牛津英语8B-Unit-3语法讲义：被动语态

第 1 页 共 6 页 牛津英语牛津英语 8B 语法讲义 被动语态语法讲义 被动语态 一 主动语态与被动语态的概念 英语动词的语态有两种 主动语态 表示主语是动作的执行者 被动语态 表示主语是动作的承受者 常常没在 有必要指出动作的执行者情况下使用 例 They speak English 主动语态 主 谓 宾 English is spoken by them 被动语态 主 谓 介词短语 注 及物动词有被动语态 不及物动词必须带有介词才可以有被动语 态 例 We listen to the teacher carefully in class 主 谓 宾 The teacher is listened to by us carefully in class 主 谓 介词短语 e laughed at him He was laughed at by us 二 被动语态的结构与用法 结构 be done 过去分词 被动语态中的 be 为助动词 无意义 be 可能是 am is are 也可能 是 was were 或原形 be 第 2 页 共 6 页 注 注 被动语态的时态是由被动语态的时态是由 be 的时态决定的 的时态决定的 be 是什么时态 全是什么时态 全 句就是什么时态 句就是什么时态 be 后面的过去分词不变 后面的过去分词不变 用法 例 History is made by the people 一般现在时 The cars were made in Tianjing in 1995 一般过去时 The tree will be cut down next year 一般将来时 he room must be kept clean 含有情态动词的被动语态 The door is being opened 现在进行时 The film has been seen by me 现在完成时 注 我们初中主要掌握前面四种的用法注 我们初中主要掌握前面四种的用法 时 态 动词的被动形式 例 句 一般现在时 is done He is asked to do this 一般过去时 was done The story was told by her mother 一般将来时 will be done The problem will be discussed tomorrow 现在进行时 is being done The novel is being written 过去进行时 was being done At that time the desk was being made 现在完成时 has been done The house has been built 过去完成时 had been done They said that their work had been finished 过去将来时 would be done He said the trees would be planted 第 3 页 共 6 页 soon 三 被动语态的各种句型 he song is liked by young people 肯定句 he song isn t liked by young people 否定句 Is the song liked by young people 一般疑问句 Who is the song liked by By whom is the song liked 特殊 疑问句 四 主动语态改被动语态的方法 方法分为三步 把原句中的宾语改成主语 动词改为变动形式 be done 同时注意时态 原来的主语如果需要的话放在介词 by 后面 以指明做 事的人或物 如果没有必要则省去 例 The man killed a tiger A tiger was killed by the man 改的过程中要注意时态和语态改的过程中要注意时态和语态 两个方面两个方面 五 特殊句型的被动语态 含有使役动词 make let have 或感官动词 hear see listen to look at find watch feel 等 的句子 在主动语态中这些词后常跟不带 to 第 4 页 共 6 页 的动词不定式 但是在改成被动语态时 则一定要把省去的 to 再加上 去 另外 help 这一个词在主动语态中后面的动词不定式可以带 to 也可 不带 to 但在被动语态中也必须把 to 加上去 例 Mother often makes me do some housework I am often made to do some housework by mother We saw him run into the classroom He was seen to run into the classroom by us teach give pass show buy tell 等动词常常带有两个宾语 双宾语 直接宾语和间接宾语 改为被动语态时 两个宾语可以选其中任 一个作主语 如果直接宾语被提前作主语 那么间接宾语 一般 是人 前要加相应的介词 to for 例 he gave me a pen She gave a pen to me I was given a pen by her A pen was given to me by her My father bought me a new bike My father bought a new bike for me I was bought a new bike by my father A new bike was bought for me by my father 由不及物动词 vi 介词 副词 宾语的句子改成被动语态时 介 词或副词不能丢掉 前面已举过两例 例 e should speak to old people politely 第 5 页 共 6 页 Old people should be spoken to politely by us He took away the box The box was taken away by him 含有宾语补主语的句子改为被动语态 宾补放在原来位置不变 例 We call him Xiao Ma 主 谓 宾 宾补 e is called Xiao Ma by us He found the book very interesting The book was found very interesting by him 六 没有被动语态的动词 1 没有被动语态的词 表示状态或特征的及物动词如 cost fit have suit 等没有被动形式 另外 诸如 happen take place break out 爆发 break down 坏了 等不及物动词或短语以及诸如 result from 缘于 belong to consist of 等只用主动语态 而不用被动语态 不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态 appear die disappear end vi 结束 fail last lie remain sit spread 传播 stand come true fall asleep 大多数系动词 be feel 摸起来 sound 听起来 look 看起来