Risk Assessment 风险评估 R32, R1234yf and R1234ze CN

MAKING MODERN LIVING POSSIBLE CONFIDENTIAL Only to be used for intended purpose in coordination with Danfoss 机密 仅用于与机密 仅用于与Danfoss合作的目的合作的目的 Risk Assessment 风险评估 R32 R1234yf and R1234ze CONFIDENTIAL Only to be used for intended purpose in coordination with Danfoss R32 R1234yf and R1234ze Risk Evaluation June 2011 2 机密 仅用于与Danfoss合作的目的 R32 R1234yf和R1234ze风险评估 2011年6月 2 Scope 范畴 Evaluate risk of R32 R1234yf and R1234ze in commercial refrigeration and air conditioning with the following preconditions 评估商用制冷空调中 R32 R1234yf 和 R1234ze 的风险性 评估前提如下 All electrical components complies with ATEX zone 2 as defined in IEC 60079 14 or similar as defined in section 5 2 16 of ISO 5149 1 2009 draft 所有的电动部件必须遵守在IEC 60079 14 定义的ATEX区域2部分或ISO 5149 1 2009 草案中类似的 5 2 16章节定义内容 补充 ATEX为一项欧洲指令 是对欧盟成员国有关国家立法中关于危险区安全要求的增加和补充 现已成为一项共同的标准 CONFIDENTIAL Only to be used for intended purpose in coordination with Danfoss R32 R1234yf and R1234ze Risk Evaluation June 2011 2 机密 仅用于与Danfoss合作的目的 R32 R1234yf和R1234ze风险评估 2011年6月 3 Toxicity 毒性 Toxicity of A2L such as R32 R1234yf and R1234ze A2L制制 冷剂 如冷剂 如 R32 R1234yf 和和R1234ze 的毒性 的毒性 A2L refrigerants are considered to be non toxic A2L制冷剂被认为是无毒的 International refrigeration safety standards considers refrigerants non toxic if Occupational Exposure Limit OEL is 400ppm 0 04 or greater 国际制冷剂安全标准认定制冷剂无毒 如果OEL值为400ppm或更高 ATEL is always above OEL always above 0 04 一般 ATEL 值总是高于 OEL 值 一般超出与 0 04 All refrigerants are considered dangerous above the Oxygen Deprivation Limit of 14 缺氧极限值 ODL 超过14 的所有制冷剂都被认为是危险品 Toxicity levels of A2L refrigerants are in the same range as other refrigerants A2L 制冷剂的毒性水平和其它制冷剂处于同一区域内 Conclusion 结论 结论 A2L refrigerants are considered to be non toxic A2L制冷剂被认为是无毒的 Note 备注 备注 All HCF s including HFO s generate toxic compounds when exposed to flames HF or even COF2 全部HCF s 包括 HFO s 簇制冷剂当暴露在火焰中时会生成有毒 混合物 HF或者甚至 COF2 Acute Toxicity Exposure Levels ATEL 急性毒性暴露水平 急性毒性暴露水平 Oxygen Deprivation Limit 14 缺氧极限值 ODL 为14 Source ASHRAE 34 2010 Honeywell for R1234ze 来源 ASHRAE 34 2010 Honeywell 针对R1234ze CONFIDENTIAL Only to be used for intended purpose in coordination with Danfoss R32 R1234yf and R1234ze Risk Evaluation June 2011 2 机密 仅用于与Danfoss合作的目的 R32 R1234yf和R1234ze风险评估 2011年6月 4 Flammability Summary 易燃问题总结 Serious accident requires all 4 factors 严重事故具备4个条件 Flammable Concentration 易燃浓度 Ignition 点火 Occupation of site 使用场所 Leak 泄漏 Good engineering practice as defined in standards 好的工程示范 按照标准要求 Build to avoid leaks 建造过程避免泄漏 Standards ensure room is large enough so 20 of LFL can not be ached in whole room 25 in NAM LFL may still be eached close to the leak 标准确保房间足够大 以至于 在整个房间中着火下限的 20 都 达不到 NAM 的 25 着火下限 LFL 可能仍然接近于 泄漏点 Standards ensure that no ignition sources are present close to frigerant containing parts 标准确保接近制冷剂容器部件 附近没有点火源 Limit charge depending on the type of occupation in the area where the refrigerant system is placed and the area which is cooled 限定值的变换取决于制冷剂系 统的位置以及其制冷区域 CONFIDENTIAL Only to be used for intended purpose in coordination with Danfoss R32 R1234yf and R1234ze Risk Evaluation June 2011 2 机密 仅用于与Danfoss合作的目的 R32 R1234yf和R1234ze风险评估 2011年6月 4 If builders doesn t know the standards 如果设计建造者不了解标准规 范 Even incompetent system builders focus on making systems tight Component suppliers will avoid components designs for A2L that may cause large leaks 即使不称职的系统建造者也会 将焦点放在系统的紧凑程度上 部件供应商将避免按 A2L 设计 因为可能导致更大的泄漏 Even an unlucky incompetent system builder is unlikely to create more than a locally flammable atmosphere 甚至一个运气差的不称职系统 建造者也不可能去设计一个超 出当地可燃性气体浓度的系统 Ignition is harder than for other flammable refrigerants Ignition will not come from approved components but may come from components for other refrigerants or other systems on site 比起其它可燃制冷剂而言 着 火难度较大 着火不是来自于获准的部件 而可能是来源于其它制冷剂或 其它系统所在的位置 System builders avoid high amounts of even nonflammable refrigerants where general occupancy is present due to toxicity fears Accidents may still cause property damage 基于对毒性的担忧 系统建造 者避免在既有建筑物中使用大 量的制冷剂 即使无毒 事故可能导致财产损失 During service incompetent service engineers may create and ignite a local flammable atmosphere Injuring themselves and close bystanders 在服务环节 不合格的维修工程师可能制造和点燃当地的可燃性气体 伤害到他们自己和附近的人 Conclusion 结论 结论 Serious accidents using approved components are highly unlikely 维修事故很可能是没有使用合格的部件 造成的 CONFIDENTIAL Only to be used for intended purpose in coordination with Danfoss R32 R1234yf and R1234ze Risk Evaluation June 2011 2 机密 仅用于与Danfoss合作的目的 R32 R1234yf和R1234ze风险评估 2011年6月 5 Leaks 泄漏 Only large leaks are an issue from a flammability point of view since small leaks tends to get diluted below the lower flammability limit 只有大型的泄漏问题从可燃性的观点去阐述只有大型的泄漏问题从可燃性的观点去阐述 因为小泄漏会被稀释到可燃性限制值的下限 因为小泄漏会被稀释到可燃性限制值的下限 Builders will try to avoid leaks because 建造者需要试图避开泄漏 因为建造者需要试图避开泄漏 因为 Large leaks loss of cooling instantly 大的泄漏 制冷量的瞬时损失 Small leaks loss of cooling over time 小的泄漏 制冷量的延时损失 Component builders avoids designs that causes large leaks 部件建造商避免设计过程导致大的泄漏 部件建造商避免设计过程导致大的泄漏 A component which causes loss of cooling instantly may lead to customers demanding compensation for 导致冷量瞬时损失的部件可能会造成顾客就以下内容要求赔偿 Lost goods even with non flammable refrigerants 食品损失 即使没有可燃性制冷剂 Damages from fires where the failed component is one of the sources to the fire 来自火源的破坏 损坏部件是火源之一 Conclusion 结论结论 Even incompetent system builders focus on making systems tight 即使是不合格系统建造者也会关注系统紧凑程度 Component suppliers will avoid designs for A2L that may cause large leaks 部件供应商将避免针对A2L的设计 可能会造成更大的泄漏 CONFIDENTIAL Only to be used for intended purpose in coordination with Danfoss R32 R1234yf and R1234ze Risk Evaluation June 2011 2 机密 仅用于与Danfoss合作的目的 R32 R1234yf和R1234ze风险评估 2011年6月 6 Flammable Concentration 可燃浓度 Concentrations will be limited 浓度将被限定 浓度将被限定 Charge size limited to 25kg in commercial 负荷大小限定 25kg在商用系统中 250kW is achieved with 25kg of R32 based on a customers tests R32根据客户测试情况 R1234yf based on automotive A C systems with smaller volume 低比值 更小的体积 UFL LFL ratio for R32 and R1234yf is around 2 compared to R290 at 4 5 R32和 R1234yf的 UFL LFL比值约为2 相对而言 R290为 4 5 Source ASHRAE 34 2010 Honeywell and DuPont for R1234yf and R1234ze 来源 ASHRAE 34 2010 Honeywell和DuPont R1234yf及 R1234ze Refrigerant is only flammable between LFL and UFL 制冷剂仅仅在介于LFL和UFL之间会可燃 LFL Lower flammability limit The minimum concentration at which the refrigerant is flammable LFL 低可燃限值 制冷剂可燃的最小浓度 UFL Upper flammability limit The maximum concentration at which the refrigerant is flammable UFL 高可燃限值 制冷剂可燃的最大浓度 ISO and EN standards requires room to be big enough that 20 of LFL cannot be reached ASHRAE requires 25 ISO和 EN 标准需要房间足够大 LFL值的20 尚不能满足 ASHRAE要 求25 Conclusion 结论 结论 Possible to reach concentration but very unusual to place a system this large in a room that small 可能达到浓度 但是一般不可能在一个小空间内去替代这样大小的一个 系统 Even an unlucky incompetent system builder is unlikely to create more than a locally flammable atmosphere 即使不走运 不合格的系统建造商也不可能去构建超过当地可燃气体 的系统 System builders avoid high amounts of even nonflammable refrigerants where general occupancy is present due to toxicity fears 使用现状来看 基于毒性的恐惧因素 系统建造者避免使用大量 即使 不可燃 制冷剂 CONFIDENTIAL Only to be used for intended purpose in coordination with Danfoss R32 R1234yf and R1234ze Risk Evaluation June 2011 2 机密 仅用于与Danfoss合作的目的 R32 R1234yf和R1234ze风险评估 2011年6月 8 Ignition 点火 Ignition Unlikely 点火不可能 点火不可能 To ignite MIE must be overcome 必须克服最小点火能 MIE R32 MIE is 100 times R290 R32的最小点火能 MIE 是R290的100倍 R1234yf and R1234ze MIE is 1 000 times R290 R1234yf和R1234ze的最小点火能 MIE 是R290的1000倍以上 Extreme ignition examples 极端点火的例子 Glowing cigarette can t ignite at MIE 0 46 带有火星的香烟在MIE 0 46时不能被点燃 Butane lighter doesn t work when R1234yf concentration is flammable 当R1234yf达到可燃浓度时 丁烷打火机无法点着 Spot welder failed to ignite R1234yf 点焊机无法点燃R1234yf Spray of R1234yf can blow out a candle R1234yf的喷雾可以吹灭一支蜡烛 R1234ze can only burn above 28 C R1234ze只能在28 C以上温度时燃烧 Certain components may accumulate leaked refrigerant 某些部件可能会积累泄漏的制冷剂 E g Pressostat Leak may accumulate at electrical switch 例如稳压器 泄漏会积累在电气开关处 Component should therefore be unable to ignite a flame 因此 部件将不可能点燃 Components complies with zone 2 in IEC60079 14 or similar as described in section 5 2 16 of ISO 5149 2 2009 draft 部件应符合标准IEC60079 14区域2或者ISO 5149 2 2009 draft标准 中5 2 16节的规定 Cannot be ignition source 不能有明火源 Conclusion 结论结论 Ignition is harder than for other flammable refrigerants 点火比其他可燃性制冷剂难的多 Ignition will not come from approved components but may come from components for other refrigerants or other systems on site 点火不会来自被认可的元件 但可能来自其他部件或其他系统制冷剂 的现场 Refrigerant 制冷剂制冷剂Minimum Ignition Energy 最小点火能最小点火能 MIE mJ R3230 100 R1234yf1000 R1234ze 61000 54 R2900 25 Source数据来源数据来源 Honeywell DuPont 霍尼韦尔霍尼韦尔 杜邦杜邦 Methane has MIE 0 46 and cannot be ignited with a glowing cigarette 甲烷的最小点火能甲烷的最小点火能 MIE 0 46 用一支点燃的香烟无法点燃 用一支点燃的香烟无法点燃 键入文字 CONFIDENTIAL Only to be used for intended purpose in coordination with Danfoss R32 R1234yf and R1234ze Risk Evaluation June 2011 2 机密 仅用于与Danfoss合作的目的 R32 R1234yf和R1234ze风险评估 2011年6月 9 Service 服务 Service situations may involve opening the system 服务场合可能会包括开放式系统 If international standards are followed 如果执行国际标准 System is appropriately marked to warn service engineers section 4 2 of ISO 5149 2 2009 draft 系统应该设置适当的警示标志来提醒服务工程师 标准ISO 5149 2 2009 draft第4 2节 Flammable refrigerant is removed from system and remaining refrigerant is purged with nitrogen Annex E of EN 378 4 2008 is a good guide section 5 3 1 and 6 3 2 1 of ISO 5149 4 2009 draft are not as detailed 系统中的易燃制冷剂被排出后 剩余的制冷剂应该使用氮气净化 EN378 4 2008附录E提供了一个很好的操作指导 在ISO 5149 4 2009 draft 中的5 3 1和6 3 2 1中未做详细描述 If engineer is incompetent 如果工程师不能胜任 Engineer may create a locally flammable atmosphere 工程师可以创造一种局部可燃氛围 Only locally due to limited charge 由于缺少费用导致局部可燃氛围 Smaller volume than R290 due to UFL LFL ratio 由于UFL LFL比 比R290更小的应用空间 Effect is limited by occupancy limits 由于空间范围的限制 影响是有限的 Ignition is hard 点火困难 Engineers often uses blow torch to solder joints 工程师经常在点焊时使用焊接用喷灯 Can ignite a flammable gas 可以点燃易燃气体 Ignition of local flammable atmosphere is mainly likely 点燃局部的可燃氛围是主要可能性 Since engineer is both cause of leak and ignition 因为工程师同时导致了泄漏和点火 Conclusion Incompetent service engineers may create and ignite a locally flammable atmosphere injuring themselves and close bystanders 不称 职的服务工程师可能创造并点燃一个局部可燃氛围 使他们自己和附近的旁观者受伤 This is outside the control of component suppliers 这种情况超出了部件供应商的控制范围 键入文字 CONFIDENTIAL Only to be used for intended purpose in coordination with Danfoss R32 R1234yf and R1234ze Risk Evaluation June 2011 2 机密 仅用于与Danfoss合作的目的 R32 R1234yf和R1234ze风险评估 2011年6月 10 Pattern from Real Accidents 真实事故案例 Accidents with highly flammable refrigerants happens during operation or service when flammable refrigerants are treated as non flammable 当可燃性制冷剂被当做非可燃性制冷剂一样使用时 具有高度易燃的制冷剂在操作或者服务时就会发生事故 Accidents during operation with hydrocarbons have been caused 事故在操作过程中 包含碳氢化合物 发生 Incompetent small system builder 没有能力的小的系统制造商 Components not approved for flammable refrigerants and bought through 通过购买未通过可燃性制冷认证的零部件 Multitude of design errors causing large leaks ignition E g retrofitting an R22 system with R290 without other modifications 许多设计错误 导致大的泄漏和点火 例如 在一个R22系统中未经任何修改 使用R290制冷剂 During service due to 在服务过程中发生 由于 Incompetent service technician causing and igniting locally flammable atmosphere 不胜任的服务人员导致一个局