新标准Unit-5.doc

Unit five: Our EarthTeaching objectivesTheme The earth、environmental protection Vocabulary pilot surround liquid measure importanceSpeaking What the earth will be in the future and what we can do for itGrammar PrepositionPractical writing How to write slogansText ABackground InformationPlans for the first Earth Day were announced in San Francisco at the UNESCO Conference on the Environment held in November 1969. FORMER U.S Senator Gaylord Nelson suggested that March 21,the first day of spring , be established Earth Day for a nationwide teach-in on the environment. On April 22, 1970, an estimated 20million people, 2000 colleges and universities, 10,000 grammar and high schools and 1,000 communities took part in the first nationwide demonstrations on environmental problems in the USA, which marked the beginning of the worlds celebration of Earth Day.Group Discussion1. can you name the earths seven continents and five oceans and point then out on map?2. what will the earth be like in one billion years?TEXT. Vocabulary 1. pilot n.飞行员，领航员 vt. 驾驶，领航e.g.(1)she wants to be a pilot in the future. (2) he can pilot the plane.2. surround vt. 包围，围绕 e.g. the city is surrounded by a mountain range. Surrounding n. 围绕物，环境 adj. 周围的 e.g. social surrounding 社会环境； a surrounding country 邻国 3.liquid adj. 液体的e.g. liquid soap 液体皂4. measure v. 测量 n. 措施，办法 e.g. (1) mother measured me to see the size for my clothes. (2) we use a thermometer to measure temperature.5. protect vt. 保护 e.g. sunglasses protect our eyes from sunshine. . Language points1. Their views of the earth are all correct but none really tells what the earth truly is.他们对于地球的看法都是对的，但是没有人真正说出了地球到底是什么。Sentence Paraphrase:What they know about the earth is all correct but nobody really reveals the basic facts about the earth.Structural Analysis:a. 不定代词none的用法：如果碰到代词，一定要理解代词所指代的内容，才能正确理解句子。这句话中不定代词none指的是none of them，即none of the farmers, the builders, the sailors, the pilots and the spacemen。 none是一个不定代词，英语中的不定代词包括：some, somebody, something, someone, any, anybody, anything, anyone, no, nobody, nothing, no one, all, both, neither, none, either, each, every, everybody, everything, everyone, other, another, much, many, few, a few, little, a little, one等。这里我们就none的用法作简要说明：代词none既可以指人，也可以指物，它指代的对象包含三个或三个以上（如果指代对象是两个的话，就要用neither了）。none可以单独使用，也可以在后面跟上of词组，有时后面也可以跟上介词but词组。none和no one的区别在于后者只能指人。2. The earth is a huge ball covered with water, rock and soil, and surrounded by air. 地球是一个巨大的球体，被水、岩石和土壤覆盖着，被空气包围着。Sentence Paraphrase:The earth is a very large ball. Its surface is made up of water, rock and soil and there is air all around the earth.Structural Analysis:这个句子的补语a huge ball后面有两个修饰语covered with water, rock and soil和surrounded by air。这两个修饰语都是由动词的过去分词词组充当的，类似的现象文中还有A thin layer of rock called the crust forms the earths surface. 名词的修饰语主要由形容词（词组）、名词（词组）、-ing分词（词组）、-ed分词（词组）、介词词组、动词不定式、定语从句等成分来实现。需要注意的是，我们有时需要在-ing分词和-ed分词之间进行选择，如果用错了，不仅在语法上产生错误，也会影响句子的意思。-ing分词作为名词的修饰语时，通常带有主动意义或未完成意义；-ed分词作为名词的修饰语时，通常带有被动意义或完成意义。文中的句子其实相当于The earth is a huge ball that is covered with water, rock and soil, and is surrounded by air. A thin layer of rock called the crust forms the earths surface.相当于A thin layer of rock that is called the crust forms the earths surface. 3. One day is the time it takes the earth to spin around once. 一天就是地球自转一周需要的时间。Sentence Paraphrase:It takes the earth a certain length of time to rotate once and this length of time is set as a day.Structural Analysis:这句话中的it takes the earth to spin around once是一个定语从句修饰先行词the time，先行词在定语从句中作take的宾语。原句为it takes the earth the time to spin around once，此句型为it takes somebody some time to do something（某人做某事要花时间）。再看几个例句： 1. It takes Mr. Johnson three days to finish the job. 2. It takes the earth one year to travel once around the sun.Grammar Preposition一、表示时间的介词1.at, on, in1）.at用于表示某一具体时刻或时间点或重大节日之前。例如：? at night 在夜晚at noon 在中午?at midnight 在午夜 at ten o?clock 在十点钟? 2）.on指“具体的某一天或某天的上午、下午、晚上”，在重大节日前也可用on。例如： on a cold day 在一个寒冷的日子?on Sunday 在星期天? 3）.in表示周、月、季节、年或泛指上午、下午、晚上。例如：?in a week 在一周内in February 在二月?in spring 在春季 2.before, after? 1）.before表示“在某时刻或某件事之前”。例如：He must be at home before 5:00 pm.?下午五点之前他一定在家。 Check your papers carefully before you hand them in. 在你交卷之前，仔细检查你的试卷。2）.after表示“在某时刻或某件事之后”。例如： After breakfast he hurried to school.?早饭后，她匆忙上学去了。 Call me at once after you get there.?到那儿之后马上给我打电话。 3.by, until, till1）.by表示“在之前；到为止”。例如：You must finish your job by six oclock.?你必须在六点之前完成这项工作。 By the time he got here, the meeting had been over. 他到这儿时，会议已结束了。 2）.until（till）表示“某一行为或状态一直持续到”。例如：She didntgo home until lunch time.?直到午饭时间她才回家。 We waited until 10.o?clock last night.?昨晚我们一直等到十点钟。 4.from, since1）.from表示“从时起”。例如：? from ten oclock to twelve oclock 从十点到十二点?from this year 从今年开始 from Sunday 从星期天开始?from day to night 从白天到黑夜 2）.since表示“自过去某一时刻或行为以来”。经常用于含有完成时的句子里，后面跟过去某一时间点；since还可以用作副词和连词。例如： They came to Beijing in 1950 and have lived here since then. 一九五0年他们来到北京，以后就一直住在这儿。 ? 5.for, during, through1）.for引导一段时间，强调时间由始至终，可译为“(时间)长达”，一般与有长度的时间短语连用，如for three weeks,for a long time等，可用于现在(过去)完成时或过去时的句子里。例如： ? He studied English for three years.?他学了三年英语。? 2）.during意为“在(时间)内”的行为或状态，与一段时间的整体连用。如：during the spring,during last year,during 1980等，也可以和表示延续性事件的名词连用，如during my childhood,during our stay,during his visit等，一般不用于现在完成时的句子里。例如： ? During the winter we play football.?冬季我们踢足球。 ? 3）.through表示“从开始到结束（全过程）”。例如：? It is very hot through the whole summer this year.?今年整个夏季都很热。? We work from Monday through Sunday.?从星期一到星期天我们上班。? 6.in, within1）.in表示经过这一段时间或时期做完某事，着重表示这段时间或时期的过程，多用于表示重复性或连续性的行为。in还可以作“在(时间)后”解，表示现在以后一段时间的终了，多用来表示将来的一时性行为。例如： ? He wrote the article in three days.?他是在三天内写好这篇文章的。 ? The delegation will arrive in three days.?代表团将于三天后到达。? 2）.within意为“在以内”，指在一定时间内。例如：? I dont think he will go away within three days.?我想他在三天之内不会离开。? within还可以表示距离，意为“不远于”，“在(距离)之内”。例如： ? The bus stop is within fifty metres of the station.?公共汽车站离火车站不到50米远。二、表示地点位置的介词1)at ,in, on, toat (1)表示在小地方; (2)表示“在附近，旁边”in (1)表示 在大地方; (2)表示“在范围之内”。on 表示毗邻，接壤，“在上面”。to 表示在范围外，不强调是否接壤；或“到”2)above, over, on 在上above 指在上方,不强调是否垂直，与 below相对；over指垂直的上方,与under相对,但over与物体有一定的空间，不直接接触。on表示某物体上面并与之接触。The bird is flying above my head.There is a bridge over the river.He put his watch on the desk.3)below, under 在下面under表示在正下方below表示在下，不一定在正下方There is a cat under the table.Please write your name below the line.4)in front of, in the front of在前面in front of意思是“在前面”，指甲物在乙物之前，两者互不包括；其反义词是behind（在的后面）。There are some flowers in front of the house.(房子前面有些花卉。)in the front of 意思是“在.的前部”，即甲物在乙物的内部.反义词是at the back of（在范围内的后部）。There is a blackboard in the front of our classroom.我们的教室前边有一块黑板。Our teacher stands in the front of the classroom.我们的老师站在教室前.(老师在教室里)5）beside，behindbeside 表示在旁边behind 表示在后面 三、表示原因和理由的介词1.for, at, from, of, with (1) for表示“一般的理由”常与famous, punish等词连用。 Xian is famous for its long history.西安因历史悠久而著名。 The city is well known for her large population. 这座城市以人口众多而知名。 (2) at一般指“情感”的原因，通常放在表示“惊讶或喜悦等感情”的动词或形容词之后，表示“因听到或看到而”。 She got angry at his words.她因为他的话生气了。 He was surprised at the news.听到这消息他大吃一惊。 (3) from表示“外在的原因”。如受伤、车祸等。 He died from the wound.他因受伤而致死。 Her son was badly hurt in a traffic accident. 她儿子在一次车祸中严重受伤。 (4) of表示“内在的原因”，如病、饿等到。 He died of cancer.他死于癌症。 The old man died of hunger.老人死于饥饿。 (5) with表示“由外在影响到肉体或心理”的原因。 He shook with cold.他因寒冷而发抖。 He shouted loudly with anger. 他气得大喊大叫。7. because of 表示引起结果的直接原因。如： He retired last month because of illness/because he ill. 8. owing to 多表示引起某不良后果的原因。如： Owing to the rain they could not come. 由于下雨他们没来。 9. thanks to 表示引起某种幸运结果的原因，常译为“幸亏，多亏”。如： Thanks to John, we won the game. 多亏约翰，我们才赢了这场比赛。 10. out of 表示动机的起因，常译为