2012版高考英语 3-2-1精品系列 专题22 阅读理解 科普知识

1 3 3 年高考年高考 2 2 年模拟年模拟 1 1 年原创专题年原创专题 2222 阅读理解阅读理解 科普知识 教师版 科普知识 教师版 考点定位考点定位 20132013 考纲解读和近几年考点分布考纲解读和近几年考点分布 高考对说明文的考查多为科普说明文 它是阅读理解重要内容 也是高考考查难点 科普类 阅读理解 题愈来愈受到命题者的青睐 而科普类文章往往具有跨学科 行文逻辑 性强等特点 要求考生能从文章的整体逻辑以及重要细节上全面把握 试题特点 注重学科渗透 行文逻辑性强 内容抽象 贴近学生的学习 生活实际 有利于激发学生的思维 对选拔优秀考生有一定的作用 能全面地考查学生的综合阅读能力和运用所学知识去分析 解决实际问题的能力 4 科学方法图示判断题 科普说明文常出现科学方法图示判断题 这种试题或以生物依赖关系为命题题点 要求考 生判断正确的生物依赖关系 或以工艺流程为命题题点 要求考生判断正确的流程顺序 或以生产方法为命题题点 要求考生判断正确的生产方法 或以机械配制为命题题点 要 求考生判断正确的机械配制 解题时一定要认真阅读分析原文对生物依赖关系 发明创造 诞生过程和工艺流程过程的介绍 并且边读边画简易草图 以提高理解准确率 分析备选 项时应对照原文介绍情况 找出各图不同之处 以便最终做出正确判断 考点考点 pk pk 名师考点透析名师考点透析 考点一 细节事实理解 考点一 细节事实理解 一篇文章必然是由许多具体的细节 具体的内容构成的 所有这些信息以某种顺序 时 间 空间 情感变化等 排列起来 来进一步解释或阐释主题 体现文章的主旨大意 细节理解题目主要考查学生对文章具体事实和细节的理解能力 属于表层理解题范畴 难度较小 但在整个阅读理解题中所占比例最大 细节理解题多从文章的某个具体事实或 2 细节出发来设计题目 此类题通常根据文章具体内容来设问 也常使用下列方式来提问 1 Which of the following statements is not true correct 2 Which of the following is not mentioned 3 All of the following are true except 4 According to the passage when where why how how what which etc 1 1 直接事实题直接事实题 在解答这类问题时要求学生抓住题干文字信息 采用针对性方法进行阅读 因为这类 题的答案在文章中可以直接找到 如 A giant dam was built many years ago to control the Colorado River in the U S This dam was built to protect the land and houses around the river This huge dam is in the Black Canyon It is possible to drive a car from one side of the river to the other on a road which is on the top of the dam This dam is so big that there is an elevator inside The elevator goes down forty four stories from the road to the bottom There is enough concrete in this dam to build a highway from New York to San Francisco Thousands of people worked on this dam for five years This huge dam was called Boulder Dam when it was finished in 1936 Later it was renamed Hoover Dam in honor of a president of the United States Hoover Dam one of the highest dams in the world is situated between the states of Arizona and Nevada Q Hoover Dam lies A between Arizona and Nevada B in the Black Canyon C between New York and San Francisco D both A and B 解析解析 由第二段的第一句话和最后一段的最后一句话可得出正确答案是 D 项 2 2 间接事实题间接事实题 解答此类题 需要结合上下文提供的语境和信息进行简单的概括和判断或者要进行简 单的计算 Invited by Mr Ye Huixian host of the well received TV programme Stars Tonight Miss Luo Lin Miss Asia of 1991 appeared as the guest hostess on the Shanghai TV screen last Sunday Born in Shanghai and taken to Hongkong when she was only six years old Luo Lin has never dreamed of being Miss Asia Her childhood dream was to be an air hostess Before she took part in the competition she had been an airhostess in Cathay Airline for seven years However it still took her three months to learn the art of walking on the stage dancing singing making up and other proper manners designed by the Asia TV Station It s really a hard job for me I won t enter for such competition any more Anyhow I am quite lucky I am also glad to have had more chance to work for the social welfare since I won the title This time in Shanghai I d love to make a deep impression on my TV audience said Luo Lin with a sweet smile Q Which of the following is NOT true 3 A Luo Lin is a native of Shanghai B Luo Lin moved to Hongkong with her parents C Luo Lin won the title of Miss Asia in 1991 D Asia TV Station helped Luo Lin to become Miss Asia 解析解析 A C 和 D 项都可在原文找到答案 而 B 项原文所给的是 taken to Hongkong 可判断不是 moved to Hongkong with her parents 因此选 B 3 3 数据推算 数据推算 If you register both the VIEW qualification course and the Forum at the same time you will save 二 此类题的设问方式二 此类题的设问方式 1 What would be the best title for the text 2 What does the second paragraph mainly discuss 3 What is the passage mainly about 4 The main purpose of announcing the above events is 考点三 推理推断 考点三 推理推断 推理题要求考生根据文章提供的事实和线索进行逻辑推理 推断出作者没有提到或者没 有明说的事实或者可能发生的事实 这类题旨在考查学生透过词语的字面意义去理解作者 的言外之意或弦外之音的能力 属于深层理解题 此类题的设问常常包括 infer imply suggest conclude 等词 这类题的设问方式主要 有 1 We can infer from the Passage that 2 What can be inferred from the Passage 3 Which of the following can be inferred from the Passage 4 It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that 5 The author suggests in this paragraph that 6 The writer implies that 7 It can be inferred that 8 It can be concluded from the Passage that 9 On the whole we can conclude that 10 From the text we can conclude that 11 After reading the Passage we may conclude that 4 12 What conclusion can be drawn from the Passage 13 The author is inclined to think that 14 When the writer talks about what he really means is that 15 What s the writer s attitude feeling towards 16 In the writer s opinion 考点四 词义 句义猜测 考点四 词义 句义猜测 词义猜测阅读理解题考查对文中关键词语的理解 在阅读理解题中 所考查的词或短语 的意义往往不停留在字面上 要根据语境来判断 此类题的设问方式主要有此类题的设问方式主要有 1 The word in Line means can be replaced by 2 As used in the passage the phrase suggests 3 From the passage we can infer that the word phrase is referred to 4 The word is closest in meaning to 猜词是应用英语的重要能力 也 是高考中常用的题型 它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文 而且要有较大的泛读量 掌握 或认识较多的课外词汇 我们要学会 顺藤摸瓜 通过构词 语法 定义 同位 对比 因果 常识 上下文等线索确定词义 1 定义法 如 Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly 句子给予 annealing 以明确的定义 即 退火 It will be very hard but also very brittle that is it will break easily 从后面的解释中我们可以了解到 brittle 是 脆 的意思 The herdsman who looks after sheep earns about 650 yuan a year 定语从句中 looks after sheep 就表明了 herdsman 的词义为 牧人 2 同位法 如 They traveled a long way and at last got to a castle a large building in old times 5 同位语部分 a large building in old times 给出了 castle 的确切词义 即 城堡 We are on the night shift from midnight to 8 a m this week 两个破折号之间的短语很清楚地表明 night shift 是 夜班 的意思 3 对比法 如 She is usually prompt for all her class but today she arrived in the middle of her first class but 一词表转折 因此 but 前后的意思正相反 后半句的意思是 她今天第一节第一节上了 一半才来 因此反向推理 可得出她平时一向 准时 的结论 4 构词法 前缀 后缀 复合 派生等 如 Perhaps we can see some possibilities for next fifty years But the next hundred possibility 是 possible 的同根名词 据此可以判断定 possibility 意思是 可能 性 5 因果法 如 The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken Sometimes the weakness was permanent So the player could never play the sport again 从后面的结果 永远不能再运动 中 可以推测 permanent 的意思为 永远的 永久 三年高考三年高考 1010 1111 1212 高考试题及其解析高考试题及其解析 20122012 高考英语试题高考英语试题 科普知识类 2012 浙江卷 B B Most Most peoplepeople insideinside a a soapsoap bubble Longestbubble Longest earsears onon a a dog Mostdog Most livingliving generationsgenerations Did you ever wonder what is the Guinness World Record for most living generations in one family Seven is the answer The ultimate authority on record breaking mentions on the website that the 6 youngest great great great great grandparent of this family was Augusta Bung aged 109 years 97 days followed by her daughter aged 89 her granddaughter aged 70 her great grand daughter aged 52 her great great grand daughter aged 33 and her great great great granddaughter aged 15 on the birth of her great great great great grandson on January 21 1989 Most Most T shirtsT shirts wornworn atat once Heaviestonce Heaviest pumpkinpumpkin 46 Why is Kenichi Ito described as a man with a super power A He set a good example to all Japanese B He made record attempts in 15 different countries C He set a new record for Fastest 100 m running on all fours D He participated in the 2008 Guinness World Records Day activities 47 Jeffries is the name of A the owner of the dog with the longest ears B the grandfather of the dog with the longest ears C the present holder of the record for Longest ears on a dog D the former holder of the record for Longest ears on a dog 48 How many T shirts had Krunoslav Budiseli put on before he felt it difficult to go on A 68 B 120 C 238 D 245 49 According to the given information which Guinness World Record was most recently set A The record for Most people inside a soap bubble B The record for Most living generations C The record for Most T shirts worn at once D The record for Heaviest pumpkin 解题导语 本文是一篇应用文 主要向读者介绍 6 个不同寻常的吉尼斯世界纪录的 情况 46 C 细节理解题 从第一则纪录中提到的 He is just another super powers Kenichi Ito ran 100 m on all fours 知 Kenichi Ito 创造了最新的最快的 100 米 四肢爬 纪录 所以选 C 项 47 D 细节理解题 从文章第三则纪录中 Mr Jeffries is the previous record 7 holder of this title 可以知道 Mr Jeffries 是前纪录保持者 所以选 D 项 48 B 细节理解题 从第五则纪录中 The T shirts weighed 68 kg and Budiseli said he began struggling around T shirt No 120 可以知道 Budiseli 在穿了 120 件 T 恤后感觉有点困难再穿上 T 恤了 所以选 B 项 2012 四川卷 E E Plants are flowering faster than scientists predicted 预测 in reaction to climate change which could have long damaging effects on food chains and ecosystems Global warming is having a great effect on hundreds of plant and animal species around the world changing some living patterns scientists say Increased carbon dioxide CO2 in the air from burning coal and oil can have an effect on how plants produce oxygen while higher temperatures and changeable rainfall patterns can change their patterns of growth Predicting species reaction to climate change is a major challenge in ecology said the researchers of several U S universities They said plants had been the key object of study because their reaction to climate change could have an effect on food chains and ecosystem services The study published on the Nature website uses the findings from plant life cycle studies and experiments across four continents and 1 634 species It found that some experiments had underestimated 低估 the speed of flowering by 8 5 times and leafing by 4 times Across all species the experiments under predicted the speed of the advance for both leafing and flowering that results from temperature increases the study said The design of future experiments may need to be improved to better predict how plants will react to climate change it said Plants are necessary for life on the Earth They are the base of the food chain using photosynthesis 光合作用 to produce sugar from carbon dioxide and water They let out oxygen which is needed by nearly every organism on the 8 planet Scientists believe the world s average temperature has risen by about 0 8 since 1900 and nearly 0 2 every ten years since 1979 So far efforts to cut emissions 排放 of planet warming greenhouse gases are not seen as enough to prevent the Earth heating up beyond 2 this century a point scientists say will bring the danger of a changeable climate in which weather extremes are common leading to drought floods crop failures and rising sea levels 57 What is the key information the author wants to give in Paragraph 1 A Plants reaction to weather could have damaging effects on ecosystems B The increasing speed of flowering is beyond scientists expectation C Climate change leads to the change of food production patterns D Food chains have been seriously damaged because of weather 58 We can learn from the study published on the Nature website that A plants flowering is 8 5 times faster than leafing B there are 1 634 plant species on the four continents C scientists should improve the design of the experiments D the experiments failed to predict how plants react to climate change 59 Scientists pay special attention to the study of plants because A they can prove the climate change clearly B they are very important in the food chains C they play a leading role in reducing global warming D they are growing and flowering much faster than before 60 What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs about the world s temperature A It has risen nearly 0 2 since 1979 B Its change will lead to weather extremes C It is 0 8 higher in 1979 than that of 1900 D It needs to be controlled within 2 in this century 9 59 B 细节理解题 根据第四段 They said plants had been the key object of study because their reaction to climate change could have an effect on food chains and ecosystem services 可知植物对气候变化的反应对整个食物链和生态系统 都至关重要 故答案选 B 60 D 推理判断题 从倒数第二段 has risen by about 0 8 since 1900 and nearly 0 2 every ten years since 1979 可知 A C 项错误 从最后一段叙述可知 如果本世纪地球变暖超过 2 便会出现 weather extremes 暗示我们这个世纪地球温度 的上升需要控制在 2 的范围之内 故答案选 D 2012 山东卷 D D For those who are tired of doing the laundry Samsung has found an answer a washing machine that can tell you when your laundry is done via a smartphone app application Strange though it may seem my wife already does that was a common response among attendees viewing the device when it was introduced at the Consumer Electronics Show CES this week Samsung is just one of many appliance makers racing to install 安装 a large number of Internet connected features in machines in an effort to make them smart Last year it was a refrigerator that tweeted This year it s Wi Fi enabled laundry machines and fridges that can tell you when your groceries are going bad The washers and dryers available starting in the spring connect to any smartphone through a downloadable application The phone can then be used as a remote control so the machines can be turned on and off while their owner is at work or on the bus 10 Samsung says it s not just something new the app connection actually has some practical uses If you started to dry clothes in the morning and forgot to take them out you can go to your phone and restart your dryer for the time when you come home so your clothes are refreshed and ready to go said spokesperson Amy Schmidt The company also says that with electricity rates 电价 varying depending on the time of day more control over when the machines are used can help save money Perhaps but what they will probably really accomplish is what all good technologies do enable laziness Rather than getting up to check on whether the laundry is done users will instead monitor it on their phones while watching TV 72 What can be inferred from the common response of the attendees at the CES A The machine will be a big success B Their wives like doing the laundry C The machine is unrelated to their lift D This kind of technology is familiar to them 73 What can we learn about the new laundry machines A They can tell you when your clothes need washing B They can be controlled with a smartphone C They are difficult to operate D They are sold at a low price 74 We can conclude from Samsung s statements that A the app connection makes life easier B it is better to dry clothes in the morning C smartphones can shorten the drying time D we should refresh clothes back at home 75 What is the main idea of the last paragraph A The laundry should be frequently checked B Lazy people like using such machines C Good technologies also cause problems D Television may help do the laundry 11 2012 全国卷 B B You may think that sailing is a difficult sport but it is really not hard to learn it You do not need to be strong But you need to be quick And you need to understand a few basic rules about the wind First you must ask yourself Where is the wind coming from Is it coming from ahead or behind or from the side You must think about this all the time on the boat The wind direction tells you what to do with the sail Let s start with the wind blowing from behind This means the wind and the boat are going in the same direction Then you must always keep the sail outside the boat It should be at a 90 angle 角度 to the boat Then it will catch the wind best If the wind is blowing from the side it is blowing across the boat In this case you must keep the sail half way outside the boat It should be at a 45 angle to the boat It needs to be out far enough to catch the wind but it shouldn t flap 摆动 It shouldn t look like a flag on a flagpole If it is flapping it is probably out too far and the boat will slow down Sailing into the wind is not possible If you try the sail will flap and 12 the boat will stop You may want to go in that direction It is possible but you can t go in a straight line You must go first in one direction and then in another This is called tacking When you are tacking you must always keep the sail inside the boat 45 What should you consider first while sailing A Sailors strength B Wave levels C Wind directions D Size of sails 46 What does the word It underlined in Paragraph 4 refer to A The boat B The wind C The sail D The angle 47 What do you have to do when sailing against the wind A Move in a straight line B Allow the sail to flap C Lower the sail D Tack the boat 48 Where can you probably find the text A In a popular magazine B In a tourist guidebook C In a physics textbook D In an official report 解题导语 本文主要介绍了航行中关于风向的问题 首先要考虑风向 然后再根据 风是从船的后面 侧面还是前面来确定航行的方法 45 C 细节理解题 根据第一段的最后一句话 And you need to understand a few basic rules about the wind 和第二段的内容 可知首先要考虑风向的问题 A 项是不 需要考虑的 B 项和 D 项没有提及 2012 辽宁卷 B B 13 Astronauts on shorter shuttle missions 使命 often work very long days Tasks are scheduled so tightly that break times are often used to finish the day s work This type of schedule is far too demanding for long missions on the International Space Station ISS ISS crewmembers usually live in space for at least a quarter of a year They work five days on and two days off to mimic the normal way they do things on Earth as much as possible Weekends give the crew valuable time to rest and do a few hours of housework They can communicate with family and friends by email Internet phone and through private video conferences While astronauts cannot go to a baseball game or a movie in orbit there are many familiar activities that they can still enjoy Before a mission the family and friends of each ISS crewmember put together a collection of family photos messages videos and reading material for the astronauts to look at when they will be floating 370 kilometers above the Earth During their mission the crew also receives care packages with CDs books magazines photos and letters And as from early 2010 the Internet became available on the ISS giving astronauts the chance to do some web surfing 冲浪 in their personal time Besides relaxing with these more common entertainments astronauts can simply enjoy the experience of living in space Many astronauts say that one of the most relaxing things to do in space is to look out the window and stare at the universe and the Earth Both the shuttle and the ISS circle the planet several times each day and every moment offers a new view of the Earth s vast land mass and oceans 60 What does the word mimic in Paragraph 1 probably mean A Find B