芝加哥论文格式手册

芝加哥论文格式手册芝加哥论文格式手册 Chicago Manual of Style 16th edition Contents Preface Acknowledgments Part One The Publishing Process 1 Books and Journals 2 Manuscript Preparation Manuscript Editing and Proofreading 3 Illustrations and Tables 4 Rights Permissions and Copyright AdministrationbyWilliam S Strong Part Two Style and Usage 5 Grammar and UsagebyBryan A Garner 6 Punctuation 7 Spelling Distinctive Treatment of Words and Compounds 8 Names and Terms 9 Numbers 10 Abbreviations 11 Foreign Languages 12 Mathematics in Type 13 Quotations and Dialogue Part Three Documentation 14 Documentation I Notes and Bibliography 15 Documentation II Author Date References 16 Indexes Appendix A Production and Digital Technology Appendix B Glossary Bibliography Index Figures 1 Books and Journals 1 1 A typical copyright page 1 2 Copyright notice of a second edition 1 3 The copyright page of a translation 1 4 A copyright page acknowledging earlier publication of certain chapters 1 5 Table of contents showing front matter introduction parts chapters back matter and location of photo gallery 1 6 Partial list of illustrations with subheads for figures and tables 1 7 Partial list of illustrations showing numbers titles and placement of unpaginated plates 1 8 A list of abbreviations 1 9 Opening page of a chronology 1 10 Partial list of contributors to an edited collection 1 11 Table of contents for an issue of an online scholarly journal 2 Manuscript Preparation Manuscript Editing and Proofreading 2 1 Sample design and production schedule for a printed book 2 2 Sample production schedule for a quarterly journal published in both print and electronic forms 2 3 Manuscript editor s style sheet 2 4 A manuscript page illustrating the principles of on screen revision marks redlining and author queries 2 5 An example of a hand marked manuscript page 2 6 Proofreaders marks 2 7 Marked proofs 3 Illustrations and Tables 3 1 A halftone image of an original photo 3 2 Detail of figure 3 1 showing the halftone dot pattern 3 3 A line drawing with descriptive labels 3 4 A line drawing with figure number and caption 3 5 A musical example 3 6 A figure consisting of a photograph and a line drawing 3 7 Another composite figure whose parts are identified in the caption 3 8 A bar chart also called a bar graph 3 9 A graph with symbols identified in the caption 3 10 A genealogical chart 3 11 A four column table with three column headings three stub entries and nine data cells 3 12 A four column table with two levels of stub entries 3 13 A four column table with a spanner head across the second and third columns 3 14 A four column table with two cut in heads across three columns 3 15 A four column table with Total appearing in italics 3 16 An eleven column table with three levels of column heads 3 17 A seven column matrix 3 18 An eight column matrix 3 19 A three column table with no stub entries 3 20 A three column table in which values are aligned on the decimal point except for N values 3 21 A five column table with subtotals and total 3 22 A four column table with notes on significance or probability levels p 3 23 A three column table doubled into two columns 3 24 An eight column table with numbers replacing column heads to reduce width 3 25 A six column table with repeated column heads and continued indication following a page break 4 Rights Permissions and Copyright Administration 4 1 Agreement or consent for publication of an article or a chapter commissioned as a contribution to a collective work 4 2 Agreement for publication of a journal article 4 3 Suggestions for a letter seeking permission to reprint material in a scholarly book 12 Mathematics in Type 12 1 An example of typewritten and hand marked mathematical copy 12 2 The page of manuscript shown in figure 12 1 set in type 12 3 LaTeX source listing that would generate a portion of the mathematical copy shown in figure 12 2 14 Documentation I Notes and Bibliography 14 1 A page of text with footnotes 14 2 A page of endnotes 14 3 Chapter endnotes first page 14 4 Translator s footnote referenced by an asterisk followed by author s numbered notes 14 5 Footnotes keyed to line numbers 14 6 Endnotes keyed to page numbers 14 7 A short list of abbreviations preceding endnotes 14 8 The first page of a bibliography for a book 14 9 The opening page of a bibliography divided into sections 14 10 Part of the first section of an annotated bibliography 14 11 Part of the first section of a bibliographic essay 14 12 The first page of a discography 15 Documentation II Author Date References 15 1 Part of a reference list for a journal article in the social sciences 15 2 A sample of text with both parenthetical text citations and a footnote 16 Indexes 16 1 Sample page of proof marked up for indexing Appendix AProduction and Digital Technology A 1 An example of XML markup in a graphical interface A 2 Another view of figure A 1 showing the XML markup as plain text A 3 Sample set of rules for composition and page makeup A 4 Sample design specifications for a book A 5 A simplified XML workflow A 6 Principle of offset printing A 7 A sheet consisting of sixteen printed pages A 8 Two methods of sewing used in binding A 9 Three methods of adhesive binding Tables 6 Punctuation 6 1 Punctuation relative to closing quotation marks and parentheses or brackets 9 Numbers 9 1 Roman and arabic numerals 11 Foreign Languages 11 1 Special characters and Unicode numbers for languages using the Latin alphabet 11 2 Special characters and Unicode numbers for transliterated Arabic Hebrew Japanese and South Asian languages 11 3 Russian alphabet and Unicode numbers and romanization 11 4 Greek alphabet and Unicode numbers and romanization 11 5 Greek numerals 12 Mathematics in Type 12 1 Common mathematical signs and symbols with Unicode numbers and LaTeX commands 12 2 Standard abbreviated notations in mathematical copy 12 3 Statistical notation 12 4 Potentially ambiguous mathematical symbols Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A References are to paragraph numbers except where specified as table figure fig or page number p Page numbers in the online edition link directly to terms in the glossary appendix B a and an abbreviations and 7 44 10 9 acronyms and 10 9 appropriate use of 5 72 5 220 7 44 coordinate nouns and 5 73 disregarded in alphabetizing 14 67 16 51 52 16 56 16 68 16 88 as indefinite articles 5 68 5 70 71 meaning affected by 5 73 74 5 76 in proper names 16 88 in titles 14 67 16 51 52 16 56 when to drop from titles in running text 8 167 68 which to use a vs an 5 72 See also articles definite and indefinite AAs author s alterations 2 67 2 131 32 p 891 abbreviations general 10 1 a an or the which to use 7 44 10 9 alphabetizing of 1 43 14 55 16 64 16 93 fig 1 8 fig 14 7 chart labels 3 43 44 commas with academic and professional designations 10 4 10 16 10 20 21 addresses mailing 6 46 10 28 10 30 e g and i e 5 220 etc and et al 6 20 Inc Ltd and such 6 48 Jr Sr and such 6 47 compound 6 80 definitions and uses 10 2 3 after first occurrence of spelled out version 1 43 10 24 frequently cited works 13 65 14 54 55 fig 14 7 indexing of acronyms 16 46 16 49 16 64 periodical titles 16 49 journal titles 14 179 15 13 15 44 16 49 lists of alphabetizing 1 43 14 55 16 64 fig 1 8 fig 14 7 cross checking 2 29 format and placement 1 43 2 21 fig 1 8 for frequently cited works 13 65 14 54 55 fig 14 7 numbers with 9 16 17 plurals of 7 14 publication details 1 21 punctuation with ampersands 6 21 10 10 commas see under commas with above hyphens vs en dashes for compound 6 80 periods with or not 10 4 slashes 6 107 surrounding text and 6 117 short title compared with 14 54 spelled out capitals vs lowercase 10 6 guidance on 10 3 marking manuscript for 2 90 marking proofs for 2 126 typographic considerations capitals vs lowercase 10 6 italic vs roman type 10 7 line breaks 7 40 small vs full size capitals 10 8 10 24 10 39 10 42 space or no space 10 5 word division 7 40 See also acronyms contractions initialisms abbreviations specific Bible books Apocrypha 10 49 books New Testament 10 50 books Old Testament 10 48 books citing in text and notes 10 46 resources on 10 45 sections and versions of 10 51 short forms 10 47 binary systems 9 11 business and commerce 10 22 23 10 72 in documentation of classical references 14 258 59 14 264 14 266 dictionary and encyclopedia entries 14 247 48 editor translator and such 15 6 15 15 English poems and plays short forms 14 268 frequently cited works 13 65 14 54 55 fig 14 7 journal titles 14 179 15 13 15 44 legal style citations see below organization names 15 36 publishers names 14 139 40 file formats e g HTTP 7 76 genus subspecies and such 8 120 23 geographical terms avenue street and such 10 34 Canadian provinces and territories 10 29 city plus state comma with 10 30 compass points 10 35 36 country names 10 32 latitude and longitude 10 37 place names with Fort Saint and such 10 31 US when to use 10 33 US states and territories 10 4 10 28 legal style citations 14 286 cases and court decisions 14 288 91 14 306 constitutions 14 292 mathematical expressions 12 17 12 63 table 12 2 names and titles academic and professional designations 10 4 10 16 10 20 21 agencies and organizations 10 24 25 author names 1 18 civil titles 10 13 14 firms and companies 10 22 23 given names 10 11 initials 10 12 military 10 15 Rev and Hon 10 18 Saint St and such 10 26 27 10 31 11 29 16 75 16 90 16 93 social 10 16 17 page volume and such 14 157 Rev and Hon 10 18 scholarly words 10 43 scientific and technical astronomical and astrophysical 10 64 65 chemical elements 10 66 latitude and longitude 10 37 miscellaneous technical list of 10 52 periods omitted 10 4 resources 10 1 SI units 10 52 10 54 62 statistics 10 53 US measurements 10 67 71 states and territories US 10 4 10 28 stub column of tables 3 60 time designations a m and p m 9 38 40 10 42 chronology systems 9 35 9 63 10 39 days of the week 10 41 months 10 40 numerical 9 31 9 34 9 36 9 38 41 time of day 10 42 units seconds minutes etc 10 71 time zones 8 89 10 42 See also postal codes and under specific abbreviations e g Jr Junior abridgements copyright issues 4 14 4 69 editing materials from 2 58 abstractions 8 36 8 93 abstracts copyright issues and 4 60 description 1 88 1 90 documentation of 14 197 hyperlinks to 1 83 fig 1 11 submitted with manuscript 2 3 academic concerns course names 8 85 degrees and affiliations abbreviations 10 4 10 16 10 20 21 of author 1 49 1 88 1 94 capitalization 8 28 10 20 21 in contributors list 1 62 fig 1 10 indexing of 16 40 omitted in documentation of works 14 72 use of 1 18 1 20 honors and awards 8 30 8 82 institutions and departments capitalization 8 67 8 84 in documentation of dissertations theses lectures and such 14 224 14 226 place names with 6 46 6 81 special imprints of 14 146 see also institutions universities letter grades 7 60 student status terms 8 28 subjects and disciplines authorities in specific 8 118 specific course names 8 85 spellings peculiar to 7 2 treatment of names 8 84 85 titles and offices 8 27 8 29 See also lectures and lecture series universities accents See diacritical marks special characters access dates online journal articles 14 7 14 185 online legal and public documents 14 282 online reference works 14 248 undated online documents 15 51 acknowledgments on copyright page 1 19 1 30 31 fig 1 1 figs 1 3 4 of data sources 3 75 of grants and subventions 1 19 1 31 1 40 fig 1 1 illustration credits in 3 29 in journals 1 85 1 88 material appropriate for 1 42 and indexing 16 109 of permissions 4 98 99 in preface 1 40 references to 8 177 separate section for 1 41 in table notes 3 75 in unnumbered notes 14 50 acronyms a an or the which to use 7 44 10 9 capitalization of 10 6 definition and use 10 2 10 14 disease and medical terms 8 143 indexing of 16 46 16 49 16 64 journal titles 14 179 15 13 15 44 16 49 small vs full size capitals for 10 8 10 24 space omitted in 10 5 See also abbreviations initialisms active voice 5 18 5 104 5 115 5 188 acts and treaties documentation of 14 287 14 302 treatment in text 8 65 8 79 80 See also legal documents public documents AD anno Domini and such 9 35 9 63 10 39 additions and insertions marking manuscript for 2 91 92 marking proofs for 2 122 2 124 fig 2 6 stetting or reversal of 2 127 address spoken See dialogue direct address speech speeches addresses e mail 14 11 hyperlinks to 1 114 hyphenation issues 6 77 line breaks in 7 42 punctuation of 6 8 See also addresses mailing URLs uniform resource locators addresses mailing abbreviations avenue street and such 10 34 city plus state comma with 10 30 compass points 10 35 provinces and territories Canada 10 29 states and territories US 10 28 compass points in 10 35 numbers in 9 51 53 publishers 1 18 19 1 21 treatment in text 6 46 10 28 10 30 See also addresses e mail compass points and directions geographical terminology adjectives 5 66 94 adverbs compared with 5 156 articles as limiting adjectives articles defined 5 68 a vs an 5 72 coordinate nouns with 5 73 definite 5 69 5 73 indefinite 5 70 71 meaning affected by 5 73 74 5 76 omitted 5 76 as pronoun substitute 5 77 zero implicit 5 75 avoiding biases in uses 5 230 coinage of 8 59 compound 6 80 dates as 5 82 definitions 5 66 degrees comparative 5 84 5 86 equal and unequal comparisons 5 87 positive or absolute 5 83 superlative 5 85 86 uncomparable 5 88 derivations from legislative bodies 8 61 from place names e g Californian 5 67 8 44 from proper names 8 59 60 ethnic and national group names with 8 37 functional variations of 5 92 94 idiomatic uses 5 75 infinitives as 5 105 as interjections 5 210 irregular 5 86 nouns as as nouns 5 22 5 25 5 92 5 226 7 25 participles and participial phrases as 5 89 5 109 position basic rules 5 78 dates and 5 82 meaning affected by 5 74 5 76 when modifying pronoun 5 80 after possessive pronoun 5 79 predicate 5 78 5 81 predicate 5 78 5 81 prepositional phrase as 5 173 5 175 pronominal 5 65 pronouns and 5 29 5 47 5 65 5 77 5 79 80 proper 5 67 punctuation commas 5 90 6 33 34 dates in text 5 82 hyphenation 5 91 6 80 repeated 6 34 sex specific labels as 5 226 special types coordinate 5 90 6 33 participial 5 89 5 109 phrasal compound modifier 5 78 5 91 7 81 as verbs 5 93 administrative bodies 8 62 11 8 See also business and commerce governmental entities institutions organizations adverbs 5 153 68 adjectives compared with 5 156 as conjunctions 5 202 definition 5 153 degrees comparative 5 160 intensifiers 5 164 irregular 5 162 positive 5 159 superlative 5 161 uncomparable 5 163 flat 5 157 formation of 5 154 55 infinitives as 5 105 as interjections 5 210 introductory phrases 6 36 ly ending 5 91 5 154 5 160 61 5 167 7 82 nouns as 5 24 25 5 154 participial phrases as 5 109 phrasal and compound 5 158 6 36 7 82 position intransitive verbs modified by 5 166 linking verbs and 5 167 meaning affected by 5 165 placement considerations 5 165 in verb phrases 5 168 prepositional phrases as 5 173 5 175 compared with 5 100 5 156 5 180 replaced by 5 186 punctuation with 6 25 6 36 6 55 simple 5 157 suffixes 5 154 55 transitional however therefore and such 5 207 6 25 6 55 verb phrases modified by 5 102 See also infinitives participles and participial phrases advertisements in journals 1 72 1 78 1 82 African languages 11 14 15 See also Arabic language afterwords 1 26 1 52 14 91 14 116 agents literary 4 18 age terms hyphenation guide 7 85 ah 6 37 AH anno Hegirae and such 9 35 9 63 10 39 aircraft 8 2 8 115 16 See also vehicles and vessels a k a 10 72 Albanian language 11 16 17 alignment checking facing pages for 2 114 marking proofs for 2 124 of subscripts and superscripts 12 21 22 12 38 tables cells 3 68 72 figs 3 19 21 decimal points 3 70 3 84 fig 3 13 figs 3 15 16 fig 3 20 See also lists margins tables all rights reserved 1 19 1 22 4 40 figs 1 1 4 alphabetizing 16 56 16 62 67 abbreviations and abbreviations lists 1 43 14 55 16 64 16 93 fig 1 8 fig 14 7 accented letters diacritical marks and special characters 16 29 16 67 bibliographies 2 60 14 57 14 60 62 14 64 65 14 67 fig 14 8 business names 16 88 89 compound words 16 59 60 16 72 16 84 computerized sorting options 16 5 16 57 16 104 16 123 cross references 16 17 16 20 dates 16 65 elements to disregard in 14 67 16 48 16 51 52 16 56 16 68 16 88 16 91 foreign words 16 67 glossaries 1 60 indexes main headings 16 56 subentries 16 68 letter by letter basics of 16 58 59 bibliographies example of 14 60 word by word compared 16 61 16 123 names abbreviations and acronyms 16 64 basic rules 16 71 76 compound 16 72 foreign 16 67 16 76 87 initials vs spelled out 16 63 16 79 list of contributors 1 62 fig 1 10 Mac or Mc with 16 73 monarchs popes and such 16 37 nobility titles and such 16 38 16 66 numerals in e g Henry III 16 66 O with 16 74 with particles 16 71 16 84 personal as corporate names 16 89 Saint St and such 16 75 16 93 same of person place and thing 16 62 names foreign personal 16 76 87 Arabic 16 76 Asian generally 16 87 Burmese 16 77 Chinese 16 78 Hungarian 16 79 Indian 16 80 Indonesian 16 81 Japanese 16 82 Portuguese 16 83 Spanish 16 84 Thai 16 85 Vietnamese 16 86 numerals 16 65 66 organization names 16 46 16 88 89 place names 16 90 93 punctuation and 16 59 61 reference lists 2 60 14 61 62 15 11 fig 15 1 titles of nobility and such 16 66 titles of works 16 48 49 16 51 52 16 56 word by word basics of 16 58 16 60 bibliographies example of 14 60 letter by letter compared 16 61 16 123 alphabets character sets for Latin 11 12 table 11 1 character sets for non Latin 11 92 11 110 tables 11 2 11 4 dictionary tables of 11 96 11 111 in mathematical expressions 12 12 modernizing archaic letters 13 7 proofreading copy in non Latin 11 92 See also Arabic language Cyrillic alphabet Greek language Hebrew language International Phonetic Alphabet IPA Latin alphabet letters alphabet transliteration Unicode standard and names of other languages alterations author s AAs 2 67 2 131 32 p 891 definition p 891 designer s DAs 2 13