湖南省长沙县实验中学2013届高三英语 阅读专题 语义理解题教案

1 湖南省长沙县实验中学湖南省长沙县实验中学 20132013 届高三英语阅读专题 语义理解题教案届高三英语阅读专题 语义理解题教案 这类考题包括对生词生义的推测 熟词生义的推测 提问的方式主要有 这类考题包括对生词生义的推测 熟词生义的推测 提问的方式主要有 1 What does the underlined word in the first paragraph mean 2 Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the underlined word 3 The underlined word most probably means 4 The underlined word could best be replaced by 5 According to the passage the underlined word is the closest in meaning to 解题技巧 解题技巧 1 1 构词法猜词构词法猜词 阅读中常常会遇到一些由熟悉的单词派生或合成的新词 掌握构词法对 猜测词义很有帮助 如 unforeseeable 这个词 可以根据构词法把它拆成 un fore see able 其中 see 是词根 fore 是 先 前 预 的含义 un 是否定 able 是 能 的 可 的 因此 unforeseeable 是 未能预见到的 意思 例题 1 2008 年全国高考 重庆卷 D 篇 The reasons for a visit to a lighthouse are not all so backward looking in time It is true that lighthouses were built in out of the way places But on a pleasant sunny summer day this very isolation has a natural beauty that many people will love to experience 68 The underlined phrase out of the way in Paragraph 4 means A far away B dangerous C ancient D secret 例题 2 2004 年全国高考 重庆卷 D 篇 Baker concludes that people do not have the ability to sense when they re being stared at If people doubt the outcome of his two experiments said Baker I suggest they repeat the experiments and see for themselves 70 The underlined word outcome in the last paragraph most probably means A value B result C performance D connection 2 2 利用同义近义词猜词 利用同义近义词猜词 在生词所出现的上下文中 有时会出现与之同义或近义的词语 或结构 这时可从熟悉的词语中推知生词的含义 统称在词或短语之间有并列连词 and 或 or 这些词语或短语在句中作相同的成分 并且 and 或 or 连接的两项内容在含义上是接近 的或递进的 由此确定同等关系中的某个生词所属的义域 甚至推出它的大致词义 例题 1 Animals have different living habits Some like to look for food at daytime and sleep at night but some like to sleep at daytime and prowl at night Prowl refer to 例题 2 2003 全国卷 C 篇 Fermat s Last Theorem 定理 first put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Fermat in the seventeenth century the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds including a French woman scientists who made a major advance in working out the problem and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecole Polytechnique 65 Which of the following best explains the meaning of the word baffle as 2 it is used in the text A To encourage people to raise questions B To cause difficulty in understanding C To provide a person with an explanation D To limit people s imagination 3 3 利用反义词猜词 利用反义词猜词 对比是描述 说明事物的常用方式 在对比中 对比的事物是互为 相反的 因此根据反义或对比关系可从已知推出未知 利用反义词来说明生词的意义 如 反义词 hot and cold perfect and imperfect 甚至前 后句为肯定与否定或是与不是 等 在句内词与词之间 在段内句与句之间的关系上起着互为线索的作用 例题 1 Unlike her gregarious sister Jane is shy unsociable person who does not like to go to parties or to make new friends gregarious means 例题 2 In many nations there are two financial extremes 极端 from penury to great wealth penury means 例题 3 2002 全国高考卷 E 篇 A child s birthday party doesn t have to be a hassle it can be a basket of fun according to Beth Anaclerio an Evaston mother of two ages 4 and 18 months 74 What does the underlined word hassle probably mean A A party designed by specialists B A plan requiring careful thought C A situation causing difficulty or trouble D A demand made by guests 4 4 利用上下文语境猜词 利用上下文语境猜词 任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的 都跟句子 所在的段落及整整篇文章有关 利用上下文提供的情景和线索 进行合乎逻辑的综合分析 进而推测词义 是阅读过程中的一大关键 这也是近年来高考考查的热点这也是近年来高考考查的热点 例题 1 2008 年全国高考 湖南卷 B 篇 Charlotte s tale was inspired by the girls coin collection We ve collected foreign coins for years since our families went on holiday to Tenerife she explains That was before the Euro so we put pesetas in 60 The underlined word pesetas in Paragraph 2 is a kind of A story B collection C inspiration D foreign coin 例题 2 2008 年全国高考 江西卷 D 篇 The plants are about one meter apart The plant is often pruned so that it remains only 60 to 90 centimeters high Pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots or young leaves It is from these shoots that the best tea is got 68 In the first paragraph the word pruning means A regular cutting of the plants B frequent watering C regular use of chemicals D growing the plants high in the mountain 例题 3 2008 年全国高考 上海卷 B 篇 But said Kim I feel that since you are my superior it would be 3 presumptuous of me to tell you what to do 70 The word presumptuous in the middle of the passage is closest in meaning to A full of respect B too confident and rude C lacking in experience D too shy and quiet 例题 4 2008 年全国高考 山东卷 A 篇 No crime whatsoever comments Mahoney today I just don t buy it Nor should he in 1999 the U S Department of education had reports of nearly 400 000 serious crimes on or around our campuses 58 The underlined word buy in the third paragraph means A mind B admit C believe D expect 5 5 利用定义和解释猜词 利用定义和解释猜词 有些文章 特别是科技文章 通常会对一些关键词给予定义 我们可以利用定义来猜测这些词的意思 释义法就是根据文章中的字里行间 对生词以定 语 从句 表语甚至用逗号 破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明的方式 例题 1 Wrestling is the game which is played by two strong people one player tried to get the other down on the floor wrestling means 例题 2 Scientists grow large quantities of common mould so that they can get penicillin from it in order to make antibiotics that is substances that kill germs antibiotic means 例题 3 2002 年全国高考卷 B 篇 Organic produce is always better Gold said The food is free of pesticides 农药 and you are generally supporting family farms instead of large farms And more often than not it is locally 本地 grown and seasonal so it is more tasty Gold is one of a growing number of shoppers buying into the organic trend and supermarkets across Britain are counting on more like him as they grow their organic food business 62 What is the meaning of the organic trend as the words are used in the text A Growing interest in organic food B Better quality of organic food C Rising market for organic food D Higher prices of organic food 6 6 利用例证 复述或同等关系猜词 利用例证 复述或同等关系猜词 为了说明或证实 文章中经常会举例 往往用来列 举说明前面较难理解的词 这些例子可帮助我们猜测生词 举例时 常常会用一些连接性 的词 如 such as like for example for instance 等 为了强调某个观点或把某事叙述得更明白 作者有时运用不同语句来复述同一概念 这时可以利用这些重复和表达形式的变化来猜测词义 虽然复述不如定义那样严谨 详细 但是提供的信息足以使阅读者猜出生词词义 复述部分可以适当词 短语或是从句 同等关系是指一个词 一个词组或短语在句中作同一成分 而且他们的词义属于同一 范畴 只要我们认出其中一个或几个词或短语 即可以确定同等关系中生词的词性 作用 和大概的意思 例题 1 I have found Lucy is quite generous for example whenever she meets a 4 beggar she gives some coins to him Generous means 例题 2 You can take any of the periodicals The World Of English Foreign Language Teaching In School or English Learning periodicals refers to 例题 3 2008 年全国高考 江苏卷 E 篇 William Shakespeare said The web of our life is of a mingled yarn 纱线 good and ill together 74 The underlined word mingled in the last paragraph most probably means A simple B mixed C sad D happy 例题 4 Semantics the study of the meaning of words is necessary if you are to speak and read intelligently semantics means 7 7 根据语义转折猜词 根据语义转折猜词 有时文章的作者为了增强表达效果 会用一些含有表示意思转折 的连词 副词或短语 如 though although still but ye t instead instead of however while on the contrary on the other hand unlike rather than for one thing for another 等 我们可以根据转折意思猜测词义 例题 1 2008 年全国高考 广东卷 B 篇 Unlike vitamin C leadership skills can t be easily swallowed down They must be carefully cultivated Different from popular belief most good leaders are made not born They learn their skills in their everyday lives But which do they develop How do they and how can you get others to follow 60 The underlined word cultivated paragraph 1 roughly means A encouraged B compared C examined D developed 例题 2 2008 年全国高考 北京卷 D 篇 However obvious these facts may appear at first glance they are actually not so obvious as they seem except when we take special pains to think about the subject 71 In Paragraph 3 take special pains probably means A try very hard B take our time C are very unhappy D feel especially painful 8 8 利用经验和常识猜词 利用经验和常识猜词 例题 1 Young Hoover died Over a thousand people attended his funeral funeral means 例题 2 All the houses in the city collapsed during the strong earthquake collapsed means 例题 3 2004 年全国高考 北京卷 C 篇 5 I was on the way to a personal injury accident in West Nashville As I got onto Highway 40 blue lights and sirens 警笛 going I fell in behind a gold Pontiac Firebird that suddenly seemed to take off quickly down the highway The driver somehow panicked at the sight of me He was going more than a hundred miles an hour and began passing cars on the shoulder 63 The meaning of panicked in Paragraph 2 is related to A shame B hate C anger D fear 课后巩固练习 2010 年 浙江卷 I looked across at the others shelves of similar cameras placed along the wall offering a wide range of slightly different prices and discounts with each company selling a range of models based around the same basic box With so many models to choose from it seemed that I would have to spend hours weighing X against Y always trying to take Z and possibly H into account at the same time But when I had finished I would still have only the same two certainties that I had entered the store with first soon after I carried my new camera out of the shop it would be worth half what I paid for it and second my wonderful camera would very quickly be replaced by a new model 58 What does the writer mean by it would be worth half what I paid for it paragraph 2 A He should get a 50 discount B The price of the camera was unreasonably high C The quality of the camera was not good D The camera would soon fall in value 2010 年 湖北卷 Both sides want peace but neither feels it has any power to stop the conflict In part this is because neither is willing to admit any responsibility for starting it From the parents point of view the only cause of their fight is their adolescents complete unreasonableness And of course the teens see it in exactly the same way except oppositely Both feel trapped 56 What does the underlined part in Paragraph 2 mean A The teens blame their parents for starting the conflict B The teens agree with their parents on the cause of the conflict C The teens accuse their parents of misleading them D The teens tend to have a full understanding of their parents 2010 年 四川卷 Every writer starts off knowing that he has something to say but being unable to find the right ways to say it He has to find his own voice by reading widely and discovering which parts of the writers he agrees or disagrees with or agrees with so strongly that it reshapes his own world 42 The underlined word voice in the second paragraph most probably means A an idea B a sound quality C a way of writing D a world to write about 6 2010 年 北京卷 When she was evaluated at the end of the year she was told to take a training course because of her inability to speak up That s why slight differences in conversational style tiny little things like microseconds of pause can have a great effect on one s life The result in this case was a judgment of psychological problems even in the mind of the woman herself who really wondered what was wrong with her and registered for assertiveness training 67 The underlined word assertiveness in the last paragraph probably means A being willing to speak one s mind B being able to increase one s power C being ready to make one s own judgment D being quick to express one s ideas confidently 2010 年 广东卷 When something goes wrong it can be very satisfying to say Well it s so and so s fault or I know I m late but it s not my fault the car broke down It is probably not your fault but once you form the habit of blaming somebody or something else for a bad situation you are a loser You have no power and could do nothing that helps change the situation However you can have great power over what happens to you if you stop focusing on whom to blame and start focusing on how to remedy the situation This is the winner s key to success 47 The underlined word remedy in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to A avoid B accept C improve D consider 2010 年 北京卷 There are pressing calls on the resources 资源 of the government Using taxpayers money to help a small number of people to earn high incomes in the future is not one of them 68 The underlined word them in Paragraph 2 refers to A taxpayers B pressing calls C college graduates D government resources 2010 年 湖南卷 The researchers studied cultural differences in the recognition of facial expressions by recording the eye movements of 13 Western Caucasian and 13 East Asian people while they observed pictures of expressive faces It turned out that Easterners focused much greater attention on the eyes and made significantly more errors than Westerners did The cultural difference in eye move ments that they show is probably a reflection of cultural difference in facial expressions Jack said Our data suggest that whereas Westerners use the whole face to convey emotion Easterners use the eyes more and mouth less 68 What does the underlined word they in Paragraph 6 refer to A The participants in the study B The researchers of the study C The errors made dur ing the study D The data collected from the study 7 语义理解题答案及解析 语义理解题答案及解析 1 1 构词法猜词 构词法猜词 例题 1 2008 年全国高考 重庆卷 D 篇 68 The underlined phrase out of the way in Paragraph 4 means A far away B dangerous C ancient D secret 分析 选 A 由合成词 out of the way 的原意以及下句中的 isolation 一词 可知灯 塔在一个 孤零零 的地方 例题 2 2004 年全国高考 重庆卷 D 篇 70 The underlined word outcome in the last paragraph most probably means A value B result C performance D connection 分析 选 B 运用 构词法 进行猜测 动词词组 come out 的意义为 露出 出现 显露出 再根据句子的语境 可猜测出其意义是 实验的 结果 2 2 利用同义近义词猜词 利用同义近义词猜词 例题 1 分析 通过这些并列句可以看出 prowl 与 look for food 是同义近义词 词义也 应该是 寻找食物 例题 2 2003 全国卷 C 篇 65 Which of the following best explains the meaning of the word baffle as it is used in the text A To encourage people to raise questions B To cause difficulty in understanding C To provide a person with an explanation D To limit people s imagination 答案与解析 由句中不难看出 Fermat 的定理使得最具数学头脑的科学家绞尽脑汁 beat 并且在句中 beaten 和 baffled 处于同等的并列关系 根据这一信息可以推出 baffle 表示 使困惑 难倒 难以理解 的意思 3 3 利用反义词猜词 利用反义词猜词 例题 1 分析 此句是把 Jane 与她姐妹对比 Jane 生性腼腆 不爱交际 而她姐姐却与之 相反 那就是 爱交际的 了 这也就猜出 gregarious 的词义了 例题 2 分析 penury the state of being very poor poverty 贫穷 贫困 例题 3 2002 全国高考卷 E 篇 74 What does the underlined word hassle probably mean A A party designed by specialists B A plan requiring careful thought C A situation causing difficulty or trouble D A demand made by guests 答案与解析 根据前句的否定 doesn t 与后句的肯定 can be 这一对比关系 可以判 断出 为了庆祝孩子的生日 又不至于麻烦 可以买一个生日开心包 Hassle 的意思应该 与 fun 相反 而与 difficulty trouble 相近 答案为 C 4 4 利用上下文语境猜词 利用上下文语境猜词 例题 1 2008 年全国高考 湖南卷 B 篇 60 The underlined word pesetas in Paragraph 2 is a kind of A story B collection C inspiration D foreign coin 答案与解析 选 D 由原文中的 Euro 欧元 欧洲统一货币 可推知该词是一种在欧元 发行前使用的钱币 8 例题 2 2008 年全国高考 江西卷 D 篇 68 In the first paragraph the word pruning means A regular cutting of the plants B frequent watering C regular use of chemicals D growing the plants high in the mountain 答案与解析 选 A 由此段中的 The plant is often pruned so that it remains only 60 to 90 centimeters high Pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots or young leaves 便可猜出 Pruning 的词义 为 剪枝 修剪 例题 3 2008 年全国高考 上海卷 B 篇 70 The word presumptuous in the middle of the passage is closest in meaning to A full of respect B too confident and rude C lacking in experience D too shy and quiet 答案与解析 选 B 有时可以通过因果关系的语境来判断 因果关系的语境 通常由 because so therefore so such that 等连词来体现 本文中 在 Kim 看来 因为对 方 Williams 是自己的上司 告诉上司去做什么 会显得不礼貌 rude 自负 too confident 例题 4 2008 年全国高考 山东卷 A 篇 58 The underlined word buy in the third paragraph means A mind B admit C believe D expect 答案与解析 选 C buy 原意为 买 购买 在此处根据语境可知意为 相信 从本段 第一句话可知 Mahoney 持怀疑态度 后面列举的 400 000 这个数字也表示出他的不相信 特别提醒 在做英语阅读理解题时 一定要注意熟词生义 这类猜词题也常见于各年 高考题当中 熟词生义比生词本身的障碍要大得多 原因有三 其一 高考对生词的数量 有数量的规定 不得超过 3 其二 熟词生义很容易引起考生的误解 其三 熟词生义 的数量没有限制 如果这种现象在一篇文章中出现得多 那就更难理解了 5 5 利用定义和解释猜词 利用定义和解释猜词 例题 1 分析 通过后面的定义解释 Wrestling 是 两人进行的 彼此尽力把对方弄倒 在地的比赛 可以猜出 wrestling 是 摔跤 摔角 例题 2 分析 antibiotic a medical substance such as penicillin produced by living things and able to stop the growth of or destroy harmful bacteria that have entered the body 抗生素 抗生菌 例题 3 2002 年全国高考卷 B 篇 62 What is the meaning of the organic trend as the words are used in the text A Growing interest in organic food B Better quality of organic food C Rising market for organic food D Higher prices of organic food 答案与解析 由 Gold is one of a growing number of shoppers buying something 可以推断出 越来越多的顾客像 Gold 一样开始购买有机食物 其实也就是对这类食物产生 了越来越浓厚的兴趣 答案为 A 6 6 利用例证 复述或同等关系猜词 利用例证 复述或同等关系猜词 例题 1 分析 通过例句 每次遇到乞丐 她都会给一些硬币 可以猜测出 Generous 的词义应该是 慷慨的 9 例题 2 分析 通过后面的举例 英语世界 中小学外语教学 英语学习 说明 periodicals 为 期刊杂志 例题 3 2008 年全国高考 江苏卷 E 篇 74 The underlined word mingled in the last paragraph most probably means A simple B mixed C sad D happy 答案与解析 选 B 由 a mingled yarn 后文的 good and ill together 重复说 明可以 知道 mingled 含义和 mixed 混合的 最接近 例题 4 分析 此例逗号中短语意为 对词意义进行研究的学科 该短语与前面生词 semantics 是同位关系 因此我们不难猜出 semantics 指 语义学 在复述中构成同位关系的两部分之间多用逗号连接 有时也使用破折号 冒号 分 号 引号 和括号等 7 7 根据语义转折猜词 根据语义转折猜词 例题 1 2008 年全国高考 广东卷 B 篇 60 The underlined word cultivated paragraph 1 roughly means A encouraged B compared C examined D developed 答案与解析 选 D 从上句的对比可知 领导能力不是 swallowed down 而是慢 慢培养的 从第二段第一句 Different from popular belief most good leaders are made not born They learn their skills in their everyday lives But which do they develop 也可以得到启发 例题 2 2008 年全国高考 北京卷 D 篇 71 In Paragraph 3 take special pains probably means A try very hard B take our time C are very unhappy D feel especially painful 答案与解析 选 A 由 However 从句当中的 at first glance 乍一眼看上去 与下文 中的 take special pains 进行对比 既然不是一眼就看出那么简单 那么自然要费力去 想了 由此可以推断出 A 项为最佳选项 8 8 利用经验和常识猜词 利用经验和常识猜词 例题 1 分析 通过 年轻的 Hoover 去世了 根据我们的常识猜测出一千多人参加的应 该是他的 葬礼 例题 2 分析 凭经验我们知道 强烈地震会使房子倒塌 据此很容易猜出 collapsed 是 倒塌 的意思了 例题 3 2004 年全国高考 北京卷 C 篇 63 The meaning of panicked in Paragraph 2 is related to A shame B hate C anger D fear 答案与解析 根据本段内容描述 可以知道 panicked 意思是 惊慌 相当于 fear 最后提醒考生 掌握了一定的生词推测技巧后 也不要去 死抠 个别词 除了人名 地名等一些专有名词不必去细究每一处 那些一时难以断定其意思却又不妨碍理解或答题 的生词 大可不必理会 当然 做完题之后 可以查阅字典 一方面可以检测自己的推断是否正确 另外 可 把一些单词 短语记在专门的本子上 以后经常积累并复习这些词汇 注 最好连同文章 中的句子一起摘抄下来 这样对今后的阅读将会有一定的帮助 因为考试没有很多时间去 推测大量的单词 平时一定要尽可能地去积累并熟背大量的单词 短语 经典句子甚至文 10 章 课后巩固练习 2010 年 浙江卷 58 What does the writer mean by it would be worth half what I paid for it paragraph 2 A He should get a 50 discount B The price of the camera was unreasonably high