专业英语翻译

1 生物技术可被认为是生物有机体的应用并投入工业化生产的过程 生物工程涉及大量的原 理和学科 尽管现在许多的活动高度复杂和新颖 但许多过程已经在历史长河中留下了它们的 足迹 Biotechnology can be considered to be the application of biological organisms and processes to manufacturing industries Biotechnology encompasses a wide range of disciplines and subjects Although present day activities are highly sophisticated and novel many of the processes have their roots in the dawn of history 2 生物工程看起来像是涉及许多产业部门的一个充满机遇又不断扩张的领域 这些产业包括 农业食品和饲料业 药物 能源和水处理产业 也会在新药物激素 疫苗和抗生素 的生产 生产廉价的供应更可靠的能源以及 长远看来 化工饲料 改善环境治理和污水处理等方面扮 演重要的角色 生物工程将在很大程度上依赖于可重新利用及可循环利用的原材料 这样才能 更好地满足这个世界的需要 因为能源将变得越来越昂贵 越来越紧缺 biotechnology appears to be an area of expansion and opportunity involving many sectors of industry including agricuture food and feedstuffs pharmaceutical energy and water industries it will play a major role in the production of new drugs hormones vaccines and antibiotics cheaper and more reliable supplies of energy and in the longer term chemical feedstuffs improved environmental control and waste management biothenology will be largely based on renewable and recyclable materils thus being better fitted to the needs of a world where energy will become increasingly more expensive and in short supply 3 Extracelluar and intracellular microbial enzymes are produced industrically by submerged deep tank and solid substrate fermentation techniques Most liquid media are mixtures of several complex undefined materials such as molasses starch hydrolysates corn steep liquor yeast extract Batch cultivation is the most utilized method of production Enzyme production can be controlled by environmental and genetic manipulation 细胞外的和细胞内的微生物酶的工业化生产可以通过液体深层发酵和固体基质发酵技术获得 大多数液体介质的几道复杂的混合物未定义的材料 如糖 淀粉水解产物 玉米浸泡液 酵母 提取物 在生产中批量生产方法是应用最广泛的 可以控制环境和基因调控控制酶产品 4 Growth is the increase of cell material expressed in terms of cell number The doubling time of an organism population is the time required for the doubling in biomass while generation time relates to the period necessary for the doubling of cell numbers Mathematical equations have been developed describing the essential features of microbial growth in bioreactors In batch cultivation there is a continuously changing nutrient environment which is reflected in the physiological state of the culture In contrast in continuous culture with controlled addition and removal of medium a steady state of population characteristics can be achieved 细胞生长就是在细胞数量方面提高细胞原材料的表达 一个有机体数量的倍增时 间就是这样一个时间 这个时间是生物量翻倍的时间 细胞数量的增倍所需周期与该产生时间 息息相关 在生物反应器微生物生长的基本特征已经发展成可以用数学方程描述 在分批处理 培养中 有一个连续不断的营养物变化的环境 该环境可以被在培养中的微生物生理水平所反 映 相反 在连续培养中 通过添加和移动中间产物 实现一个稳定状态的种群特性 5 In fermentation technology large numbers of cell are grown under defined controlled conditions for biomass or product formation In genera the processes are carried out in a containment system or bioreactor the main function of which is to minimize the cost of producing a product or service Processes can be considered as conversion cost intensive or recovery cost intensive Bioreactors can operate on a batch fed batch or continuous basis The biocatalysts can function in a free form or be immobilized Optimization of a bioreactor process will involve minimizing raw materials and energy use and maximizing product formation 在发酵工程技术中 大量的细胞在确定的 有控制条件的情况下生长或形成 各种进行的过程 在容量系统和生物反应器中实现 其主要功能是降低生产的产品的生产费或服务费 过程可以 看成是转换成本密集型或恢复成本密集型的 生物反应器能够进行一个批次 馈料式或连续的 基础 生物催化剂可在自由形式或被固定下使用 一个生物反应器的优化过程涉及减少原材料 和能源消耗 提高产品的形成 1 Biotechnology is an area of applied bioscience and technology which involves the practical application of biological organisms or their subcellular components to manufacturing and service industries and to environmental management 译文 生物工程是属于应用生物科学和技术的一个领域 它包含生物或其亚细胞组分在制造业 服务 业和环境管理等方面的应用 2 The reactions of biotechnological processes can be catabolic in which complex compounds are broken down to simpler ones glucose to ethanol or anabolic or biosynthetic whereby simple molecules are built up into more complex ones antibiotic synthesis 译文 生物工程反应可以是分解代谢反应或合成代谢反应 也叫生物合成反应 分解代谢反 应中复杂的化合物被分解为简单物质 葡萄糖生成乙醇 而合成代谢反应或生物合成反应 是简单的分子合成为更复杂的物质 抗生素的合成 3 biotechnology includes fermentation process ranging from beers and wines to bread cheese antibiotics and vaccines water and waste treatment parts of food technology and an increasing range of novel applications ranging from biomedical to metal recovery from low grade ores 译文 生物工程包括发酵过程 从啤酒和葡萄酒发酵到面包 奶酪 抗生素和疫苗的发酵 水和废弃物的处理 部分食品技术和日益增长的新颖应用 范围从生物医药到由低品级的矿石 中回收金属 4 A high proportion of the techniques used in biotechnology tend to be more economic less energy demanding and safer than current traditional industrial processes and for most processes the residues are biodegradable and non toxic 译文 生物工程中用到的技术很大比例都倾向于更经济 耗能更少 比现在传统的工业过程更 安全 并且大多数过程剩余物是生物可降解和无毒的 1 The recognition that these process were being affected by living organism yeasts was not formulated until the 17th century by Anton van Leeuwenhoek 译文 直到17世纪前人们还没有意识到这些过程是被活的生物体 酵母所影响 Anton van Leeuwenhoek 首先系统阐述了这一现象 2 Of more resent introduction is mushroom cultivation which probably dates back many hundreds of years for Japanese shii ta ke cultivation and about 300 years for the Agaricus mushroom now widely cultivated throughout the temperate world 译文 更近代的是蘑菇培养 它很可能追溯几百年前日本人的shii ta ke培养和大约300年前 Agaricus的培养 这种蘑菇现在已经普及到所有温带地区 3 It cannot be ascertained whether these microbial processes arose by accidental observation or by intuitive experimentation but their further and continued development were early examples of man s abilities to use the vital activities of organisms for his own needs 译文 是否这些微生物过程是偶然观测到的还是直观试验所获得的还不能确定 但是它们进一 步和持续的发展是人们利用微生物的生命活动来为自己需要服务的能力的早期例证 4 Many important industrial compounds such as ethanol acetic acid organic acids butanol and acetone were being produced by the end of the 19th century by microbial fermentation procedures that were open to the environment the control of contaminating microorganisms was achieved by careful manipulation of the ecological environment and not by complicated engineering practices 译文 到19世纪末的时候 许多重要的工业化合物例如乙醇 醋酸 有机酸 丁醇 丙酮都 是通过微生物发酵过程生产的 污染微生物的控制是通过仔细的生态学环境的操作实现的 而 并不是通过复杂的工程实践实现的 5 A new direction in biotechnology came in the 1940s with the introduction of complicated engineering techniques to the mas s cultivation of micro organisms to ensure that the particular biological process could proceed with the exclusion of contaminating microorganisms 译文 随着应用于微生物大规模培养的复杂生物工程技术的引进 可确保特殊的生物过程能够 在排除污染微生物的条件下进行 19世纪40年代生物工程开始出现新的发展方向 6 Isolated enzymes have long been a part of many biotechnological processes and their catalytic properties are being further utilized with the development of suitable immobilization techniques allowing reuse of the biocatalyst 译文 游离酶长期来已经是许多生物工程过程的一部分 并且随着适合的可使生物催化剂重新 回用的固定化技术的发展 它们的催化特性正进一步被利用 7 The ability to produce in quantity biological molecules such as antibodies or enzymes together with the techniques of protein and cell immobilization are allowing the development of radically new sensors that can be used for biodetoxification purposes 译文 生产大量生物分子如抗体或酶的能力与蛋白质和细胞固定化技术共同使得用于生物诊断 和生物脱毒的新的传感器得到根本发展 8 The practitioners of biotechnology will employ techniques derived from chemistry microbiology genetics biochemistry chemical engineering and computer science and their main mission will be the innovation development and optimal operation of processes in which biochemical catalysis has a fundamental and irreplaceable role 译文 生物工程的实践先进者们利用来自于化学 微生物 基因学 生物化学 化学工程和计 算机科学的技术 并且他们主要的任务是革新 发展 和优化生物化学催化剂在其中起着重要 和不可替代作用的过程操作 1 Although mediun and large scale biotechnology currently have only a few truly economic successes there can be little doubt that within the next two decades there will be the establishment of large scale microbiological processes using vegetable material as feedstock 译文 尽管中等规模和大规模的生物工程目前仅有少量在经济性上成功 但毫无疑问 在今后 的二十年间将会利用蔬菜材料作为原料建立大规模的微生物培养过程 1 Renewable resources from agriculture forestry and industrial organic wastes are gaining increasing importance since they offer by biotechnological processing a politically and strategically important base for food feed basic chemicals and energy production 译文 自从它们通过生物工程过程为食品 饲料 基本化学品和能源提供政治和策略性的重要 基础以来 来自于农业 林业和工业有机废弃物的可再生资源正变得日益重要 Each biotechnological scenario will require continuous assessment of the resources available the economics and the impact on the environmen t together with the heath and safety of operators and the impact on the environment 译文 每个生物工程方案都需要对可利用的资源 经济性及对环境 人类健康的影响和对操作 者和使用者的安全性进行持续的评估 It will play a major role in the production of new drugs hormones vaccines and antibiotics cheaper and more reliable supplies of energy and in the longer term chemical feedstuffs improved environmental control and waste management 译文 它在新药 激素 疫苗和抗生素生产 更廉价可靠的能源和 更长时期 化工原料供应 改善环境的控制和废物处理中起着重要作用 1 The analysis and manipulation of genetic material has been revolutionized by the development of in vitro gene cloning technology which have allowed the isolation purification and selective amplification in suitable biological systems of almost any discrete segment of DNA from almost any organism 译文 通过发展体外基因克隆技术 基因材料的分析和操作发生了变革 这种技术使得几乎来 自于任何生物体的任何个别的基因片段都能得到分离 纯化和在适合的生物体系中选择性扩增 2 The 1978 Genetic Manipulation Regulations defined genetic manipulation as the formation of new combinations of heritable material by the isolation of nucleic acid molecules produced by whatever means outside the cell into any virus bacterial plasmid or other vector system so as to allow their incorporation into a host organism in which they do not naturally occur but in which they are capable of continues propagation 1978年 基因操作规程将基因操作定义为形成新的遗传物质组合 它是通过细胞外任何方式 核酸分子的分离 并与病毒 细菌质粒或其它的载体系统相结合 然后导入宿主生物体 它在 宿主生物体内并不是自然存在但能够继续繁殖 3 The newly synthesized vectors or chimeric DNA molecules are introduced by transformation into host organism such as E coli Bacillus subtilis or Saccharomyces cerevisae and as the host cells grow and multiply cloning so also will the vectors replicate and amplify the foreign DNA 这些新合成的载体或嵌合DNA分子通过转入宿主微生物 例如大肠杆菌 枯草杆菌或酿酒酵母 被引入 并且随着宿主细胞的生长和繁殖 克隆 载体被复制 外源DNA得到扩增 4 Genetic manipulation techniques offer revolutionary abilities because they are rapid universally applicable allow a high degree of control over the manipulation process and above all generate the formation of new genetic combinations which have never before been selected by laboratory methods 因为迅速 可广泛应用 可高度控制操作过程 最重要的是产生了以前实验室方法从未筛选到 的基因组合 基因操作技术提供了革命性的能力 5 Gen etic engineering must be properly seen as the capstone of the massive framework of applied genetics which has been developed so successfully over the past three decades 译文 作为过去三十年间发展的如此成功的应用基因技术的重要架构的顶点 基因工程必须被 正确的看待 6 Secreted proteins are characterized by signal sequences which consist mainly of hydrophobic amino acid residues which determine the expert of the protein across the cell membrane 译文 分泌的蛋白质被主要由能够决定蛋白质跨膜运输的疏水性氨基酸残基组成的信号序列所识别 7 In the future many other areas of biotechnology including energy and chemical feedstocks and waste treatment will benefit from the ability of applied geneticists to produce the ideal organism for a desired purpose 译文 将来许多生物工程的其他领域包括能源和化工原料和废物处理都将从应用基因学家出于 特定目的生产理想生物的能力中获益 1 Paralleling this development of product formation was the recognition of the role microorganisms could play in removing unpleasant wastes and this has resulted in massive world wide service industries involved in water purification effluent treatment and waste management 译文 与产品生产形式同步发展的是对于微生物在去除令人厌恶废物中起的作用的认识这导致 了大量涉及水的纯化 废水和废物处理等方面的世界范围内服务业的发展 2 More advanced and sophisticated large scale processes require control of the entire environment so that the fermentation process can proceed efficiently and what is more important can be exactly repeated with the same amount of raw material broth and cell inoculums producing precisely the same amount of product 译文 更先进和复杂的大规模过程需要控制全部的环境以便发酵过程能有效的进行 更重要的 可能是利用同样量的原料 营养物和接种量精确地产生同样量的产物的重复 3 The main function of a bioreactor is to minimize the cost of producing a product or service while the driving force behind the continued improvement in design and function has been the need to increase the rate of product formation and the quality of the product or service 译文 当连续的设计和功能改进背后的推动力已经成为产物的产率提高及产品和服务质量提高 的要求 一个生物反应器最主要的功能是使生产一个产品或提供一种服务的费用最低化 1 Growth of organisms may be considered as the increase of cell material expressed in terms of mass or cell number and is the result of a highly coordinated series of enzymically catalysed biological steps 译文 生物的生长被认为是细胞物质表达为细胞质量或细胞数量形式的增长 是高度协调的一 系列酶催化生物反应步骤的结果 The initial lag phas e is a period of no observable growth but chemical analyses show much hidden metabolic turnover indicating that the cells are adapting to the new environment and that growth will begin in due course 译文 最初的迟滞期微生物没有明显的增长 但化学分析表明大量隐藏的代谢转化暗示细胞正 适应新的环境 生长在随后阶段即将开始 4 In a completely mixed continuous culture system sterile medium is fed into the bioreactor at a steady flow rate f and culture broth emerges from it at the same rate keeping the volume of culture in the vessel v constant 译文 在一个完全混合的连续培养中 无菌的培养基以稳定流速 f 流加到生物反应器 发 酵液以同样的速度流出 保持反应器内培养的总体积不变 5 In practice maximum production efficiency combining a high output with efficient utilization of substrate will be obtained with a flow rate at or a little below the maximum output rate and the highest practicable substrate concentration 译文 实际上 最大的产物产率结合了高输出量和有效的底物利用 在等于或略低于最大输出 速率的流速和最大可实现的流加底物浓度下取得 6 Although similar conditions would be used when the desired product for example ethanol is a fermentation product which is formed in proportion to the amount of substrate consumed widely different condition might be required for the production of complex metabolic products such as antibiotics 译文 尽管当目标产物例如乙醇 是一种形成与底物消耗量成比例的发酵产品 相似的条件会 被利用 但对那些复杂的代谢产物的生产例如抗生素 可能需要更广泛不同的条件 1 Less than two decades later the inanimate nature of enzymes was clearly demonstrate with cell free extracts of yeasts which were able to catalyse the conversion of glucose to ethanol 译文 十几年之后 随着从酵母细胞中分离出能够催化葡萄糖转化为乙醇的提取物 酶的无生 命本性被清楚的证明 7 Although the normal locus of enzyme action is in the interior of the living cell there are numerous examples of cells being able to excrete enzymes extracellular enzymes into the environment to break down large organic molecules protein fats starches which otherwise could not enter the cell 译文 尽管酶反应的正常场所是活细胞体内 但有无数的细胞能够分泌酶到 胞外酶 环境中 降解不能进入细胞体内的大分子有机物 蛋白质 脂肪 淀粉 2 It is particularly costly for a manufacturer to obtain approval from legislative authorities for the use of products derived from unproven microorganisms as they must be evaluates for toxicity and safety 译文 对于生产商来说 利用来自于未经证实的微生物的产品 由于必须进行毒理和安全性评 估 要获得权威部门的认 可花费尤其高 3 The most important drawbacks in the use of isolated enzymes are that they are not sufficiently stable under operational conditions and as water soluble free molecules they are difficult to separate from substrate and products and to reuse repeatedly 译文 在使用分离酶过程中 最重要的缺点是它们在操作条件下缺乏足够的稳定性 并且作为 水溶性的游离分子 它们很难从底物和产物中分离出来 重复地进行使用 8 However the main disadvantages of this form of immobilization are continuous loss of enzymes through pores and the retardation of enzyme reaction by diffusional control of the transport of substrate and products which is of particular relevance with high molecular weight compounds 译文 可是这种固定化形式的主要缺点是通过小孔渗透引起的连续的酶损失 以及尤其是与高 分子量的载体化合物相关的 由底物和产物运输的扩散控制引起的酶反应延迟 9 Glucose isomerase catalyzes the partial conversion of glucose to fructose giving a low cost sweetener which will ultimately change the world pattern of usage of sugar cane and sugar beet the traditional sources of sucrose sweetengers 译文 葡萄糖异构酶催化葡萄糖向一种廉价的甜味剂 果糖的部分转化 这最终将改变传统甜 味剂蔗糖来源 甘蔗和甜菜的世界利用方式 1 It is particularly important in biotechnology where the desired final forms of the products are usually quite