环境保护专业英语第十六章课文翻译

Type and Sources of Air Pollutants 空气污染物的类型和来源 What is air pollution Air pollution is normally defined as air that contains one or more chemicals in high enough concentration to harm h umans other animals vegetation or materials 什么是空气污染 空气 污染通常是指那种包含一种或多种化学物质富集到高浓度并足以伤害人类 其 他动物 植物或材料的空气 There are two major types of air pollution 主要有两种类型的空气污染 A primary air pollution is a chemical added directly to the air that occurs in a harmful concentration 初级空气污染是指有害的浓度直接进入 到空气中的化学物质 It can be a natural air component such as carbon dioxide that rise above its normal concentration or something not usually found in the air such as a lead compound emitted by cars burning leaded gasoline 这种化学物质可以是一个自然的空气成分 如超过了正常浓度的二氧化碳 或 通常不会在空气中发现的 如汽车燃烧含铅汽油所排放出来的主要尾气 A secondary air pollution is a harmful chemical formed in the atmosph ere through a chemical reaction among air components 次生空气污染是指 在大气中由气体成分之间发生化学反应的有害化学物质 Serious air pollution usually results over a city or other area that is emitting high levels of pollutants during a period of air stagnati on 严重的空气污染通常是因为一个城市或其他地区在空气流动停滞期间排放了 高浓度污染物 The geographic location of some heavily populated cities such as Los Angeles and Mexico City makes them particularly susceptible to freq uent air stagnation and pollution buildup 一些人口稠密的城市的地理位 置 例如洛杉矶和墨西哥城 使他们特别容易受到频繁的空气停滞和空气污染 累积的影响 We must be careful about depending solely on concentration values in determining the severity air pollutants 在仅从浓度来决定严重空气污染 物方面 我们必须十分小心 By themselves measured concentrations tell us nothing about the da nger caused by pollutants because threshold levels synergy and b iological magnification are also determining factors 通过测出的浓度自 身并不能告知我们有关污染物所带来的危险的信息 因为临界浓度 协同作用 还有生物放大效应都是决定因素 In addition we run into the issue of conflicting views of what const itutes harm 除此之外 我们碰到关于什么才构成危害的问题的争论 Major air pollutants following are the 11major types of air pollutant s 以下 11 个主要类型的空气污染物是主要空气污染物 1 Carbon oxides carbon monoxide carbon dioxide 1 碳氧化物 一氧化碳 二氧化碳 2 Sulfur oxides sulfur dioxide sulfur trioxide 2 硫氧化物 二氧化硫 三氧化硫 3 Nitrogen oxides nitrous oxide nitric oxide nitrogen dioxide 3 氮氧化物 一氧化二氮 一氧化氮 二氧化氮 4 Hydrocarbons organic compounds containing carbon and hydrogen m ethane butane benzene 4 碳氢化合物 有机含有碳氢化合物 甲烷 丁烷 苯 5 Photochemical oxidants ozone PAN and various aldehy des 5 光化学氧化剂 臭氧 一组过氧酰基硝酸酯 和 各种醛 6 Particulates solid particles or liquid droplets suspended in air smoke dust soot asbestos metallic particles such as lead beryll ium cadmium oil salt spray sulfate salts 6 颗粒 在空气中 的固体颗粒或液滴悬浮 烟雾 尘埃 烟尘 石棉 金属粒子 例如铅 镉 铍 石 油 盐雾 盐硫酸 Type and Sources of Air Pollutants 空气污染物的类型和来源 What is air pollution Air pollution is normally defined as air that contains one or more chemicals in high enough concentration to harm h umans other animals vegetation or materials 什么是空气污染 空气 污染通常是指那种包含一种或多种化学物质富集到高浓度并足以伤害人类 其 他动物 植物或材料的空气 There are two major types of air pollution 主要有两种类型的空气污染 A primary air pollution is a chemical added directly to the air that occurs in a harmful concentration 初级空气污染是指有害的浓度直接进入 到空气中的化学物质 It can be a natural air component such as carbon dioxide that rise above its normal concentration or something not usually found in the air such as a lead compound emitted by cars burning leaded gasoline 这种化学物质可以是一个自然的空气成分 如超过了正常浓度的二氧化碳 或 通常不会在空气中发现的 如汽车燃烧含铅汽油所排放出来的主要尾气 A secondary air pollution is a harmful chemical formed in the atmosph ere through a chemical reaction among air components 次生空气污染是指 在大气中由气体成分之间发生化学反应的有害化学物质 Serious air pollution usually results over a city or other area that is emitting high levels of pollutants during a period of air stagnati on 严重的空气污染通常是因为一个城市或其他地区在空气流动停滞期间排放了 高浓度污染物 The geographic location of some heavily populated cities such as Los Angeles and Mexico City makes them particularly susceptible to freq uent air stagnation and pollution buildup 一些人口稠密的城市的地理位 置 例如洛杉矶和墨西哥城 使他们特别容易受到频繁的空气停滞和空气污染 累积的影响 We must be careful about depending solely on concentration values in determining the severity air pollutants 在仅从浓度来决定严重空气污染 物方面 我们必须十分小心 By themselves measured concentrations tell us nothing about the da nger caused by pollutants because threshold levels synergy and b iological magnification are also determining factors 通过测出的浓度自 身并不能告知我们有关污染物所带来的危险的信息 因为临界浓度 协同作用 还有生物放大效应都是决定因素 In addition we run into the issue of conflicting views of what const itutes harm 除此之外 我们碰到关于什么才构成危害的问题的争论 Major air pollutants following are the 11major types of air pollutant s 以下 11 个主要类型的空气污染物是主要空气污染物 1 Carbon oxides carbon monoxide carbon dioxide 1 碳氧化物 一氧化碳 二氧化碳 2 Sulfur oxides sulfur dioxide sulfur trioxide 2 硫氧化物 二氧化硫 三氧化硫 3 Nitrogen oxides nitrous oxide nitric oxide nitrogen dioxide 3 氮氧化物 一氧化二氮 一氧化氮 二氧化氮 4 Hydrocarbons organic compounds containing carbon and hydrogen m ethane butane benzene 4 碳氢化合物 有机含有碳氢化合物 甲烷 丁烷 苯 5 Photochemical oxidants ozone PAN and various aldehy des 5 光化学氧化剂 臭氧 一组过氧酰基硝酸酯 和 各种醛 6 Particulates solid particles or liquid droplets suspended in air smoke dust soot asbestos metallic particles such as lead beryll ium cadmium oil salt spray sulfate salts 6 颗粒 在空气中 的固体颗粒或液滴悬浮 烟雾 尘埃 烟尘 石棉 金属粒子 例如铅 镉 铍 石 油 盐雾 盐硫酸 7 Other inorganic compounds asbestos hydrogen fluoride hydrogen s ulfide ammonia sulfur acid nitric acid 7 其他无机化合物 石棉 氟化氢 硫化氢 氨气 硫酸 硝酸 8 Other organic compounds pesticides herbicides various alcohols acids and other chemicals 8 其他有机化合物 杀虫剂 除草剂 各种醇 酸 和 其他化学品 9 Radioactive substances tritium radon emissions from fossil fuel and nuclear power plants9 放射性物质 氚 氡 矿 物燃料排放物 和 核能发电厂 10 Heat 10 热 Forest fires and decaying organic matter incomplete combustion of fo ssil fuels about two thirds of total emissions and other organic matter in cars and furna ces cigarette smoke 森林火灾和腐烂的有机物质 不完全燃烧矿物燃料 约 占三分之二的总量 和其他来自汽车和炉的有机质 香烟烟雾 Carbon dioxide CO2 Natural aerobic respiration of living orga nisms burning of fossil fuels 自然有氧呼吸的生物体 燃烧 化石燃料 Sulfur oxides SO2 and SO3 Combustion of sulfur containing coal and oil in homes industries and Power plants smelting of sulfur containing ores volcanic eruptions 家庭 工厂和发 电厂燃烧含硫的煤和石油 冶炼含硫矿石 火山爆发 Particulates dust soot and oil 煤烟粉尘颗粒物和石油 forests fires wind erosion and volcanic eruptions coal burning f arming mining construction road building and other land clearing activities chemical reactions in the atmosphere dust stirr ed up by automobiles automobile exhaust coal burning electric power and industrial plants 森林火灾 风蚀 和火山 爆发 燃煤 农业 采矿工程 道路建设 以及其他土地清理活动 大气中的 化学反应 汽车引发的粉尘 汽车尾气 燃煤电力厂房和工业厂房 Nitrogen oxides NO and NO2 High temperature fuel combustion in motor vehicles and industrial and foss il fuel power plants lighting 高温燃料燃烧机动车辆 工业和矿物燃料发 电厂 照明 Photochemical oxidants 光化学氧化剂 Sunlight acting on hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides 碳氢化合物和氮氧 化物在阳光下反应 Hydrocarbons 碳氢化合物 Incomplete combustion fossil fuels in automobiles and furnaces