药学英语构词法下学期

contra-反,反向,抗,逆,相对contrastimulant 抗兴奋的,抗兴奋药contraceptive 避孕剂,避孕的 contrasexual 异性的contraindication 禁忌症（indication适应症） Tumor treatment is limited by indication, contraindication and side effect of operation, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, so that therapeutic effect is not good enough. counter-反,抗,反向,逆,对应,匹配,复counteraction 对抗作用（action作用） anti-,ant-反,对抗,抑制 P44antibody antigen antibacterial antiviral antifungalantiinflammatory antihistamineanticholinesterase antioxidaseantihypercholesterolemic, colori-,color-色colorimeter 比色计 colorimetry 比色法 cortico-,cortic-皮质 cortexadrenocorticosteroid 肾上腺皮质类固醇(甾类)corticoid; corticosteroid; adrenocortical hormone (肾上腺)皮质(激)素 adrenals secretingcorticotrop(h)in（-trophin促激素）促皮质(激)素adrenocorticotropinadrenocorticotrop(h)ic hormone, ACTH 促肾上腺皮质激素 pituitary secretingcorticotrop(h)in-releasing hormone, CRH 促皮质激素释放激素 hypothalamus secretingglucocorticoid; glucocorticosteroid 糖皮质激素 mineralocorticoid 盐皮质激素,hyperadrenocorticism 肾上腺皮质机能亢进 Iatrogenic医源性的 hyperadrenocorticism (also called Cushing syndrome库欣综合征 ) is the result of fat and water-salt metabolic disorders caused by overdoses of glucocorticoids (GCs). Its manifestations are muscle weakness, myoatrophy肌萎缩, thinning of the skin, trunk obesity向心性肥胖, a rounded and plethoric多血症的 face 满月脸(moon face), buffalo hump水牛背, acne痤疮, hairiness多毛, edema水肿, hypertension, hyperlipemia, hypokal(i)emia低钾血症, glycosuria 糖尿, osteoporosis and so on.hypoadrenocorticism 肾上腺皮质功能减退 Addisons disease 阿狄森氏病 ( also called adrenal insufficiency肾上腺功能(机能)不全 or hypoadrenocorticism) can be life-threatening.,The adrenal cortex releases a large number of steroids类固醇;甾族化合物 into the circulation (outer layer: mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone, deoxycorticosterone去氧皮质酮; middle layer: glucocorticoids such as cortisol皮质醇 also called hydrocortisone氢化可的松, cortisone可的松; inner layer: sex hormones such as androgen, estrogen ). The hormonal steroids (adrenocorticosteroids) may be classified as those having important effects on intermediary metabolism中间代谢 (glucocorticoids), those having principally salt-retaining activity (mineralocorticoids), and those having androgenic雄激素的 or estrogenic雌激素的activity. In humans, the major glucocorticoids is cortisol and the most important mineralocorticoids is aldosterone.,Glucocorticoids (GCs) have a myriad of therapeutic uses. They are potent anti-inflammatory agents and are used to treat joint and bone inflammation, inflammatory bowel disease, bronchial asthma支气管哮喘, dermatitis皮炎, etc. Systemic inflammations such as in lupus erythematosus红斑狼疮 and rheumatoid arthritis are also treated with GCs. GCs are potent immunosuppressive agents免疫抑制剂 and are used either alone or in conjunction with other immunosuppressants to suppress organ rejection following transplant, and to reduce the severity of allergic reactions including contact dermatitis, allergic rhinitis过敏性鼻炎 and so on. Adrenal insufficiency either acute or congenital is treated with GCs. In addition, there are other uses of GCs.,Although they are highly efficacious agents, the adverse effect profile of GCs limits their use typically to short periods. Chronic use of GCs can cause Cushings syndrome (iatrogenic医源性的 hyperadrenocorticism). Immunosupppressive effect leads to susceptibility to infection and poor wound healing. Peptic ulcers消化性溃疡 and osteoporosis are other potential conseqences of GCs use. Chronic use of GCs may produce adrenal suppression and so forth. the contraindications of glucocorticoids: active peptic ulcer; corneal ulcer角膜溃疡; severe hypertension; certain infectious illnesses such as varicella水痘, measles 麻疹 and active tuberculosis结核病; pregnancy; hyperadrenocorticism; psychosis精神病; diabetes糖尿病; osteoporosis; or glaucoma青光眼 and so on., -crine 分泌 excretion;secretionendocrine 内分泌(的); 内分泌物 exocrine外分泌的; 外分泌物 hyperendocrinism 内分泌机能亢进,内分泌过多hypoendocrinism 内分泌机能减退hypercrine 内分泌机能亢进的 hypocrine 内分泌不足的 neuroendocrinology 神经内分泌学 Neuroimmunoendocrinology神经免疫内分泌学, a new branch subject of neuroendocrinology and immunology, developed rapidly in recent years. increto-内分泌 endocrine; internal secretionincretology 内分泌学 endocrinology; hormonologyincretory 内分泌物,内分泌的,The major glands of the endocrine system are the hypothalamus下丘脑, pituitary垂体,脑垂体, thyroid甲状腺, parathyroids甲状旁腺, adrenals肾上腺, pancreas胰腺, pineal body松果体, and the reproductive organs生殖器官 (ovaries卵巢 and testes睾丸). The most common conditions leading to premature death were heart disease, respiratory disease, stroke, and endocrine problems such as diabetes. Night shift workers are at higher risk of cardiovascular diseases, endocrine disorders内分泌失调, diabetes and various types of cancers., cry-冷,冰冻,低温cryalgesia 冷痛觉cryoscopy 冰点(降低)测定法 cryoprobe 冷冻探针;冷冻器 cryogenic 冷冻的;低温的 cryogenically advcryosurgery 冷冻外科手术 cryogenic surgery Not only can the cryosurgery kill the tumor cells directly, it can make the human body to activate T cellular immunity as well. cyano-,cyan-青,蓝,绀;氰(基)cyanopathy 发绀 cyanosishypercyanotic 高度青紫的,高度发绀的cyanide 氰化物ferricyanide 铁氰化物 ferrocyanide亚铁氰化物 potassium ferricyanide 铁氰化钾 potassium ferrocyanide亚铁氰化钾, cut-皮肤 skincutitis, dermatitis 皮炎 cutaneous 皮肤的,侵犯皮肤的 subcutaneous 皮下的 subcutaneous tissues subcutaneous injection percutaneous 经皮的 Objective: To assess the value of percutaneous coronary intervention介入 (PCI) on patients with acute myocardial infarction梗塞(AMI) dermat-, derm-, -derm 皮肤,皮endoderm内胚层 exoderm外胚层 mesoderm中胚层 epidermitis,epidermatitis表皮炎 -dermia皮肤病 sclerodermia硬皮病, -cyte,cyto-,cyt-,kyto-细胞 cellserythrocyte 红细胞 leucocyte 白细胞lymphocyte 淋巴细胞 Lymphocytes are responsible for both humoral体液的 and cellular immunity. thrombocyte 血小板,凝血细胞fibrocyte 纤维细胞somatocyte 体细胞 somatic cell cytoplasm 细胞质,细胞浆（-plasm原生质）cytotoxin 细胞毒素 cytotoxic The cobra venom cytotoxin had a high cytotoxic activity on cultured human cancer cell lines. celli-,cellulo- 细胞pericellular 细胞外周的cellifugal 离细胞的 cellipetal 向细胞的cellulotoxic 细胞毒的, dacry-泪 dacryagogue 催泪剂 dacryocyst 泪囊 cholecyst dacryocystitis 泪囊炎 cholecystitis lacrimo-, lacri- 泪 lacrimal, lacrymal 泪的 lacrimase 泪酶 dem-人 demography 人口学,人口统计学 densi-,denso- 密度 density HDL: high density lipoprotein LDL VLDL densimeter 密度计;比重计 densimetry 密度测定 dieto-饮食 dietotherapy 饮食疗法 The dietotherapy for the treatment of hypertension has been paid attention increasingly in recent years. Good dietotherapy is the material basis of delaying anile衰老的, preventing and treating cancer., denti- 牙 toothdentist 牙医 dentofacial 牙面的 dentosurgical 牙外科的 dentiform, dentoid, odontoid 齿状的 odont-牙odontolith 牙垢,牙积石 periodontitis牙周炎 odontology, dentology odontopathyodontalgia,dentalgia odontoneuralgia gingiv- 龈 gumgingivitis牙龈炎gingivalgia gingivectomy Elderly patients with diabetes are often accompanied by varying degrees of gingivitis and periodontitis., dehydro- 脱氢,去氢 dehydroandrosterone 脱氢雄甾酮 dehydrocholesterol 脱氢胆甾醇,脱氢胆固醇 deoxy-,desoxy-脱氧,去氧deoxycorticosterone 去氧皮质酮desoxymorphine 脱氧吗啡deoxyribose 脱氧核糖 deoxyribo(nucleo)side 脱氧核糖核苷 deoxyribo(nucleo)tide 脱氧核糖核苷酸deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA 脱氧核糖核酸ribonucleic acid, RNA 核糖核酸 ribo- 核糖ribosome 核糖体,DNA is a long-chain deoxyribonucleotide ( a nitrogenous base, a pentose-deoxyribose, a phosphate ) polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic真核的 and prokaryotic原核的 organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded双链的 state. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine腺嘌呤 and guanine鸟嘌呤) and pyrimidines (thymine胸腺嘧啶 and cytosine胞嘧啶), forms a double helix双螺旋 that is held together by hydrogen bonds氢键 between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).,deoxyribonucleotide gene DNA chromosomeChromosome is the main carrier of DNA.There is a DNA in a chromosome.DNA + protein chromosomeDNA is the primary genetic material.There are many genes in a DNA.Gene is the segment of DNA which carries information.A gene consists of numerous deoxyribonucleotide.Deoxyribonucleotide sequence in gene stands for genetic information.Genetic information contains in 4 kinds of basic sequences., dextro-右;右旋dextroglucose=dextrose (右旋)葡萄糖,右旋糖 dextran右旋糖酐=glucan葡聚糖 -an 聚糖 xylan 木聚糖 xylanase 木聚糖酶 peptidoglycan 肽聚糖 Most bacterial cell walls contain a macromolecule called peptidoglycan, which human cells do not make or need. The peptidoglycan in gram-positive bacteria is often cross-linked in three dimensions, providing a very strong, rigid cell wall. levo-左,向左,在左边;左旋levoisomer 左旋异构体 dextroisomer 右旋异构体 levofloxacin 左氧氟沙星levocardia 左位心 levodopa, diabet-糖尿病 diabetes (mellitus) 糖尿病 diabetic 糖尿病的;糖尿病患者 antidiabetic 抗糖尿病的,治疗糖尿病药 insul- 胰岛insular 胰岛的 insulitis 胰岛炎 insulin 胰岛素 速效：insulin lispro 赖脯胰岛素 insulin aspart 门冬胰岛素,诺和锐 短效：regular insulin 正规胰岛素,普通胰岛素 中效：globin zinc insulin 珠(球)蛋白锌胰岛素 长效：protamine zinc insulin 精蛋白锌胰岛素 insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, IDDM type 1 diabetes 胰岛素依赖型糖尿病noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, NIDDM type 2 diabetes 非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病,Insulin is a 51- amino acid polypeptide that is produced in pancreatic -cells. Human insulin derived by recombinant technology in bacteria or yeast has supplanted代替 the used of bovine or pork insulin. There are four principal types available that differ in their onset 起始,发作, 发病 and duration of action, including rapid-acting, short-acting, intermediate-acting and long-acting insulins. All of insulins effects are mediated by the insulin receptor which is expressed in most tissue types. Insulin is the mainstay支柱,中流砥柱 for the treatment virtually all type 1 diabetics and many type 2 diabetics. The goal of insulin therapy is to control plasma glucose levels as tightly as possible. The most common adverse effect of insulin administration is hypoglycemia.,the categories of oral antidiabetic agents as follows: insulin secretagogues 促胰岛素分泌剂 ( sulfonylureas 磺酰脲类: glibenclamide 格列本脲, glipizide 格列吡嗪, gliclazide 格列齐特, gliquidone格列喹酮, glimepiride 格列美脲, etc; megliginides 氯茴苯酸类: repaglinide 瑞格列奈, nateglinide 那格列奈 ) biguanides双胍类 ( metformin二甲双胍 ) thiazolidinediones 噻唑烷二酮类 ( rosiglitazone 罗格列酮, pioglitazone 吡格列酮, ciglitazone 环格列酮, troglitazone 曲格列酮 ) -glucosidase inhibitors -葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂( acarbose 阿卡波糖, voglibose 伏格列波糖, miglitol米格列醇, etc) aldose reductase inhibitors 醛糖还原酶抑制剂( epalrestat 依帕司他 ) others.,Sulfonylureas act to increase the release of insulin from the pancreas and are used to control glucose levels in type 2 diabetics who cannot achieve adequate control with diet alone. Two relatively new insulin secretagogues, repaglinide瑞 and nateglinide那 are used in type 2 diabetics. Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) act to increase tissue sensitivity to insulin and decrease insulin resistance. TZDs are effective in about 70 percent of type 2 diabetics. Biguanides are frequently used in combination with TZDs or insulin secretagogues when monotherapy has not provided adequate glycemic control.,Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors are competitive inhibitors of the intestinal -glucosidases ( sucrase 蔗糖酶, maltase 麦芽糖酶, glucoamylase 葡糖淀粉酶, dextranase 葡聚糖酶,右旋糖酐酶 ) and reduce the postprandial餐后的 digestion and absorption of starch and disaccharides双糖, 二糖. The prominent adverse effects of -glucosidase inhibitors include flatulence 肠胀气, diarrhea 腹泻, and abdominal pain, which result from the appearance of undigested carbohydrate in the colon that is then fermented into short-chain fatty acids, releasing gas. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors are contraindicated in patients with inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)炎症性肠病 or any intestinal condition that could be worsened by gas and distention膨胀.,Aldose reductase (AR) is a key rate-limiting enzyme in the polyol 聚醇,多元醇 metabolic pathway and its increasing activity can cause various diabetic complications, while aldose reductase inhibitors can inhibit the pathway and prevent or delay the diabetic complications. AR plays an important role in sugar cataract 白内障, neurological diseases and other complications of diabetes. Epalrestat 依帕司他 is the only available and specific aldose reductase inhibitor which exerts its action by blocking polyol pathway. It can effectively prevent and improve the diabetic complications such as peripheral nerve disorders, vibration paraesthesia感觉异常, etc.,The combined treatment of Mazindol马吲哚( anorexic厌食的 agent) and Metformin 二甲双胍 can improve the insulin resistance (IR) and has an effective treatment to abdominal obesity. It has a clinical and practical value. Nateglinide那格列奈 is a novel non-sulfonylurea antidiabetic agent by stimulating insulin secretion. Its action occurs rapidly and sustains shortly. It is safe and well-tolerated 耐受良好的 with nearly no influence on the body weight of patients and rarely occurrence of hypoglycemia. Sulfonylureas ( glimepiride格列美脲, glipizide格列吡嗪, glibenclamide格列本脲,优降糖 ), repaglinide瑞格列奈 and of course insulin cause hypoglycemia. Sulfonylureas and glinides stimulate the pancreas to secrete more insulin or raise circulating levels of insulin., digito-,digital-洋地黄digitalis 洋地黄,毛地黄foxglove digitalis intoxication 洋地黄中毒 digitalis toxicity 洋地黄毒性digitalization 洋地黄化 The myocardium is extremely sensitive to the effects of hypokal(i)emia, particularly if the patient has coronary artery disease or is taking a digitalis derivative 衍生物. Excessive loss of potassium in patients receiving cardiac glycosides强心苷 may precipitate digitalis toxicity. diplo-又,重,复,二倍,成双的diplococcemia双球菌血症diplophase 二倍期 -ectopia异位metrectopia子宫异位 angiectopia, -edema 水肿,肿胀encephaledema 脑水肿nephredema 肾盂积水 pneumonedema 肺水肿angioedema angioneuroedema arthredema elasto-弹性(的) elastopathy 弹性组织病 electro-电 electronic 电子的 electromagnetic 电磁的electromagnetic spectrum电磁波谱 electromagnetic radiation, interference Electronic balance is the use of electromagnetic force balance principle, the application of modern electronic technology design made of.electrocardiogram, ECG electroencephalogram, EEG, -(a)emia 血,血症 -(a)emic abacter(a)emia 菌血症 tox(a)emia 毒血症 an(a)emia 贫血（an-缺,无） anemic aantian(a)emic 抗贫血的;抗贫血药 leuk(a)emia 白血病 leuk(a)emic acute lymphocytic 淋巴细胞 leukemia, ALL acute myelocytic 髓细胞leukemia, AML chronic granulocytic粒细胞 leukemia chronic lymphocytic leukemialipemia lipoproteinemiahyperlipoproteinemia hypolipoproteinemiahypercholesterolemia hypohyperkaliemia hypohypernatremia hypohyperglycemia hypo, h(a)emo-, h(a)ema-, h(a)emat-血液 bloodhemachrome;haemachrome血色素,血红素hemacytopoiesis; hemapoiesis; hematopoiesis; hemocytogenesis 血细胞生成 hemorrhage 出血 hematodialysis 血液透析hemoglobin 血红蛋白hemolysis;hematolysis 溶血 hematopoietic 造血的;生血的hemopoietin;hematopoietin 血细胞生成素,造血素hemocytoblast 成血细胞,原血细胞h(a)emoid; h(a)ematoid 血样的 hematopathy;hemopathy血液病 hematopenia 血液不足 hematosis 生血,血生成hemacyte; hematocyte, erythro-,erythr-红erythrocyte 红细胞 erythromycin 红霉素erythro(cyto)penia 红细胞减少 erythrocytosis 红细胞增多症erythrocytometer 红细胞计数器 erythrocytometry 红细胞计数法 erythrolysin 红细胞溶解素,溶血素 erythrolysis 红细胞溶解erythrotoxin 红细胞毒素 erythropoiesis 红细胞生成erythro(cyto)poiesis 红细胞生成 a erythropoieticerythropoietin (促)红细胞生成素, leuc(k)o-白;白细胞leuc(k)cyte 白细胞 white blood cell neutrophilic嗜中性的 , eosinophilic嗜曙红的 , basophilic , lymphocyte, monocyteleuc(k)emia 白血病leukopenia 白细胞减少 a leukopenic leukocytopenia 白血球减少leukocytosis 白细胞增多leuc(k)otoxin, leukocytotoxin 白细胞毒素leukotoxicity 白细胞毒性 a leukotoxicleukocytolysis 白细胞溶解 a leukocytolytic leukocytolysin 白细胞溶素 leukocytoid 白细胞样的 leukopoiesis 白细胞生成 a leukopoietic, thrombo-,thromb-血小板;血栓,凝块thrombocyte 血小板 cytic a plateletthrombo(cyto)penia 血小板减少(症)thrombocytosis血小板增多(症)thrombo(cyto)poiesis 血小板生成;血栓形成 thrombo(cyto)poietic adjthrombopoietin 促血小板生成素 thromboembolism 血栓栓塞thromboangiitis 血栓血管炎;血栓脉管炎 thrombase 凝血酶thrombolytic 溶血栓的(药) thrombosis 血栓形成;血栓症 cerebral , coronary , infective , platelet , lympho-,lymph-淋巴lymphaden 淋巴结 lymphocyte 淋巴细胞lymphadenitis 淋巴结炎,淋巴腺炎 lymphocytopoiesis 淋巴细胞生成lymphogenesis 淋巴生成 lymphangiogenesis 淋巴管生成 lymphosarcoma 淋巴肉瘤lymphangiosarcoma 淋巴管肉瘤lymphangiofibroma 淋巴管纤维瘤lymphomyxoma 淋巴粘液瘤lymphepithelioma 淋巴上皮瘤 epithelium上皮lymphagogue 利淋巴药,催淋巴剂lymphoid 淋巴的,淋巴(组织)样的lympho(cyto)penia 淋巴细胞减少(症) lymphoproliferative 淋巴组织增生的 lymphedema lymphoma lymphocytoma, neutro-中,中性(白细胞)neutrocyte 中性白(粒)细胞,中性细胞 neutrophilic 嗜中性的neutrocytosis 中性白(粒)细胞增多(症)neutrocytopenia; neutropenia 中性白细胞减少(症),中性粒细胞减少(症) granulo- 颗粒granulocyte 粒细胞,粒性白细胞 a granulocytic neutrophilic leukocyte, eosinophilic leukocyte, basophilic leukocyte,granulocytopenia; granulopenia 粒细胞减少(症)granulopoiesis; granulocytopoiesis 粒细胞生成granulo(cyto)poietic a granulocytosis 粒细胞增多(症), -poiesis生成,产生,形成,造成thrombopoiesis 血栓形成;血小板生成erythro(cyto)poiesis 红细胞生成leuc(k)opoiesis 白细胞生成lymphocytopoiesis 淋巴细胞生成granulopoiesis 粒细胞生成 megakaryocytopoiesis 巨核细胞生成 -poietic 生成的,产生的,形成的 hematopoietic 造血的;生血的 thrombo(cyto)poietic 血栓形成的;血小板生成的 lympho(cyto)poietic 淋巴细胞生成的 leukopoietic granulopoietic erythropoietic -poietin 促血细胞生成素 thrombopoietin,TPO (促)血小板生成素hematopoietin 红细胞生成素,血细胞生成素,造血素erythropoietin, EPO (促)红细胞生成素, -lysin 溶素 hemolysin 溶血素 leukocytolysin erythrolysin lyso-,lys- 溶解,溶化 lysosome 溶酶体 -lyze 溶解,溶化 hemolyze 发生溶血 -lysis 溶解,分解,水解spasmolysis 解痉(作用) histolysis 组织溶解, 组织分解 proteolysis 蛋白水解erythrolysis l