陕西省2013年高考英语二轮复习 题型技法指导专题五 阅读理解

1 20132013 年高考第二轮复习英语陕西版年高考第二轮复习英语陕西版 题型技法指导题型技法指导 专题五专题五 阅读理解阅读理解 真题试做真题试做 A A 2012 陕西高考 A What brings a nation together Of the four choices shared values language history and religion it s shared values In our latest poll 民意调查 seven out of 16 countries chose values as the greatest factor 因素 bringing a nation together and six preferred language Both choices scored high in the poll suggesting that our values and how we express them are closely linked Still history was not forgotten in some countries particularly in Mexico and Russia Even Canada and the United States chose national histories as the second most important factor uniting their people The biggest surprise Not one country picked religion as its top choice RespectRespect youryour elderselders In most countries the oldest generation considered values more important to a nation than did those who are under 45 years old DoDo youyou speakspeak Canadian Canadian Language scored lower in Canada than in all other countries polled perhaps because the country speaks two official languages French and English ChurchChurch andand statestate Most people polled do not connect their religious beliefs to their national pride Religion ranked last in 13 countries with France scoring it at 1 the lowest of all 1 According to the poll what was the most important factor in bringing a nation together 2 A Language B Values C History D Religion 2 In which country did language score the lowest in their national pride A Canada B Mexico C France D America 3 According to the charts shared values and language were considered equally important in A Australia B Brazil C China D India B B 2012 陕西高考 B ThreeThree BoysBoys andand a a DadDad Brad closed the door slowly as Sue left home to visit her mother Expecting a whole day to relax he was thinking whether to read the newspaper or watch his favourite TV talk show on his first day off in months This will be like a walk in the park he d told his wife I ll look after the kids and you can go visit your mom Things started well but just after eight o clock his three little good kids Mike Randy and Alex came down the stairs in their night clothes and shouted breakfast daddy When food had not appeared within thirty seconds Randy began using his spoon on Alex s head as if it were a drum Alex started to shout loudly in time to the beat 节拍 Mike chanted Where s my toast where s my toast in the background Brad realised his newspaper would have to wait for a few seconds Life became worse after breakfast Mike wore Randy s underwear on his head Randy locked himself in the bathroom while Alex shouted again because he was going to wet his pants Nobody could find clean socks although they were before their very eyes Someone named Not Me had spilled a whole glass of orange juice into the basket of clean clothes Brad knew the talk show had already started By ten o clock things were out of control Alex was wondering why the fish in the jar refused his bread and butter Mike was trying to show off his talent by decorating the kitchen wall with his colour pencils Randy thankfully appeared to be reading quietly in the family room but closer examination showed that he was eating apple jam straight from the bottle with his hands Brad realised that the talk show was over and reading would be impossible At exactly 11 17 Brad called the daycare centre 日托所 I suddenly have to go into work and my wife s away Can I bring the boys over in a few minutes The answer was obviously yes because Brad was smiling 4 When his wife left home Brad expected to A go out for a walk in the park B watch TV talk show with his children C enjoy his first day off work D read the newspaper to his children 5 Which of the following did Randy do A Drawing on the wall B Eating apple jam C Feeding the fish D Reading in a room 6 Why did Brad ask the daycare centre for help 3 A Because he wanted to clean up his house B Because he suddenly had to go to his office C Because he found it hard to manage his boys D Because he had to take his wife back home 7 This text is developed A by space B by comparison C by process D by time C C 2012 陕西高考 C Eating too much fatty food exercising too little and smoking can raise your future risk of heart disease But there is another factor that can cause your heart problems more immediately the air you breathe Previous studies have linked high exposure 暴露 to environmental pollution to an increased risk of heart problems but two analyses now show that poor air quality can lead to heart attack or stroke 中风 within as little as a few hours after exposure In one review of the research scientists found that people exposed to high levels of pollutants 污染物 were up to 5 more likely to suffer a heart attack within days of exposure than those with lower exposure A separate study of stroke patients showed that even air that the U S Environmental Protection Agency EPA considers to be of moderate 良好 quality and relatively safe for our health can raise the risk of stroke as much as 34 within 12 to 14 hours of exposure The authors of both studies stress that these risks are relatively small for healthy people and certainly modest compared with other risk factors such as smoking and high blood pressure However it is important to be aware of these dangers because everyone is exposed to air pollution regardless of lifestyle choices So stricter regulation by the EPA of pollutants may not only improve environmental air quality but could also become necessary to protect public health 8 The text mainly discusses the relationship between A heart problems and air quality B heart problems and exercising C heart problems and smoking D heart problems and fatty food 9 The underlined word modest in Paragraph 3 most probably means A relatively high B extremely low C relatively low D extremely high 10 What can we learn from the text A Eating fatty food has immediate effects on your heart B The EPA conducted many studies on air quality C Moderate air quality is more harmful than smoking D Stricter regulations on pollutants should be made 11 The author s purpose of writing the text is most likely to A inform B persuade C describe D entertain D D 2012 陕西高考 D Spring is coming and it is time for those about to graduate to look for jobs Competition is tough so job seekers must carefully consider their personal choices Whatever we are wearing our family and friends may accept us but the workplace may not 4 A high school newspaper editor said it is unfair for companies to discourage visible tattoos 纹身 nose rings or certain dress styles It is true you can t judge a book by its cover yet people do cover themselves in order to convey 传递 certain messages What we wear including tattoos and nose rings is an expression of who we are Just as people convey messages about themselves with their appearances so do companies Dress standards exist in the business world for a number of reasons but the main concern is often about what customers accept Others may say how to dress is a matter of personal freedom but for businesses it is more about whether to make or lose money Most employers do care about the personal appearances of their employees 雇员 because those people represent the companies to their customers As a hiring manager I am paid to choose the people who would make the best impression on our customers There are plenty of well qualified candidates so it is not wrong to reject someone who might disappoint my customers Even though I am open minded I can t expect all our customers are There is nobody to blame but yourself if your set of choices does not match that of your preferred employer No company should have to change to satisfy a candidate simply because he or she is unwilling to respect its standards as long as its standards are legal 12 Which of the following is the newspaper editor s opinion according to Paragraph 2 A People s appearances carry messages about themselves B Customers choices influence dress standards in companies C Candidates with tattoos or nose rings should be fairly treated D Strange dress styles should not be encouraged in the workplace 13 What can be inferred from the text A Candidates have to wear what companies prefer for an interview B What to wear is not a matter of personal choice for companies C Companies sometimes have to change to respect their candidates D Hiring managers make the best impression on their candidates 14 Which of the following would be the best title for the text A Employees Matter B Personal Choices Matter C Appearances Matter D Hiring Managers Matter 15 The author s attitude towards strange dress styles in the workplace may best be described as A enthusiastic B negative C positive D sympathetic 考向分析考向分析 分析近几年高考试题 可以发现阅读理解题呈现如下特点 1 选材真实 题材 体裁多样 材料大多为时文 与社会日常生活息息相关 情景真实 明确 具有浓厚的时代气息 这种关注实际生活的选材特点已呈现出明显的增强趋势 题材多样化 信息丰富 包括日常生活 科普 社会 文化 政治 经济 新闻 史地 人物传记等等 体裁包括记叙文 说明文 议论文和应用文等 2011 2012 年高考陕西卷阅读理解文体与题材统计 文体应用文报道记叙文议论文 2010 题材人脑疑问 纽约救落水儿 童 生活在 1900 年的房子的感 电子垃圾信息 5 受 文体广告人物传记记叙文议论文 2011 题材 介绍订票及优 惠情况 居里夫的大女 儿 Irene 梦想和努力转基因 文体广告记叙文说明文议论文 2012 题材 民族凝聚力因 素调查 父亲与三个孩 子 呼吸空气对人 健康的影响 着装问题 2 阅读量大 信息丰富 考查阅读能力的一个重要方面是阅读速度 较大的阅读量和信息量对考生的阅读技能是 一种有效的检测方法 近几年高考试题都保持了较大的词汇量 所涉及的内容广泛而深刻 对于词汇能力的考 查也继续保持了较高的要求 为考生提供了施展阅读才能的机会和十分开阔的思维空间 3 语篇结构复杂 阅读材料在保留了其原有的语言风格基础上 加大了语篇结构的难度 作者在阐述问题 时使用了多种语篇的手段和修辞方法 文章的展开不全是平铺直叙 而是间有倒叙 插叙等 多种方式 行文的跳跃程度较大 陈述次序富于变化 隐含信息较多 再加上阅读材料的文 化含量加大 文章的遣词造句趋于地道 因此 许多文段读起来感到 生涩 有时读懂了 文字 但不一定能够立刻领悟语篇的意思 常常要反复阅读几次才能读懂 4 语言难度较大 具体表现在语句的长度 措辞的灵活性 一定量的生词以及替代和省略手段的运用上 简单句 复合句 虚拟语气 结构复杂的长句 倒装句 省略句以及插入语等语言现象 随处可见 而且多种时态混用 词汇运用要求更高 活用词比比皆是 一词多义 熟词生义 现象更是频繁出现 5 题型设置合理 设题手法更加灵活 设题方式呈多样化的趋势 不仅考查对文中特定信息的理解和把握 还涉及文章的主旨要义 作者的态度意图等深层理解题 2011 2012 年陕西阅读理解题型以 细节理解题和推理判断题为主 总的来说 2012 年高考阅读理解试题维系了以往一贯的命题风格 难度也和以往保持一 致 生词数量控制合理 文章在选材上继续保持知识性和趣味性相结合 信息量大 题材与 体裁广泛的特点 答题步骤答题步骤 1 快速浏览 掌握大意 快速浏览 抓住文章中心大意以及文章的结构 浏览时不要急于做题 而要注意抓住主 要信息 迅速把握文章大意和中心思想 了解文章全貌 同时通览题目 研究题目要求及选 项 弄清问题所指 有的问题是针对文章中的一句话设计的 有的是针对一段话所陈述的事 实设计的 有的是针对整篇文章设计的 对所提问题做到心中有数 为下一步阅读做好针对 性的准备 2 细读全文 找准信息 抓住文章大意 明确解题的目标后 带着问题仔细阅读文章 敏锐捕捉隐含在文中的有 关信息词和信息句 推敲其中的关键词语 结合上下文把握语句的含义 排除文中不存在 片面或不合逻辑的选项 作出正确选择 做题时要本着先易后难的原则 对于比较明显的 有把握的题可立刻作出选择 对于难题 要在文章中仔细查阅 认真琢磨 找出确凿的依据 运用逻辑推理 准确选出符合要求的最佳答案 3 复读检查 验证答案 答案选出之后 快速阅读原文 重点放在与题目有关的词语 句子和段落上 核查答案 力求答案准确无误 尤其是感觉把握不大 选择时有些困难的题目 要对照原文与选项 看 看是否一致 是否合乎情理 合乎逻辑 技法指导技法指导 历年的高考阅读理解试题 基本上可分为四类题目 细节理解题 推理判断题 主旨大 6 意题 词义猜测题 1 细节理解题 细节理解题常见的命题方式有以下几种 1 Which of the following is NOT included mentioned in the passage 2 Which of the following sentences statements is NOT true according to the passage 3 According to the passage all of the following are true except but 4 The author mentions all of the following except 5 In the passage the author states that 6 According to the passage when where why how who etc 7 Choose the right order of the events given in the passage 8 Which of the following maps diagrams gives the right position of 9 Which of the drawings below gives an idea of 细节理解题解题策略 直接信息题 细心审题 直接就题找答案 解答此类试题时 不必通篇细看原文 而应采取 带着问 题找答案 的方法 先从问题中抓住关键性词语 题眼 然后以此为线索 运用略读及查 读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落或语句 仔细品味 对照比较 确定答案 如 2012 北京高考 A 篇 TheThe BasicsBasics ofof MathMath MadeMade ClearClear Basic Math introduces students to the basic concepts of mathematics as well as the fundamentals of more tricky areas These 30 fantastic lectures are designed to provide students with an understanding of arithmetic and to prepare them for Algebra 代数 and beyond The lessons in Basic Math cover every basic aspect of arithmetic They also look into exponents 指数 the order of operations and square roots In addition to learning how to perform various mathematical operations students discover why these operations work how a particular mathematical topic relates to other branches of mathematics and how these operations can be used practically 56 What does the course Basic Math mainly cover A Algebra B College Mathematics C Arithmetic D Mathematics Education 剖析 剖析 根据第二段第一句 The lessons in Basic Math cover every basic aspect of arithmetic 可知 Basic Math 课程主要涵盖代数的基础知识 C 项正确 间接信息题 变通理解 间接转述找答案 细节理解题通常采用词语和句型转换的形式来取代原文中 的表述 命题者在出这类题时习惯用 偷梁换柱 张冠李戴 的手法来迷惑考生 即对原句 细微处做改动 截取原文词语或结构进行改造 因果倒置 把 A 的观点说成 B 的观点等 所 以正确理解题干和信息句的意义是关键 如 2012 课标全国高考 C 篇 We all stood at the far end of the studio as workmen prepared the scene setting up trees at the edge of a winding path Very soon bright lights were turned on and the big movie camera was wheeled into position The director shouted something to the camera operator and then went to speak to the two famous actors nearby Since it was hot in the studio it came as a surprise to us 7 to see one of the actors put on a heavy overcoat and start walking along the path A big fan began blowing tiny white feathers down on him and soon the trees were covered in snow Two more fans were turned on and a strong wind blew through the trees The picture looked so real that it made us feel cold 65 What made the author feel cold A The heavy snowfall B The man made scene C The low temperature D The film being shown 剖析 剖析 根据该段最后可知 拍摄电影时 要通过大电扇人为制造出漫天飞雪 寒风呼啸 的场景 非常逼真 以至于使人感到寒冷 由此可知 B 项正确 事实细节排序题 此类试题的考查形式是在选项中列举一些具体的事实 然后对上面的事实进行排序 要 求考生根据动作发生的先后顺序 时间顺序以及句子之间的逻辑关系 找出事件发生 发展 的正确顺序 考生可以先找出最早的一个时间和事件 把它作为事件发生的具体点 再找出 最后一个发生的 即采用 首尾 定位法 采用排除法将范围缩小 从而快速地选出正确答 案 数字计算题 数字计算题也是近几年高考中常考的内容 此类试题是在文章中直接表现出来细节事实 有的要经过具体的计算才能够得出正确的答案 具体的计算题一般涉及时间 年龄 价钱 数量 距离等的计算 文章中经常会出现许多数字 它们对解题产生一定的影响 解答此类 试题的方法是先理解文章的大意 然后经过对比 分析 计算等就能够得出正确答案 如 2012 四川高考 B 篇 The offer is of two kinds 20 per room per night valid 有效的 during stay period of 02 04 2012 31 05 2012 and then again 01 09 2012 31 10 2012 35 per room per night valid during stay period of 01 06 2012 31 08 2012 46 How much should be paid for a two night stay in October 2012 at a chosen B more than anything else they speak of the nature that many people value most dearly The urge to leave the subject of such images untouched is strong and the danger exploitation 开发 brings to such landscapes 景观 is real Some of these wildernesses also perform functions that humans need the rainforests for example store carbon in vast quantities To Mr Sauven these ecosystem services far outweigh the gains from exploitation 67 John Sauven holds that A many people value nature too much B exploitation of wildernesses is harmful C wildernesses provide humans with necessities D the urge to develop the ecosystem services is strong 14 错混透析 根据第二段中的 the danger exploitation 开发 brings to such landscapes 景观 is real 以及最后一句 To Mr Sauven these ecosystem services far outweigh the gains from exploitation 可以看出 Mr Sauven 认为这 种 生态系统服务 已经远远超出了开荒的收获 所以他认为开荒是有害处的 B 项正确 解题指导 推理判断题常见错误类型 1 未经推断 把文章中已经明确介绍或说明的内容误以为推理判断的结论 2 凭空想象 凭主观想象或自己的常识理解文章中的细节 而不是凭借文章信息进 行推理 缺乏文章信息的支持 3 断章取义 能够找到文章的信息依据 但理解片面 缺乏思维的严密性 3 主旨大意题易错点 如 2012 山东高考 A 篇 The Pacific island nation of Nauru used to be a beautiful place Now it is an ecological disaster area Nauru s heartbreaking story could have one good consequence other countries might learn from its mistakes 56 What might be the author s purpose in writing the text A To seek help for Nauru s problems B To give a warning to other countries C To show the importance of money D To tell a heartbreaking story of a war 错混透析 文章第一段提到瑙鲁 岛 前后的变化以及该段最后一句 other countries might learn from its mistakes 可知 作者的写作目的是引发其他国家对该 岛的重视 以示警示 B 项正确 解题指导 主旨大意题常见错误类型 1 以偏概全 要么抓不住文章的主题 脉络 理解偏离中心或断章取义 信息紊乱 不知所云 要么就是误把细节或具体事实当作文章的主题或只抓住了主题的一个侧面就误以 为是主题 2 范围过大 归纳的主题太泛 与细节脱节或是没有对细节加以充分论证 干扰项 归纳 概括笼统 超过文章实际所讨论的内容 3 主观臆断 做题时全凭自我感觉先入为主 自以为是 所选的答案往往超出文章 的内容或背离作者的意图 以自己的观点代替作者的观点 4 繁琐冗长 不注意文章标题的特点 所选答案语言不够精练 精彩 吸引人 4 词义猜测题易错点 如 2012 浙江高考 A 篇 Easter 复活节 is still a great day for worship candy in baskets and running around the yard finding eggs but every year it gets quite a bit worse for bunnies And no not because the kids like to pull their ears The culprit is climate change and some researchers found that rising temperatures are having harmful effects on at least five species of rabbit in the US 42 The word culprit Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to A criminal B judge C victim D producer 错混透析 根据画线单词所在的句子可知 由于气候的变化 不断上升的温度至少对 五种兔子产生有害的影响 可见 该词大意为 罪魁祸首 A 项正确 解题指导 词义猜测题常见错误类型 1 望文生义 仅仅理解了单词或短语的字面意义 而忽略了其真实的内在意义 2 缺乏依据 忽视画线词语所处的特定语境和上下文的信息提示 一 社会文化 生活故事类 15 A A The professor heard a light knock on his door Back in Canada he always left his office door slightly open when he was in the office but it wasn t common here in China His university had given him a big modern office a free apartment close to the campus and a good salary That was the reward for teaching in a rural area His students weren t the best but many of them were very appreciative They d often give him gifts to show their appreciation chocolates sandwiches cookies and even whiskey He opened the door and welcomed the student into his office The student wasn t one of his best but he tried hard and was never absent from class The student was not an English major but seemed really eager to improve his English The professor was a little surprised to see him because his students didn t visit very often and this student had never visited him before He could see that the student appeared to be very excited but he had no idea why The student wanted to show him his TOEIC score The Test of English for International Communication was a very important test in China In fact many employers required a minimum TOEIC score for job applicants The highest possible score was 990 and many employers demanded a score of 800 or higher The TOEIC listening and reading test was divided equally into two parts 495 for listening and 495 for reading The professor looked down at the student s test score The result was a big surprise The listening score was 330 and reading was 295 for a combined total of 625 Expecting to see a much higher score the professor wasn t quite sure what to say Should he congratulate the student on his score Should he just thank him for sharing the TOEIC result with him Sensing the professor s hesitation the student interjected You don t understand Before I took your class I couldn t speak English I had no confidence But now I can speak Thank you for everythin