词 在肯定句中不与表 段时间 的短语连用 故选 D 3 I a letter from him since he left A didn t receive B haven t got C didn t have D haven t heard 析 析 据 since 可知 应排除 A C hear from sb receive get have a letter from sb 意 为 收到某人的来信 故选 B 三 考查 have has been to in have has gone to 的区别 如 1 Have you ever Lintong to see the Terra Cotta Warriors Yes I have A went to B gone to C been in D been to 析 析 据句中的 have 排除 A B 项意为 去某地了 C 项意为 一直呆在某地 D 项 意为 去过某地 符合题意 故选 D 2 My parents Shangdong for ten years A have been in B have been to C have gone to D have been 析 析 本题句中有 for 段时间 结构 据此可排除 C B 项意为 去过某地 不合题意 D 项缺介词 故选 A 四 考查现在完成时与其他时态的联系和区别 如 1 Sun s aunt has gone there for ten years 改成正确的句子 析 析 非延续性动词与 段时间 连用时 除了把非延续性动词改成延续性动词外 还可 把动词改为一般过去时或借助句型 It s 段时间 since 从句 进行句子转换 故答案为 Sun s aunt has been there for ten years Sun s aunt went there ten years ago It s ten years since Sun s aunt went there 2 Susan has been in this city for more than ten years 改为同义句 more than ten years Susan to this city 析 析 据上题分析 且 since 引导的从句要用一般过去时 故填 It is since came 3 I won t go to the concert because I my ticket A lost B don t lose C have lost D is coming 析 析 因我丢了票的动作发生在过去 而且对现在造成了我不能参加音乐会的结果 符 合现在完成时所表示的含意 故选 C 被动语态 英语中及物动词有两种语态 即主动语态和被动语态 主动语态表示主语是动作的执 行者 被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者 被动语态由 助动词 be 及物动词的过去分词 构成 助动词 be 有人称 时态和数的变化 一 被动语态的用法 1 一般现在时的被动语态构成 is am are 及物动词的过去分词 Our classroom is cleaned everyday I am asked to study hard Knives are used for cutting things 2 一般过去时的被动语态构成 was were 及物动词的过去分词 A new shop was built last year Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago 3 现在完成时的被动语态构成 has have been 及物动词的过去分词 This book has been translated into many languages Many man made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries 4 一般将来时的被动语态构成 will be 及物动词的过去分词 A new hospital will be built in our city Many more trees will be planted next year 5 含有情态动词的被动语态构成 情态动词 be 及物动词的过去分词 Young trees must be watered often Your mistakes should be corrected right now The door may be locked inside Your homework can be handed in tomorrow 6 现在进行时的被动语态构成 am is are being 及物动词的过去分词 Uncle Wang is mending my bike now My bike is being repaired by Tom now They are planting trees over there Trees are being planted over there by them 7 不定式的被动语态 to be 及物动词的过去分词 There are two books to be read There are twenty more trees to be planted 二 怎样把主动语态改成被动语态 把主动语态改为被动语态非常简单 可以遵循以下几个步骤 1 先找出谓语动词 2 再找出谓语动词后的宾语 3 把宾语用作被动语态中的主语 4 注意人称 时态和数的变化 例 1 Bruce writes a letter every week A letter is written by Bruce every week 2 Li Lei mended the broken bike this morning The broken bike was mended by Li Lei this morning 3 He has written two novels so far Two novels have been written by him so far 4 They will plant ten trees tomorrow Ten trees will be planted by them tomorrow 5 Lucy is writing a letter now A letter is being written by Lucy now 6 You must lock the door when you leave The door must be locked when you leave 三 使用被动语态应注意的几个问题 1 不及物动词无被动语态 What will happen in 100 years The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago 2 有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义 This pen writes well This new book sells well 3 感官动词或使役动词使用省略 to 的动词不定式 主动语态中不带 to 但变为被动语 态时 须加上 to 例 make somebody do something somebody be made to do something see somebody do something somebody be seen to do something A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by The boss made the little boy do heavy work The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss 4 如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时 直接宾语 物 作主语 那么动词后要用介 词 这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定 He gave me a book A book was given to me by him He showed me a ticket A ticket was shown to me by him My father bought me a new bike A new bike was bought for me by my father 5 一些动词短语用于被动语态时 动词短语应当看作一个整体 而不能丢掉其中的介词 或副词 We can t laugh at him He can t be laughed at by us He listens to the radio every day The radio is listened to by him every day The nurse is taking care of the sick man The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse 动词不定式 一 意义 形式和特征 1 基本概念和形式 动词不定式是一种非限定动词 由不定式记号 to 加动词原形所构成 动词不定式具有名词 形容词和副词的特征 同时也保留动词的特征 2 动词不定式的动词特征 1 如果动词不定式是及物的 须有宾语 He wants to study Japanese 2 动词不定式可以被状语来修饰 The rain continued to fall heavily 3 动词不定式有下列时态和语态的变化 主动语态 被动语态 一般式 to write to be written 进行式 to be writing 完成式 to have written to have been written 二 用法 由于动词不定式具有名词 形容词和副词的特征 所以它在句子中可作主语 表语 宾语 定语和状语 两个或两个以上的动词不定并列在一起时 第一个不定式带 to 后面的不定式往往把 to 省略掉 1 主语 To talk with him is a great pleasure To die for the people is a glorious death 动词不定式短语作主语时 往往放在谓语动词的后面 而用引导词 it 作语法上的主语 上两句可以改为 It is a great pleasure to talk with him It is a glorious death to die for the people 下面是一些类似的例句 注意注意 It is 形容词 动词不定式短语 是英语常见的一个 句型 It is necessary to make a plan for this trip It is not difficult to learn a foreign language if you spend more time on it 2 表语 Her wish is to become a tractor and serve the people serve 前省略了 to Our plan is to finish the work in two weeks Lei Feng s only desire was to be useful to the people and the country 三 宾语 有些及物动词常用动词不定式作宾语 这些动词有 want wish decide help learn ask begin forget 等 动词不定式一般不作介词的宾 语 He wished to be a village school teacher in a mountain area Do you like to watch football matches Learn to walk before you run We decided to make changes in our plan 动词不定式也可以用来作某些形容词的宾语 这些形容词通常只有 ready eager anxious Able sure glad sorry afraid free pleased determined willi ng 等 The boys and girls are anxious to learn how to skate Communism is sure to triumph over capitalism How do you do I am glad to meet you 四 定语 动词不定式作定语时 须放在被修饰的名词或代词之后 He is always the first one to get up I have a few words to say on this question After the Ching Ming Festival it is time to sow sorghum millet and corn 五 状语 动词不定式作状语时 一般放在它所修饰的动词之后 1 表示目的 Early in 1938 he went to Beijing to study To be a teacher of the people one must first be their pupil 2 表示结果 My grandmother lived to see the liberation of China A few years later he came home to find that his home town had greatly changed 六 含有动词不定式的复合宾语 动词不定式可作复合宾语中的宾语补足语 动词有 ask Order persuade advise like want tell know help call on 等 Chairman Mao called on the whole country to learn from Comrade Lei Feng The children asked the old Red Armyman to tell them stories about the Red Army The doctor advised him to take a good rest 在某些及物动词的复合宾语中 动词不定式须省掉 to 动词有 make let have see watch hear feel listen to look at 等 Make the past serve the present and foreign things serve China I heard him speak in the next room 1 疑问代词 动词不定式 who what which when where how why 等后加动词不定 式 构成动词不定式短语 可作主语 宾语 表语等 When to start has not been decided The question is how to do the job well He told me where to find the book 2 动词不定式复合结构 for 名词 或代词宾格 动词不定式 在这种结构中的 for 本身无意义 名词 或代词宾格 形式上是 for 的宾格 但在意义上可以说是动词不定 式的主语 这种不定式复合结构在句子里可作下列成分 1 主语 For us to study English is very important 在句中 for us 在意义上是 to study English 的主语 这种结构作主语时 和简单的动 词不定式结构一样 一般都用引导词 it 来代表并放在句首 for 名词 不定式 则放 在句末 It is important for us to study English It is necessary for us to learn from each other 2 表语 It is for you to decide 3 宾语 Can you arrange for a car to take us there 4 定语 There is a lot of work for us to do 5 状语 They handed in their exercises just in time for the teacher to correct them 七 动词不定式一般式所表示的时间关系 1 动词不定式一般式的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生 I saw him go out saw 与 go out 同时发生 2 但在许多情况下 动词不定式一般式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之后 I hope to see you again The boy said he wanted to be a steel worker 3 动词不定式完成式的用法 动词不定式完成式表示的动作发生在限定动词表示的动作 之前 I am sorry to have kept you waiting She seems to have read the book before 4 动词不定式进行式的用法 动词不定式进行式表示动作正在进行 与谓语动词表示的 动作同时发生 He seems to be recovering When I came in he happened to be lying on the bed reading 5 动词不定式的被动语态 动词不定式有两种被动语态形式 The next thing to be done is carry away the earth Today s visit to the Ming Tombs has to be put off because of rain What is to be done next The book is said to have been put into English 6 动词不定式的否定结构 动词不定式的否定结构由在不定式符号 to 之前加上 not 而成 He decided not to go home The teacher warned the pupils not to go skating on thin ice 7 接不定式的有下列动词 afford agree ask choose decide hope learn long plan manage offer pretend promise refuse want wish to do sth 接动名词的有下列动词 finish enjoy practise mind dislike keep prevent suggest delay escape excuse imagine miss advise doing sth 既可接动名词又可接不定式的有 forget remember stop mean regret try like 1 I forgot to post your letter I forgot posting your letter 2 I remember to return your book I remember returning your book 3 They stopped to read They stopped reading 4 I mean to do the job Revolution means liberating the productive forces 5 I regret to say I can not go with you I regret wasting so much money 6 You try to do the job well You try doing the experiment in another way 使役动词有 1 get have sth done 2 make let have sb do sth 3 get sb to do sth4 have get sb doing sth 5 cause sb to do sth 6 leave sb to do sth 模拟试题模拟试题 一 用动词的现在完成时形式或一般过去时形式完成下面的句子 1 We live in Beijing from 1985 to 1994 but we move to Shanghai now 2 There is a great film at the cinema this week you see it Not this week I see it in London last year 3 When we were kids we go to parks for our holidays but I not be back there for years 4 A This is Mary I do not think you meet her B Oh yes we know each other well We be at school together 5 A I try to phone John but he is not at home B How strange He leave for work an hour ago 二 用括号中动词的正确形式填空 1 This is the nicest park I see 2 Three of my friends my town this year leave 3 I three letters today write 4 We a lot of tests this term have 5 There an earthquake in the north 6 you your homework do 7 Oh no I my key lose 8 China many medals in the Olympics 9 My mother a cake for my birthday 10 My young son a lot this summer grow 三 用所给的词或词组填空 too enough someone anyone have been to have gone to 1 stole my purse when I was on the train 2 It is an easy job can do it 3 It was cold to go for a walk 4 I am sorry I have not got time to help you 5 Tom is not in the office He go to Beijing 6 Where you I have been to Shanghai 四 对划线部分提问 1 They have learned German for 5 years 2 He visited China last year 3 We will not wait for her if she arrives late 4 We talked about the brochures last night 5 He has washed all these clothes 6 I have already heard from about 40 people now 7 I have been to Paris 五 用所给词或词组填空 since for so used to in spite of could have left must have slept tell sb about go went 1 Franco s father be a farmer but he is not now 2 I have been in La Sa last Friday 3 How long did he work there He worked there three years 4 There was a lot of traffic they were late 5 the rain she liked the trip 6 He can not find his key He it in the shop 7 There is no light in his room He now 8 He went on a trip to Beijing and he me the trip 9 How did the conference It very well thanks 六 被动语态 1 The cleaner cleans the room every day 2 He stole hi