2011高考英语语法总结大全

1 一 冠词一 冠词 冠词分为不定冠词 a an 定冠词 the 和零冠词 I 不定冠词的用法 1指一类人或事 相当于 a kind ofA plane is a machine that can fly 2第一次提及某人某物 非特指A boy is waiting for you 有个男孩在等你 3表示 每一 相当于 every oneWe study eight hours a day 4表示 相同 相当于 the sameWe are nearly of an age 5 用于人名前 表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或 事 Hello could I speak to Mr Smith Sorry wrong number There isn t Mr Smith here A 不填 B a C the D one That boy is rather a Lei Feng 活雷锋 6用于固定词组中a couple of a bit once upon a time in a hurry have a walk many a time 7用于 quite rather many half what such 之后This room is rather a big one 8用于 so as too how 形容词之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet 9用于抽象名词具体化的名词前 success 抽象名词 a success 具体化 成功的人或事 a failure 失败的人或事 a shame 带来耻辱的人或事 a pity 可惜或遗憾的事 a must 必需必备的事 a good knowledge of 精通掌握某一方面的知识 II 定冠词的用法 1表示某一类人或物 In many places in China bicycle is still popular means of transportation A a the B a C the a D the the 2用于世上独一无二的事物名词前the universe the moon the Pacific Ocean 3表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事Would you mind opening the door 4用于演奏乐器play the violin play the guitar 5用于形容词和分词前表示一类人the reach the living the wounded 6表示 一家人 或 夫妇 对比上文的不定冠词用法 5 Could you tell me the way to Johnsons please Sorry we don t have Johnson here in the village A the the B the a C the D the 7用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前He is the taller of the two children 8用于国家党派等以及江河湖海 山川群岛的名词前the United States the Communist Party of China the French 9用于表示发明物的单数名词前The compass was invented in China 10在逢十的复数数词之前 指世纪的某个年代in the 1990 s 二十世纪九十年代 11用于表示度量单位的名词前I hired the car by the hour 12用于方位名词 身体部位名词He patted me on the shoulder III 不用冠词 又名零冠词 的用法 1 专有名词 物质名词 抽象名词 人名地名等名词 前 Beijing University Jack China love air 2名词前有 this my whose some no each every 等限制I want this book not that one Whose purse is this 3季节 月份 星期 节假日 一日三餐前March Sunday National Day spring 4表示职位 身份 头衔的名词前Lincoln was made President of America 5表示球类 棋类等运动的名词前He likes playing football chess 6与 by 连用表示交通方式的名词前 We went right round to the west coast by sea instead of driving across continent A the the B 不填 the C the 不填D 不填 不填 7以 and 连接的两个相对的名词并用时husband and wife knife and fork day and night 2 8 表示泛指的复数名词前Horses are useful animals 二 名词和主谓一致名词和主谓一致 I 名词的种类 专有名词普通名词 可数名词不可数名词 国名地名人名 团体机构名称 个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词 特别注意名词类别的相互转换特别注意名词类别的相互转换 个体名词与抽象名词的相互转换个体名词与抽象名词的相互转换 例 句意 义名词性质 花儿个体名词 She held some flowers in her hand The trees are now in flower开花抽象名词 青春抽象名词 Youth is beautiful He is a youth of twenty年轻人个体名词 成功抽象名词 They have achieved remarkable success in their work How about the Christmas evening party I should say it was a success 成功的事个体名词 物质名词与个体名词的相互转换物质名词与个体名词的相互转换 例 句意 义名词性质 铁物质名词 Iron is a kind of metal Please lend me your iron 熨斗个体名词 玻璃物质名词 He broke a piece of glass He broke a glass 玻璃杯个体名词 小鸡个体名词 I bought a chicken this morning Please help yourself to some chicken鸡肉物质名词 抽象名词与个体名词的转换抽象名词与个体名词的转换 具有动作意义的抽象名词加用 与某些动词 如 have 等 连 用 表示某一次短暂的动作 I d like information about the management of your hotel please Well you could have word with the manager He might be helpful A some a B an some C some some D an a They sent us word of the latest happenings 消息 抽象名词 A a B an C D the Could we have word before you go to the meeting 话 个体名词 A a B an C D the 类例 have a dream a rest a smoke a swim a trip a wash a discussion a look take a walk a bath make an advance 进步 make an early start 早点出发 make a decision make a change give a cry of pain 发出痛苦的叫声 give a try 表示知识和时间的抽象名词转 换为普通名词时可以用来表示 其中的一部分 Many people agree that knowledge of English is a must in international trade today A a B the an C the the D the a knowledge of truth 知道实际情况 give a fuller knowledge of China 提供关于中国更为翔实的知识 have a knowledge of shorthand 有速记的知识 If there were no examination we should have at school A the happiest time B a more happier time C much happiest time D a much happier time is money A The time B A time C Time D Times 抽象名词转换为普通名词可用 来表示 一次 一阵 一种 具体的行为 事件 现象或结 果 这时名词前往往有形容词 修饰 Oh John you gave me A How a pleasant surprise B How pleasant surprise C What a pleasant surprise D What pleasant surprise She looked up when I shouted A in a surprise B in the surprise C in surprise D in some surprise 其它例子 The gift came as a complete surprise to me We have had some unpleasant surprise It is work of art that everyone wants to have a look at it A so unusual B such unusual C such an unusual D so an unusual II 名词的数 规则名词的复数形式 名词的复数形式 一般在单数形式后面加 s 或 es 参看有关语法书 英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的 请看下表 规 则例 词 1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man men woman women foot feet goose geese mouse mice 2单复数相同sheep deer series means works fish species 3只有复数形式ashes trousers clothes thanks goods glasses compasses contents 3 4一些集体名词总是用作复数people police cattle staff 5 部分集体名词既可以作单数 整体 也可以作复数 成员 audience class family crowd couple group committee government population crew team public enemy party 6复数形式表示特别含义 customs 海关 forces 军队 times 时代 spirits 情绪 drinks 饮料 sands 沙滩 papers 文件报纸 manners 礼貌 looks 外表 brains 头脑 智力 greens 青菜 ruins 废墟 加 sAmericans Australians Germans Greeks Swedes Europeans 单复数同形Swiss Portuguese Chinese Japanese 7 表示 某国人 以 man 或 woman 结尾的改为 men women Englishmen Frenchwomen 将主体名词变为复数sons in law lookers on passers by story tellers boy friends 无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown ups housewives stopwatches8合成名词 将两部分变为复数women singers men servants III 主谓一致 规则情 况举 例 以单数名词或代词动词不定式短语 动名词短语或从句作 主语时 谓语动词一般用单数形式 主语为复数时 谓语 动词 用复数形式 His father is working on the farm To study English well is not easy Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes What he said is very important for us all 由 what 引导的主语从句 后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形 式 但若表语是复数或 what 从句是一个带有复数意义的并列 结构时 主句的谓语动词用复数形式 what I bought were three English books What I say and do is are helpful for you Lucy and Lily are twins The writer and artist has come Every student and every teach is in the classroom Many a boy and many a girl likes it No boy and no girl likes it 由连接词 and 或 both and 连接起来的主语后面 要用复 数形式的谓语动词 但若所连接的两个词是指同一个人或 物 时 它后面的谓语就用单数形式 由 and 连接的并列单数 主语前如果分别有 no each every 或 more than a an one many a an 修饰时 其谓语动词要用单数形式 either neither each every 或 no 单数名词和由 some any no every 构成的复合不定代词 都作单数看待 Each of us has a new book Is everyone here today Somebody is speaking in class Everything around us is matter 若 none of 后面的名词是不可数名词 它的谓语动词就要用单 数 若它后面的名词是复数 它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可 以 None of the sugar was left None of us has have been to America 在定语从句里 关系代词 that who which 等作主语时 其 谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致 Those who want to go please write their names on the blackboard He is one of my friends who are working hard He is the only one of my friends who is working hard 在强调句型中应与被强调部分一致 It is I who am going to the cinema tonight It is we who are going to the cinema tonight 如果集体名词指的是整个集体 它的谓语动词用单数形式 如果它指的集体的成员 其谓语动词用复数形式 The police are looking for the lost child The cattle are eating grass in the field His family has moved to the south 他的一家 His family are watching TV 他的家人 Class four is on the third floor 四班 Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor 四班的学生 由 a lot of lots of plenty of a heap of heaps of the rest of the majority of 名词构成的短语以及由分数或百分数 名词构 成的短语作主语时 其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名 词的数而定 There are a lot of people in the classroom Three fourths of the surface of the earth is sea 50 percent of the students in our class are girls 此外 还有 a number of 复数名词有类似的用法 用复数 但 the number of 复数名词的数就得依 number 而定 用单数 A number of students have gone to the farm to help the farmer pick apples The number of pages in this book is three hundred 语 法 一 致 原 则 在倒装句中 谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致 There comes the bus On the wall are many pictures Such is the result Such are the facts Between the two hills stands a monument 4 What who which any more all 等代词可以是单数 也可 是复数 主要靠意思来决定 Which is your bag Which are your bags Are any of you good at English Has any of you got a pen All can be done has been done All is going well All have been taken out All have gone to Beijing 表示时间重量长度价值等的名词的复数作主语时 谓语动 词通常用单数形式 这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一 个整体 Thirty minutes is enough for the work Twenty pounds is too dear 如强调这类词的复数意义 则谓语动词要用复数形式 Forty kilos of water are used every day 若英语是书名名格言剧名报名国名等的复数形式 其谓语 动词通常用单数形式 The United States is smaller than China The Arabian Nights is an interesting story book 表数量的短语 one and a half 后面接复数名词作主语时 其谓语动词要用单数形式 One and a half apples is left on the table 一些学科名词是以 ics 结尾 如 mathematics politics physics 以及 news works 等 都属于形式上是复数的名词 实际意义为单数名词 它们作主语时 其谓语动词要用单数形式 The paper works was built in 1990 这家造纸厂建于 1990 年 I don t think physics is easy to study trousers glasses clothes shoes scissors 剪刀 等词作主语时 谓语用复数 但如果这些名词前有 a the pair of 等量词修 饰时 clothes 被 a suit of 修饰 谓语动词用单数 My glasses are broken The pair of shoes under the bed is his 逻 辑 意 义 一 致 原 则 定冠词 the 形容词或分词 表示某一类人动词用复数 若表示某一类东西时 动词用单数 The old are taken good care of there The beautiful gives pleasure to all 当两个主语由 either or neither nor not only but also whether or 连接时 谓语动词和邻近的主语保持一致 即就近一致 Either the teacher or the students are our friends Neither he nor they are wholly right Neither they nor he is wholly right Is neither he nor they wholly right there be 句型中 be 动词的单复数取决于其后的主语 如果 其后是由 and 连接的两个主语 则应与靠近的那个主语 保持一致 即就近一致 There are two chairs and a desk in the room There is a desk and two chairs in the room 就 近 远 一 致 原 则 主语后面跟有 with together with except but like as well as no less than rather than more than besides along with including in addition to 等引起的短语 谓语动词要跟主 语一致 即就远一致 Mr Green together with his wife and children has come to China A woman with a baby was on the bus Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground She like you and Tom is very tall The girls as well as the boy have learned to speak Japanese No one except my teachers knows anything about it 5 三 代词三 代词 I 代词可以分为以下八大类 主格I you he she it we you they 宾格me you him her it us you them 形容词性物主代词my your his her its our their 1人称代词 名词性物主代词mine yours his hers its ours theirs 2反身代词myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves 3指示代词this that these those such some 4疑问代词who whom whose which what whoever whichever whatever 5关系代词 连接代词that which who whom whose as one some any each every none no many much few little a few a little 6不定代词 other another all both neither either 7相互代词each other one another II 不定代词用法注意点 类 别区 别例 句 one 可以泛指人或者事 东西 其 复数为 ones We ve been looking at the houses but haven t found we like yet A one B ones C it D them Cars do cause us some health problems in fact far more serious than mobile phones do A one B ones C it D those some 可用于疑问句中 表示盼望得 到肯定的答复 或者表示建议 请 求等 Your coffee smells great It s from Mexico Would you like A it B some C this D 1ittle some 和 any 修饰可数名词单数时 some 表示某个 any 表示任何一个 I have read this article in some magazine Please correct the mistakes if any Which of the three ways shall I take to the village way as you please A Each B Every C Any D Either one 指同类中的一个 it 指代同一种 类的东西 此外此外 it 还可以作形式主还可以作形式主 语 形式宾语和用于强调句型中语 形式宾语和用于强调句型中 There is still a copy of the book in the library Will you go and borrow No I d rather buy in the bookstore A it one B one one C one it D it it one some any 和 it some 多用于肯定句 any 多用于疑 问句和否定句 There s cooking oil in the house Would you go to the corner store and get A 1ittle some B 1ittle any C a little some D a little any We had three sets of garden tools and we seemed to have no use for A none B either C any D each He doesn t have furniture in his room just an old desk A any B many C some D much each 和 every each 强调个别 代表的数可以是两 个或两个以上 而 every 强调整体 所指的数必须是三个或三个以上 Each student has a pocket dictionary Each of us has a dictionary We each have a dictionary Every student has strong and weak points Every one of us has strong and weak points none 和 no no 等于 not any 作定语 none 作主 语或宾语 代替不可数名词 谓语 用单数 代替可数名词 谓语单复 数皆可以 There is no water in the bottle How much water is there in the bottle None None of the students are is afraid of difficulties other 泛指 另外的 别的 常与其 他 词连用 如 the other day every other week someother reason no other way the other 特指两者中的另外一个 复 数为 the others Both sides have accused of breaking the contract A another B the other C neither D each Two students in our class failed but all the others passed the exam other 和 another another 指 又一个 另一个 无所 指 复数形式是 others 泛指 别的人或 事 We had a picnic last term and it was a lot of fun so let s have one this month A the other B some C another D other The trousers are too long please give me another pair some others Some like football while others like basketball 6 either 和 neither 前者意思为 两者都 两者中任何 一方都 后者意思为 两者都 Do you want tea or coffee I really don t mind A none B neither C either D all It was hard for him to learn English in a family in which of the parents spoke the language A none B neither C both D each 四 形容词和副词四 形容词和副词 I 形容词 1 形容词的位置 形容词作定语通常前置 但在下列情况下后置 1 修饰 some any every no 和 body thing one 等构成的复合不定代词 时 nobody absent everything possible 2以 able ible 结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或 only 修饰的名词之后the best book available the only solution possible 3alive alike awake aware asleep 等作定语时后置the only person awake 4和空间 时间 单位连用时a bridge 50 meters long 5成对的形容词可以后置a huge room simple and beautiful 6形容词短语一般后置a man difficult to get on with 7 enough 修饰名词时可以前置也可以后置 但修饰形容词或副词时要 后置 to take his adventure course will certainly learn a lot of useful skills NMET2000 A Brave enough students B Enough breave students C Students brave enough D Students enough brave 注意 多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序注意 多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序 熟记口诀就可以顺利解题 限定描绘大长高 形状年龄和新老 颜色国籍跟材料 作用类别往后靠 熟记口诀就可以顺利解题 限定描绘大长高 形状年龄和新老 颜色国籍跟材料 作用类别往后靠 规则 限定语 The A 描绘性形容词 size 小 shape 形状 age 年龄 时间 color 颜色 origin 国籍 来源 material 材料 purpose 目的 名词 This girl is Linda s cousin 05 北京卷 A pretty little Spanish B Spanish little pretty C Spanish pretty little D little pretty Spanish 2 复合形容词的构成 1形容词 名词 edkind hearted6名词 形容词world famous 2形容词 形容词dark blue7名词 现在分词peace loving 3形容词 现在分词ordinary looking8名词 过去分词snow covered 4副词 现在分词hard working9数词 名词 edthree egged 5副词 过去分词newly built10数词 名词twenty year 3 形容词 短语 作伴随状语形容词 短语 作伴随状语 As he looked at the goat it rolled over dead 当他看着山羊的时候 山羊翻了个身 死了 Afraid of difficulties they prefer to take the easy road 由于害怕困难 他们宁愿走好走的路 II 副词的分类 1时间副词 soon now early finally once recently 5频度副词always often frequently seldom never 2地点副词here nearby outside upwards above6疑问副词how where when why 3方式副词 hard well fast slowly excitedly really 7连接副词 how when where why whether however meanwhile 4程度副词 almost nearly very fairly quite rather 8关系副词when where why III 形容词和副词的比较等级 形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级 比较级和最高级 比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加 er 和 est 多音节和一些双音 节词前加 more 和 most 项 目例 句 同级比较时常常用 as as 以及 not so as as She is as tall as her mother I am not as so good a player as you are 双方比较 表示一方超过另一方时 用 比较级 than 的结构表示 要注意题干中将比较的另一方阴藏起来的 情况 This picture is more beautiful than that one I have never seen such a more interesting film than this one 表示一方不及另一方时 用 less 原级 than 的结构 表示 This room is less beautiful than that one 表示一方随另一方变化时用 the more the more 句 型 The harder you work the more progress you will make 用比较级来表达最高级的意思 I have never spent a more worrying day 我从来没有度过这样令人烦恼的一天 意为 我度过了最为令人烦恼的一天 倍数的表达 表达法一 表达法一 A is three four etc times the size height length etc of B The new building is four times the size the height of the old one 7 这座新楼是那座旧楼的四倍大 高 这座新楼比那座旧楼大 高 三倍 表达法二 表达法二 A is three four etc times as big high long etc as B Asia is four times as large as Europe 亚洲是欧洲的四倍大 亚洲比欧洲大三倍 表达法三 表达法三 A is three four etc times bigger higher longer etc than B Your school is three times bigger than ours 你们的学校比我们的学校大三倍 用 times 表倍数通常用于三倍以上 两倍可以用 twice 或 double 注意 注意 1 可以修饰比较级的词有 可以修饰比较级的词有 much many a lot even far a bit a little still yet by far any a great deal 2 表示表示 最高程度最高程度 的形容词没有最高级和比较级 如 的形容词没有最高级和比较级 如 favourite excellent extreme perfect superior junior 等 等 五 动词和短语动词五 动词和短语动词 知识网络知识网络 行为动词 实义动词 行为动词 实义动词 及物动词 带宾语 study develop 不及物动词 不带宾语 work swim go come 状态动词 相对静止 contain exist own prefer belong 动作动词 延续性 work stay 非延续性 marry go come 连系动词 汉语中没有这种词类 连系动词 汉语中没有这种词类 助动词 与动词原形或分词构成复合谓语 助动词 与动词原形或分词构成复合谓语 be am is are do does did have has will would shall 动词的分类动词的分类 情态动词情态动词 can could may might must shall should 动词动词 副词所构成的短语动词分及物的和不及物的两类副词所构成的短语动词分及物的和不及物的两类 Please turn every light in the house off 请把房子里的每一盏灯都关掉 及物 Harry turned up after the party when everyone had left 晚会后 人们都已离去 哈里出现了 不及物 注意 如果宾语较长 就应避免把副词同动词分开如果宾语较长 就应避免把副词同动词分开 She turned off all the lights which had been left on 她关掉了所有还在亮着的灯 如果宾语是人称代词 只能放在动词和副词之间如果宾语是人称代词 只能放在动词和副词之间 She gave them away 她送掉了它们 同一动词和不同副词搭配时 意义上有很大的差异同一动词和不同副词搭配时 意义上有很大的差异 ring back 回电话 ring off 挂断电话 ring up 打电话 put away 放好 put on 穿 上演 put up 挂起 举起 不同动词和同一副词搭配时 在意义上有很大的差异不同动词和同一副词搭配时 在意义上有很大的差异 break out 发生 爆炸 carry out 进行 开展 go out 熄灭 hand out 分发 let out 放出 look out 当心 sell out 卖完 set out 出发 take out 取出 work out 算出 动词动词 介词介词 及物及物 I m looking for my glasses 我在找我的眼镜 注意 当它跟宾语时 不能把介词放在宾语后面 同一动词和不同介词搭配时 意义上有很大的差异 look after 照料 look at 看 look for 寻找 短语动词常见的构成方式及其注意点短语动词常见的构成方式及其注意点 动词动词 副词副词 介词介词 I look forward to seeing you soon 我盼望不久就见到你 注 动词 介词 动词 名词 副词 动词 副词 介词 这三种搭配都是及物的 如 变成被动语态 不可漏掉介词 In this way both grain and vegetable can be well looked after 不能漏掉 after 这样一来 粮食和蔬菜都能兼顾了 考点聚焦及解题点拨考点聚焦及解题点拨 单个动词 同义词近义词辨析 从三个方面考虑 词的恰切含义 搭配 与介词 名词或非谓语动词的搭配 和用法 是及物动词还是不及物动词 系动词的用法 状态系动词 be 持续系动词 keep remain stay continue lie stand rest 表象系动词 seem appear 感官 感觉系动词 look smell taste sound feel 变化系动词 become grow get turn fall go come 终止系动词 prove turn out 8 解答这类试题的关键首先是弄清题意 然后是分析句子结构 由此可判断出该动词是否解答这类试题的关键首先是弄清题意 然后是分析句子结构 由此可判断出该动词是否 用作系动词 最后确定所要填入的答案 特别关注 用作系动词 最后确定所要填入的答案 特别关注 go hungry come true turn writer 接双宾语的动词 give sb sth give sth to sb buy sb sth buy sth for sb 但是我们只能说 suggest sth to sb explain sth to sb read sth to sb 短语动词的辨析熟记常考的短语动词的意义 sell write wash wear 等词的主动形式后跟副词表示被动意义 容易被我们忽视的知识点 happen occur take place break out come out belong to 等无被动形式 六 动词的时态和语态六 动词的时态和语态 1 常用常考的动词时态和用法 以 do 为例 名称构成用法 一般现在时do does 连系动词 is am are 1 一般现在时表示经常发生 习惯性动作 客观真理 科 学事实 格言 目前的特征 状态 能力等 2 主句是一般将来时 时间 条件状语从句中用一般现在时 表示将来 I ll go there after I finish my work If it rains tomorrow I won t go there 3 在以 here there 开头的句子里 go come 等少数动词的一 般在时表示正在发生的动作 There goes the bell 铃响了 There comes the bus 汽车来了 Here she comes 她来了 一般过去时did 连系动词 was were 表达特定的过去时间内发生的动作或存在的状况 或过去 某一时间内经常发生或反复发生的动作或行为 现在进行时is am are doing 1 表示正在进行的动作 2 表示按计划安排即将发生的动作 She is leaving for Beijing 她要去北京 He is working as a teacher tomorrow 从明天起他要做老师 My father is coming to see me this Saturd