初中英语语法冠词.doc

初中英语语法讲解冠词一、冠词的概念 冠词是一个虚词,它置于名词之前,限定名词的意义.冠词可分为定冠词,不定冠词和零冠词三类.二、不定冠词：a/an1.a用于辅音发音开头的词前，而不是辅音字母前面, 如：a book, a desk; 有些单词虽然是以元音字母开头，但需用a修饰，这些单词可以连成一句话：In a university, a European united a one-eyed man to steal a useful thing, then ran away along a one-way road. This is a usual thing.在一所大学里，一个欧洲人联合独眼龙偷了一件有用的东西，然后沿着一条单行道逃跑了。这是一件平常的事。2.an用于元音发音开头的词前，而不是元音字母前，如：an apple, an hour.有些单词虽然是以辅音字母开头，但发音却是以元音开头，这些单词可以连成一句话：An hour ago, an honest man accepted an honorable task.一个小时以前，一个诚实人接受了一项光荣的任务。a/an的用法：1. a/an 用于单数可数名词前,表示“某一”“一”或者“一个”的意思. a book a boy a man a bird a dog an hour an interesting book a big dog a dangerous animal 2.表示类别：这种用法是指某人或某物属于某一种类，或者指某一种类的人或物中的任何一个或一件，或者指某一种类的人或物，但不具体说明是何人或何物。例如：That is a pen, not a pencil.那是钢笔而不是铅笔。（指属于某一种类）Give him a pear, please!请给他一个梨。（指某一种类中的任何一个） An elephant is bigger than a horse. 大象比马大。和 one 的区别： a/an 表示类别种类,而one强调数量 a bus （表示是一辆公交车 而不是一辆小汽车 也不是火车） one bus (强调是一辆车 而不是两辆或三辆)There is a cat under the chair.椅子下面有一只猫。（强调种类）There is one cat under the chair.椅子下边有一只猫。（强调数量）3.用来指某人或某物，但有不具体说明是谁或是什么，如： My mother once worked in a school. 我母亲曾在一所学校工作。4. 表示基本单位，作“每一”讲。例如：three times a day six class a day thirty miles an hour等。5.不定冠词a/an可用在一种职业，阶级或宗教的名称前。如：Whats your father? Hes a doctor. 你父亲是什么职业？他是名医生。Mr Black is now a Christian.布莱克先生现在是名基督教徒。6. 用在序数词前表示“再一”，“又一”，如： You can try it a second time if you fail.如果你失败了，你可以再试一次。 7.与专有名词连用表示“某一个”，“一个叫.的人”，如： A John is waiting for you at the gate.一个叫约翰的人在门口等你。 8.用于说明事物同一性质、特征、程度或大小，表示“相同”，相当于the same. 如：They are all of a size.他们大小都一样。 9.和形容词最高级连用，修饰名词，表示“非常”，如： It is a most funny story.那是一个非常滑稽的故事。10. 用于视为一体的两个名词之前，意为“一副、套、只”，如： a knife and fork一副刀叉 a table and chair一套桌椅 a watch and chain一只带表链的表 a bow and arrow一副弓箭11.固定短语：once upon a time 从前 take a look 看一看 catch a cold 感冒 a little 一点点 a few 一点儿 have a rest 休息 1. Five years ago her brother was _ university student of_ physics. (上海卷)A. a; the B. an; the C. an; / D. a; /2. Please pay attention to your spelling. You have dropped _ ”m” here. (全国卷)A. an B. the C. / D. a三、定冠词the的用法：1.the 表示特指。表示名词所指的人或事物是同类中的特定的一个，以别于同类中其他的人或事物，相当于汉语中的“那个”或“这个”的意思。 the book in my bag the boy under the tree the apples in the basket the hospital near my home 2.可以和单、复数名词，也可以和不可数的名词连用。 the books the book the rice the bread the football the old man the interesting book the teachers the women 3.用法： 1）. 定冠词的最基本的用法是“特指”：表示某个或某些特定的人或物。Do you know the girl in a red skirt?你认识那个穿红裙子的女孩吗？Beijing is the capital of China.北京是中国的首都。2）. 再次提到上文提到过的人或物，应该用定冠词the。例如：Tom has an apple, The apple is big and red.There is a boy under the tree.The boy is my brother. 3）. 指谈话双方都知道的人或物。例如：Lets go and give it to the teacher.咱们去把它交给老师吧。Open the door，please!请打开门。4）. 用于某些固定词组中。例如:in the morning / afternoon / evening 等。5）. 用在形容词前表示一类人。the old 老人 the young年轻人 the rich富裕的人 the poor_ the deaf _ the blind_6）. 用在表示“姓”的复数名词前，表示一家人或夫妇二人。例如：The Whites are spending their holiday in England.The Greens came to China two years ago .7）. 用在由普通名词构成的表示场所的专有名词前。the Great Wall 长城 the Summer Place颐和园 the United States 美国 the October Revolution 十月革命 the Chinese Peoples Liberation Army 中国人民解放军 the Long March 长征8）.用在序数词或形容词最高级前 The first thing I want to say is to listen carefully in class. He is the tallest one in our class. 9）.世界上独一无二的事物等（月亮、地球、天空、宇宙） the globe太阳系 the universe 宇宙 the atmosphere大气层The sun rises in the east. The earth goes round the sun. 10）.在世纪，年代名词前用冠词。 in the 1980s 或 in the 1980s 20世纪80年代 in the nineteenth century 二十世纪11）.在江河、山脉、湖泊、海洋、群岛、海峡、海湾运河前用the。 the Changjang River 长江 the West Lake 西湖 the Pacific Ocean 太平洋12）.在表示方位的词前，如： The sun rises in the east, and sets in the west. 太阳从东边升起，从西边落下 Jiangxi lies in the south of China. 江西位于中国的南方。13）在乐器名称前常用定冠词，如： He often plays the piano at five in the afternoon. 他常在下午五点弹钢琴。 Can you play the violin? 你会拉小提琴吗？ 14)固定短语： in the morning 在早上 the day after tomorrow 后天 the next day 第二天 by the way 顺便4. 当定冠词the 与all, half, both, double 等词连用修饰名词时，定冠词the 位于这些词之后。e.g.: Look, all the books are here. 瞧，所有的书都在这。They walked half the journey.他们走了一半旅程。Both the boys are clever.这两个男孩都很聪明。当定冠词与表示倍数、分数的词连用时，要放在这些词之后。e.g.: The bed is three times the size of that one. 这张床是那张床的三倍大。The rope is one third the length of that one. 这根绳子是那根绳子的三分之一长。【对比】有the 和没有the 意义不同的词组：at table 在吃饭 at the table 在桌子旁 at school 上学 at the school 在学校go to bed 上床睡觉 go to the bed 朝床边走去in hospital/prison 住院（坐牢） in the hospital/prison在医院/在监狱in future 今后 in the future将来 take place发生 take the place取代in office执政 in the office 在办公室go to church/college/hospital/prison/school做礼拜、上大学、住院坐牢、上学go to the church/college/hospital/prison/school 到教堂去、到大学去、到医院去、到监狱去、到学校去四、零冠词：所谓零冠词，即指不使用冠词的情况：用法：1）在物质名词，抽象名词前不用冠词，如： The desk is made of wood. What is work? Work is struggle2）专有名词前通常不用定冠词，如：England China Mary Lilei Mr.Green 3） 在星期、月份，季节，节日等名词前，如：We have four seasons- spring, summer, autumn and winter一年有四季：春夏秋冬We often go to sea a film on Sunday. 我们经常周日去看电影。Tomorrow is National Day. 明天是国庆节。4）名词前有物主代词，指示代词，不定代词，名词所有格修饰时(this， my，that， those， these， her)，如：this morning my pen your watch whose bike 5） 在球类运动、一日三餐、学科和语言的名词前，如：have breakfast play chess play basketball (注意：在乐器前必须加定冠词 如弹钢琴play the piano，play the violin)6）在独一无二的职位、头衔、称呼的名词前，如：Mr. Smith, head of the group, will plan for the whole trip.小组的组长史密斯先生，将全面制定这次旅行的计划。Doctor, I am not feeling myself today.大夫，我今天感觉不太舒服。7）man泛指人类时，前面不加冠词，如： Man can save the earth, man can destroy the earth.人类能够拯救地球，人类也能够毁灭地球。Man cant live without air and water.没有空气和水，人类不能生存。8）固定短语：by bus 乘坐公共汽车 after school 放学后 in bed 卧床 at first 首先 at noon在中午 on foot步行take care of 照顾 in trouble 处在麻烦中 take part in 参加 pay attention to 注意 with pleasure 高兴地，乐意地 at dinner在吃饭课堂练习题l. -John，there is _Mr. Wilson on the phone for you-Im in bathAa；the Bthe；a Ca；不填 D. the；不填2The most important thing about cotton in history is _part that it played in_Industrial RevolutionA不填；不填 Bthe；不填 Cthe；the Da；the3While he was investigating ways to improve the telescopeNewton made discover which completely changed_mans understanding of colourAa；不填 Ba；the C不填；the Dthe；a4 Its _world of wonders，_world where anything can happenA. a；the B. a；a Cthe；a D不填；不填5There was _time _I hated to go to schoo1.A. a；that Ba；when Cthe；that Dthe：when6When you finish reading the book，you will have _ better understanding of _ life. Aa；the Bthe；a C不填；the Da：不填练习题2：( ) 1. It takes us _ hour or more to go to my home town by _ train. A. an; a B. a; an C. an; / D. a; /( ) 2. In which class is _ boy in white? -Hes in Class 4. A. the B. an C. an D. /( ) 3. By the way, have you got _ E-mail address? -Oh yes, its rggren hotmail. com. A. the B. an C. a D. /( ) 4. More college graduates would like to work in _ west part of our country _ next year. A. the; the B. /; / C. /; the D. the; /( ) 5. Can you see _ sun in the day-time? A. a B. the C. an D. / ( ) 6. The singer usually sings while playing _ guitar. A. a B. an C. the D. /( ) 7. Ive got information for all the computers now. A. a B. an C. the D. /( ) 8. It would be _ waste of money to buy such a small dictionary. A. a B. an C. the D. /( ) 9. _ good news were got! A. What a B. How a C. Wha t D. How( ) 10. Because of the unhealthy diet, many people in Africa die at _ early age from terrible illnesses. A. the B. / C. a D. an( ) 11. I dont think men and women are equal in _ countryside at present. A. the B. / C. a D. an( ) 12. Theres _ umbrella behind the door. A. the B. / C. a D. an( ) 13. John Smith works in _ big hospital in Hangzhou. A. the B. / C. a D. an( ) 14. Several years later, Johns aunt made _ second trip to China. A. the B. one C. a D. an( ) 15. You neednt wait for Tom any longer. He must be having supper at _. A. the Tells B. the Tells C. the Tells D. Tells( ) 16. Mary, its going to rain. Better take _ raincoat with you. -Well, but I cant find _ raincoat I put yesterday.A. a; a B. a; the C. the; a D. the; the音标发/音