初二上册英语语法总结

初二上册英语语法总结初二上册英语语法总结 动词不定式 一 定义 动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种 它没有人称和数的变化 在句子中不能独立 作谓语 但它仍保持动词的特点 既可以有自己的宾语和状语 同时动词不定 式又具有名词 形容词 副词的特征 在句中可以作主语 表语 宾语 宾语 补足语 定语和状语 二 动词不定式的构成 to 动词原形 三 动词不定式作宾语 后面能接不定式作宾语的动词有 agree ask choose decide forget hope learn want wish would like 等 We hope to get there before dark 我们希望天黑以前到那儿 The girl decided to do it herself 那个姑娘决定自己做那件事 动词不定式作宾语的注意事项 2 点 1 有些动词既可跟不定式作宾语 也可跟动名词作宾语 但含义不同 remember to do 记住要做某事 remember doing 记得曾经做过某事 forget to do 忘记要做某事 forget doing 忘记曾经做过某事 stop to do 停下来去做某事 stop doing 停止做某事 go on to do 继续做另一件事 go on doing 继续做原来在做的事 I remember seeing you somewhere before 我记得以前在哪儿见过你 Please remember to turn off the light when you leave 离开时请记得关好灯 2 不定式作宾语时 如带有宾语补足语 则要把不定式放到后面 用 it 作形式 宾语 构成 主语 动词 it 宾补 形容词 名词 不定式 结构 如 He found it very difficult to get to sleep 他发现很难入睡 四 动词不定式作宾语补足语 1 后面能接 to 不定式作宾语补足语的动词有 ask order teach tell want wish help 等 The teacher told us to do Exercise 1 老师要我们做练习一 I want both of you to go 我要你们俩去 We helped her to repair her bike 我们帮助她修理自行车 2 使役动词 let have make 及感官动词 see watch notice hear feel 等要以 不带 to 的不定式作宾补 Let s have a rest 我们休息一会吧 I saw him come in 我看见他进来了 感官动词后既可跟不带 to 的不定式作宾补 也可跟 v ing 作宾补 前者表示动 作的全部过程已结束 后者表示动作正在进行 I saw him come downstairs 我看见他下了楼 说明他下楼了这件事 I saw him coming downstairs 我看见他在下楼 说明他下楼时的情景 五 动词不定式作状语 Later he left home to work in different cities 不久他离开家到不同的城市工作 He went to see a football match 他去看足球比赛了 In order to catch the other students I must work hard 为了赶上其他同学 我必须努力学习 六 动词不定式作定语 不定式作定语一般放在所修饰的词的后面 I need something to eat Do you have something to read Tom was so excited that he had no word to say He is really a fool only to eat The man to stand here just now is our English teacher The doctor had no way to save the patient 注意 1 作定语的不定式是由及物动词组成 被修饰的名词或代词与不定式之间存 在方位或方式关系需要有介词 I am looking for a room to live in 我正在找一间住房 方位关系 We have many things to do experiments with 我们有许多做实验的东西 方式关系 2 作定语的不定式是由 be adj prep 构成的动词短语 Here there isn t any book for me to be interested in We have done many things to proud of 我们做了许多引以自豪的事 七 动词不定式作主语 To give is better than to receive To reach there on foot is impossible 动词不定式作主语时 可以用 it 代替 把实际主语不定式放在后面 It s better to give than to receive It s impossible to reach there on foot It s adj for sb to do sth It s not difficult for me to study English well It s easy for him to work out this math problem 在这个句型中 如果形容词与不定式的逻辑主语关系密切 并且形容词用来说 明逻辑主语的性质 品质 特点等 由 of 引出逻辑主语 这类形容词主要有 nice kind good wrong right 等 八 动词不定式和疑问词连用 动词不定式可以和疑问词 what which how where when 连用 构成不定式短 语 可以作主语 宾语 表语 宾语补足语等 How to do is still a question Have you decided when to leave 九 动词不定式的否定形式 动词不定式的否定式是在 to 前加 not 不带 to 的不定式则在动词前加 not 如 Zhang Ming asked me not to stay at home all day 张明要我不要整天呆在家 里 My mother let me not do it by myself 妈妈让我不要独自做这件事 被动语态 英语有两种语态 主动语态和被动语态 主动语态 The Active Voice 表示主语是动作的执行者 被动语态 The Passive Voice 表示主语是动作的承受者 构成 承受者 助动词 be 及物动词的过去分词 by 执行者 一般现在时 承受者 助动词 am is are 及物动词的过去分词 by 执行者 一般过去时 承受者 助动词 was were 及物动词的过去分词 by 执行者 承受者 助动词 shall will be 及物动词的过去分词 by 执行者 承受者 助动词 have has been 及物动词的过去分词 by 执行者 承受者 can may must should be 及物动词的过去分词 by 执行者 被动语态用法 1 当我们不知道动作的执行者是谁 或者没有必要指出动作的执行者时 需用 被动语态 2 当我们需要强调动作的承受者时 常用被动语态 3 如果需要说出动作的执行者 用 by 引导出动作的执行者 主动语态变为被动语态时 其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致 其谓语 动词的数要与新主语保持一致 主动语态变为被动语态时有以下几种情况 1 主语 谓语动词 宾语 将主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语 主动 We bought a book yesterday 被动 The book was bought yesterday 2 主语 谓语动词 间接宾语 直接宾语 将主动语态中一个宾语变为被动语态的主语 多数情况下将间接宾语变为主语 如果直接宾语变为主语时 间接宾语前要加介词 to for 主动 He showed me a book yesterday 被动 I was showed a book yesterday 被动 The book was showed to me yesterday 3 主语 谓语动词 复合宾语 含有一个由宾语加宾语补足语构成的复合宾语 变为被动语态时 将主动语态 的宾语变为被动语态的主语 宾语补足语保留不变 成为主语补足语 主动 I found him a good pupil 宾语补足语 被动 He was found a good pupil 主语补足语 4 短语动词变为被动语态 有些短语动词相当于一个及物动词 其后可以接宾语 因此它们也有被动语态 但短语动词是不可分割的整体 变为被动语态时不可去掉其后面的介词或副词 主动 We should look after the patients very well 被动 The patients should be looked after very well by us 5 宾语从句变为被动语态 若主动语态中是宾语从句 变为被动语态时常用 it 作形式主语 而把真正的主 语放在后面 It s said that he passed the exam 被动语态应注意的几个特殊问题 1 不及物动词带介词和介词宾语 在变为被动语态时 仍然要带上介词 主动 The students in class listen to the teacher carefully 被动 The teacher is listened to carefully by the students in class 2 当动词带有复合宾语时 并且宾补是省去 to 的动词不定式时 在被动语 态中应加上 to 主动 They make do all the work 被动 We were made to do all the work 主动 We often hear her sing English songs 被动 She is often heard to sing English songs 主动 I see him walk to school 被动 He is seen to walk to school 新目标八年级上册新目标八年级上册 英语语法知识点精讲英语语法知识点精讲 练习练习 一 一般将来时 一 一般将来时 一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或者存在的状态 通常与表示将来的时间 状语连用 如 tomorrow the day after tomorrow next year next month next week in 100 years 等 be going to do 动词原形 结构 表示打算 准备做的事情或者肯定要发生的事情 如 It is going to rain will do 结构表示将来的用法 1 表示预见表示预见 Do you think it will rain You will feel better after a good rest 2 表示意图表示意图 I will borrow a book from our school library tomorrow What will she do tomorrow 基本构成如下 一般疑问句构成 一般疑问句构成 1 will 主语 do Will Sarah come to visit me next Sunday 2 there be 结构的一般疑问句 Will there be Will there be fewer trees Yes there will No there won t 否定句构成 否定句构成 will not won t do Sarah won t come to visit me next Sunday 特殊疑问句构成 特殊疑问句构成 特殊疑问词 will 主语 What will Sarah do next Sunday 练一练练一练 根据例句 用根据例句 用 will 改写下列各句改写下列各句 例 I don t feel well today be better tomorrow I ll be better tomorrow 1 Gina has six classes today have a lot of homework tonight 2 I m tired now sleep later 3 My parents need a new car buy one soon 4 We can t leave right now leave a little later 5 The weather is awful today be better tomorrow 答案 1 She ll have a lot of homework tonight 2 I ll sleep later 3 They ll buy one soon 4 We ll leave a little later 5 Maybe it ll be better tomorrow 二 二 shouldshould 的用法 的用法 should 用来提出建议和忠告 后边加动词原形 否定句直接在 should 后边加 not 例如 I think you should eat less junk food 我认为你应该少吃垃圾食品 She drives a lot and she seldom walks So I think she should walk a lot 她经常开车 很少走路 所以我认为她应该多走路 Students shouldn t spend too much time playing computer games 学生们不应当花太多的时间玩计算机游戏 学习向别人提建议的几种句式 1 I think you should 2 Well you could 3 Maybe you should 4 Why don t you 5 What about doing sth 6 You d better do sth 练一练练一练 用 should 或 shouldn t 填空 1 I can t sleep the night before exams You take a warm shower before you go to bed 2 Good friends argue each other 3 There is little milk in the glass We buy some 4 They didn t invite you Maybe you be friendlier 5 I am a little bit overweight So I think I do exercises every day 答案 1 should2 shouldn t3 should 4 should 5 should 三 过去进行时 三 过去进行时 过去进行时表示过去某一点时间正在进行的动作或者过去某一段时间内一直进行的动 作 1 构成 was were doing 例如 I was watching TV at 9 o clock last night at 9 o clock last night 是时间点 They were playing football all afternoon all afternoon 是时间段 2 过去进行时的标志词 at 8 o clock last night this time yesterday 等 例如 I was having lunch at home this time yesterday 昨天的这个时候我正在吃午饭 At that time she was writing a book 那阵子她在写一本书 表示她在那段时间里一直在做那件事情 练一练练一练 用括号中所给动词的适当形式填空 1 This time yesterday I read books 2 At 9 o clock last Sunday they have a party 3 When I come into the classroom she read a storybook 4 She play computer games while her mother cook yesterday afternoon 5 I have a shower when you call me yesterday 答案 1 was reading2 were having3 came was reading 4 was playing was cooking5 was having called 四 间接引语 四 间接引语 形成步骤 1 不要逗号 冒号 引号 2 要考虑到人称的变化 人称的变化与汉语是一致的 3 要考虑时态的变化 4 要考虑时间状语 地点状语和语示代词的变化 1 直接引语变成间接引语时 几个主要时态的变化规律 直接引语间接引语 一般现在时一般过去时 一般将来时过去将来时 现在进行时过去进行时 2 直接引语变成间接引语时 一些词汇的变化规律 直接引语 1 am is 2 are 3 have has 4 will 5 can 6 may 间接引语 1 was 2 were 3 had 4 would 5 could 6 might 练一练练一练 用括号中所给动词的