英语动词的时态和语态

1 动词的时态和语态动词的时态和语态 一 英语动词的形式 英语的时态是通过动词的变化来体现的 因此 了解动词的形式及其变化规律非常重要 英语的实义动词有以下五种形式 1 动词原形 动词原形在句子中形式不变 主要用于主语为非第三人称单数的一般现在 时 情态动词之后 或根据语法规定必须用动词原形的其他情况 2 一般现在时第三人称单数形式 简称现单三 主要用于主语为第三人称单数的一般 现在时 3 过去式 主要用于一般过去时 4 现在分词 主要用于进行时态 或语法规定的其他情况 5 过去分词 主要用于完成时态或被动语态 或语法规定的其他情况 英语动词有五种基本形式 即动词原形 第三人称单数形式 过去式 现在分词和过去 分词 如 work works worked working worked 它们的构成及 形式 构成 例词 动词原形 不带 to 的动词不定式形式 也就是词典中一般给予 的形式 be have do come 第三人称单数 形式 1 在动词原形后加 s 2 以 ch sh s o x 结尾的动词后加 es 3 以辅音字母 y 结尾的动词 先将 y 变为 i 再加 es 4 以元音字母 y 结尾的动词后加 s 读音 词尾 es 或 s 在 s z t d 后面读 iz 在清辅音后读 s 在浊辅音及元音后读 z 在 t d 后读 ts dz run runs teach teaches wash washes go goes pass passes try tries stay stays 过去式与过去 分词 规则变 化 1 在动词原形后加 ed 2 以辅音字母 y 结尾的动词 先将 y 变为 i 再加 ed 3 以重读闭音节一个辅音字母结尾的动词 先双写 结尾的辅音字母再加 ed 注 不规则动词的过去式与过去分词则要根据不规 则动词表逐渐记住 读音 词尾 ed 在清辅音后读 t 在浊辅音和元音后 读 d 在 t 和 d 后读 id work worked carry carried stop stopped go went gone 现在分词 1 在动词原形后加 ing 2 以不发音的 e 结尾的动词 去掉 e 再加 ing 3 以重读闭音节一个辅音字母结尾的动词 先双写 结尾的辅音字母再加 ing 4 少数几个以 ie 结尾的动词要变 ie 为 y 再加 ing read reading write writing swim swimming die dying 二 动词的时态 2 动词是谓语动所表示的动作或情况发生时间的各种形式 英语动词有 16 种时态 但是常 用的只有 9 种 一般现在时 一般过去时 一般将来时 现在进行时 过去进行时 现 在完成时 过去完成时 过去将来时 现在完成进行时 下面分别介绍 1 一般现在时 结构 do does have has be am is are 标志语 often always usually sometimes never every day in 时间段 等 1 表示经常性 习惯性的动作 表示主语的身份和特征 a He goes to school every day b He is a student handsome 2 表示永恒的真理 即使出现在过去的语境中 仍用一般现在时 如 I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in primary school 3 少数动词用于谈论时间表 节目单或日程表上所安排好的事情 此类动词有 begin come leave go arrive start stop return open close 等 The train leaves at 8 50 The meeting begins at seven b The rain starts at nine in the morning 4 在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中 用一般现在时表示将来 常考的此类从句有 as soon as until if 和 when 引导的从句 a If you come this afternoon we ll have a meeting b When he graduates I ll go to countryside 2 一般过去时 结构 did 标志语 yesterday the day before yesterday ago last in 1998 1 表示过去某时间发生的事 存在的状态或过去习惯性经常性的动作或者状态 a He saw Mr Wang yesterday b Mary always got up too late and never had enough time for breakfast when she was at middle school 2 表示过去经常发生的动作 也可用 used to 和 would 动词原形 I used to smoke During the vacation I would swim in the sea used to 表示过去常发生而现在不再发生的动作或存在的状态 be used to 名词 动名词 表示 习惯于 a I am used to the climate here b He is used to swimming in winter 3 在具体的语境中表示 刚刚 刚才 而暗含 现在不那样了 Oh it s you John I didn t know you were here 3 一般将来时 结构 will do shall do be is am are going to do 标志语 tomorrow the day after tomorrow next in 时间段 in 2010 等 1 表示将来的动作或状态 We will travel Beijing tomorrow 2 几种表达将来的区别 1 be going to 动词原形 表示按计划或打算要发生的动作或者按迹象要发生的事情 We are going to have a meeting today It s going to rain be to 动词原形 表示按计划进行或征求对方意见 The boy is to go to school tomorrow Are we to go on with this work be about to 动词原形 表示即将发生的动作 意为 be ready to do sth 后面一般不跟 时间状语 We were about to leave when it rained 3 go come start move sail leave arrive stay 等可用进行时态表示按计划即将发生的 3 动作 Don t worry He is coming soon I m leaving for Beijing tomorrow 4 某些动词 如 come go leave arrive start get stay 等 的一般现在时也可表示将来 与一般现在时第 3 点相同 4 现在进行时 结构 be am is are doing 标志语 now look listen 等 1 现在进行时表示现在正在进行或现阶段时间内一直进行的动作 可能中间暂停 也可用 系动词 介词或副词 表示进行时 I m watching TV now Look He is jumping up and down Listen She is singing next to my house I m writing a novel these days The bridge is under construction The two countries were at war 2 现在进行时与频率副词 always again 等连用 表示说话人的某种感情色彩 赞叹 厌 烦 埋怨等 The little boy is always making trouble 这个小男孩总是惹麻烦 3 有些动词的进行时态还可用来表示将来时 这类动词有 go come start leave arrive move die 等 与一般将来时的第 5 项相同 5 过去进行时 基本结构 be was were doing 标志语 at 8 00 yesterday when while 1 过去某一时刻 某一阶段正进行的动作 He was reading a novel when I came in In 1980 he was studying in a university 英语中有四类动词一般不用进行时 现在进行时和过去进行时 1 表示心理状态 情感的动词 love hate like care please prefer know 等 2 表示存在 状态的动词 如 appear exist lie 位于 remain seem 等 3 表示感觉的动词 see hear feel 摸起来 smell sound taste 4 表示一时性的动词 accept allow decide end refuse promise 等 如 On the foot of the mountain lies a small village 山脚下有一个小山村 The silk feels soft and smooth 这种丝绸摸起来又滑又软 This kind of books sells well 6 现在完成时 结构 have has done 标志语 since 时间点 for 时间段 already yet ever never so far until now up to now 1 表示动作开始于过去 持续到现在 He has studied English since 1985 I have been married for 10 years 注意 表示短暂时间动作的词 如 come go die marry buy 等 的完成时不能与 for since 等 表示一般时间的词连用 2 现在完成时所表示的动作在说话之前已完成 但对现在有影响 句中没有具体时间状 语 4 I have seen the film The film is worth seeing 3 have has been to 与 have has gone to have has been to 某地 表示到过某地 说明去过某地 说话时已经回来了 have has gone to 某地 说明去某地了 说话时还没有回来 He has been to Beijing three times 他去过北京三次 他已经不在北京了 He has gone to Shanghai 他去上海了 可能在去上海的路上 或已到上海 总之 现在不在这里 4 句型 It This That is the first last time 中 从句谓语动词要用现在完成时 This is the first time I ve been here 7 过去完成时 结构 had done 标志语 by the time 或主句为一般过去时的宾语从句中 1 表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或状态持续到过去某个时间或持续下去 We had built five new houses by the end of last year 2 表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前完成的动作或状态 即 过去的过去 The film had begun before I got to the cinema I had learnt 5000 words before I entered the university 3 句型 It was the first last time 中 从句的谓语动词要用过去完成时 That was the second time that they had witnessed an accident at the crossing 8 过去将来时 结构 should 第一人称 would do be was were going to do 表示从过去的某个时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态 常用于主句是一般过去时的 宾语从句中 They asked me if I would go to Guangzhou soon 他们问我是否很快要去广州 She told me she would come again next week 她和我说她下周还来 9 现在完成进行时 结构 have has been 现在分词 表示现在以前一直进行的动作 还有可能继续下去 有些动词 work study live teach 等 用现在完成时与用现在完成时意思差不多 但多数动词在这两种时态表示不同意思 I have worked here for eleven years 到说话时 我再这儿工作三年了 I have been working here for eleven years 到现在为止 我在这儿工作三年了 有可能还 继续在这里工作 I have been writing a letter 从过去某一时间开始写信 一直写到现在 还有可能继续写 注意 表示短暂动作的动词 finish marry get up come go 等 不能用这种时态 几种常用时态的比较 1 一般过去时与过去进行时用法的比较 一般过去时表示在过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态 而过去进行时则表示在过去 某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作 Mary wrote a letter to her friend last night 玛丽昨晚给她的朋友写了封信 信写完了 5 Mary was writing a letter to her friend last night 玛丽昨晚一直在给她的朋友写信 信不一定写完 2 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果 强调的是现在的情况 所以它不能和表示过去的时间状语连用 如 yesterday last night three weeks ago in 1990 等 而一般过去时只表示过去的动作或状态 和现在不发生关系 它可以和表示过去的 时间状语连用 I have seen the film 我看过这部电影 我了解这部电影的内容 I saw the film last week 我上星期看了这个电影 只说明上星期看了这个电影 不涉及 现在的情况 He has lived here since 1992 1992 年以来他一直住在这里 他现在还住在这里 He lived here in 1992 1992 年他住在这里 不涉及现在他是否还住在这里 3 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别 两者都可以表示 从过去开始一直持续到现在 在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时 多 用现在完成时 如着重表示动作一直在进行 即动作的延续性时 则多用现在完成进行 时 一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时 I have read that book 我读过那本书了 I have been reading that book all the morning 我早上一直在读那本书 三 动词语态 1 当句子的主语是动作的执行者时 谓语的形式叫主动语态 句子的主语是动作承受 者时 谓语的形式叫被动作语态 构成 助动词 be 过去分词 时态通过 be 表现出来 时态动词形式例子 一般现在时am is are doneYou are required to do this 一般过去时was were doneThe story was told by her 一般将来时shall will be doneThe problem will be discussed tomorrow 现在进行时am is are being doneThe road is being widened 过去进行时was were being doneThe new tool was being made 过去将来时should would be doneThe novel has been read 现在完成时has have been doneHe said that the work had been finished 过去完成时had been doneHe said that the trees would be planted soon 带情态动词的情态动词 be doneThe problem must be solved soon 注 带复合宾语的动词在改为被动语态时 一般把主动结构中的宾语改为主语 宾语补足语 保留在谓语后面 We always keep the classroom clean 比较 The classroom is always kept clean 短语动词的被动语态不可漏掉其中介副词 be going to used to have to had better 变为被 动语态时 只需将其后的动词变为被动语态 The boy was made fun of by his classmates Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl 3 主动形式表示被动意义的词 常见的有 6 a 主动形式 need require want deserve 这时动名词同句中的主语有动宾关系 The children need looking after The windows wants requires repairing This point deserves mentioning b 有些及物动词后须加副词 如 well easily 等 有些可不加 如 act clean cut draw lock open play read sell shut strike wash write 等 The cloth washes sells well The door won t shut The play won t act c 形容词 worth 后直接加动名词时 如 The book is worth reading twice 某些作表语的形容词后 用不定式主动形式表示被动意义 The fish is not fit to eat d 某些感官动词 如 feel look prove smell sound taste wear 等 与形容词连用时 The water feels very cold The dish tastes delicious 4 以下动词构成的句子不能改为被动句 a 动词 leave enter reach 等的宾语是表示处所 地点 国家 团体 组织 军队 等 b 表示状态的动词 如 become benefit cost contain equal fit fail have lack last mean suit look like 等 c 下列不及物动词及短语 appear belong to break out die happen lie occur rise take place agree with belong to consist of have on keep up with 及一些固定词组 如 keep words lose heart make a face 等 d 宾语是反身代词 相互代词 同源代词 不定式 动名词 抽象名词等 5 汉语有一类句子不出现主语 在英语中一般可用被动结构表示 如 据说 It is said that 希望 It is hoped that 据推测说 It is guessed that 必须承认 It must be admitted that 必须指出 Itmust be pointed out that 众所周知 It is well known that 有人会说 It is supposed that 大家认为 It is generally considered that 有人相信 It is believed that 据报道 It is reported that 四 动词时态和语态做题技巧如下 1 根据题干中的时间标志词选择时态 动词时态须与句中时间状语一致 高考题常在题干中加入具体情景 以测试考生对动词时 态知识的实际运用能力 因此敏锐捕捉时间标志词 并结合具体的语境 选择出正确的动词 时态 2 根据主从句时态呼应的原则选择时态 近年来的高考试题一般不再单纯考查主从句的时态呼应 而是将其放在真实的并且符合实 际的语境中进行考查 也会结合强调结构等其它语法现象进行考查 考生在根据时态呼 应原则解题时 要把握好以下几点 在时间 条件等状语从句中 用一般现在时态表示一般将来时态 一般过去时态表示过去 将来时态 用现在完成时态表示将来完成时态 正确认定主句动词及从句动词两个动作发生的时间 并认真体会命题者所给出的语境 解答宾语从句与主句时态呼应题时 考生应熟知以下规则 如果主句动词为现在时态 Comment U1 出题时忘记删除 7 则从句动词可根据需要使用任何时态 如果主句动词为过去时态 则从句动词须用合适的 过去的某种时态 表示客观真理时使用一般现在时态 3 根据具体的语言环境选择时态 近年来高考试题对时态考查的要求越来越高 大部分试题趋向情境化 实际化 考生要捕 捉信息 理解情境 综合运用 灵活答题 Exercises 用括号内单词的正确的形式填空 1 It is a fine day The sun shine brightly is shining shines 2 They visit the Science Museum next Sunday will visit 3 Mr Brown live in Beijing since he came to China has lived 4 Mr Wang teach us English two years ago taught 5 The Smiths watch TV at this time last night was watching 6 We learn about ten English songs by the end of last term had learned 7 Father said that he buy a new bike for me the next Friday would buy 8 Bill isn t here He chat with his friends in the classroom is chatting 9 The teacher said that the moon go round the earth goes 10 The Young Pioneers will go to the zoo if it not rain this Sunday doesn t rain 11 Listen They talk about the new film are talking 13 My mobile phone steal on a bus last week was stolen 14 The host interview the little boy just now interviewed 15 The Greens watch TV now are watching 16 He said that he ring me up when he got there would ring 17 We learn English for about three years have learned have been learning 19 The farmers pick apples when I saw them were picking 21 The film begin when I got to the cinema had begun 22 The girl told me that she wanted to be an English teacher when she grow up 23 you been wear glasses all the time Have wearing 24 I ll go home as soon as I finish my homework finish 25 Most science books are write in English are written 高考题 1 07 广东 The sun was setting when my car 31 broke break down near a remote and poor village 2 08 广东 Being too anxious to help an event develop often 40results result in the contrary to our intention 3 09 广东 people stepped on your feet or 34pushed push you with their elbows 肘部 hurrying ahead to get to a bargain 4 09 广东 Her mother was excited Your father has at last decided to stop smoking Jane 39was informed inform 5 2010 广东 After a four day journey the young man33presented present the water to the old man 6 2011 广东 One Sunday morning in August I went to a local music festival I left it early because I had an appointment 16 late that day My friends walked me to the bus stop and waited with me 17 the bus arrived I got on the bus and found a seat near the back and then I noticed a man 18 sit at the front He 19 pretend that a tiger toy was real and giving it a voice He must be 20 mental disabled 8 Behind him were other people to 21 he was trying to talk but after some minutes 22 walked away and sat near me looking annoyed I didn t want to be laughed at for talking to him but I didn t like leaving him 23 his own either After a while I rose from my seat and walked to the front of the bus I sat next to the man and introduced myself We had 24 amazing conversation He got off the bus before me and I felt very happy the rest of the way home I m glad I made a choice It made 25 of us feel good 7 2012 广东 Mary will never forget the first time she saw him He suddenly appeared in class one day 16 wear sun glasses He walked in as if he 17 buy the school And the word quickly got around that he was from New York City For some reason he sat beside Mary Mary felt 18 please because there were many empty seats in the room But she quickly realized that it wasn t her it was probably the fact that she sat in 19 last row 20 he thought he could escape attention by sitting at the back he was wrong It might have made it a little 21 hard for everybody because it meant they had to turn around but that didn t stop the kids in the class Of course whenever they turned to look at him they had to look at Mary 22 made her feel like a star Do you need those glasses for medical reasons the teacher asked The new boy shook his head Then I d appreciate it if you didn t wear them in the class I like to look at your eyes when I m speaking to you The new boy looked at the teacher 23 a few seconds and all the other students wondered 24 the boy would do Then he took 25 off gave a big smile and said That s cool 8 2013 广东 One day Nick invited his friends to supper He was cooking some delicious food in the kitchen Suddenly he 16 find that he had run out of salt So Nick called to his son Go to the cillage and buy some salt but pay a fair price for it neither too much 17 too little His son looked surprised Ican understand why Ishouldn t pay too much Father but if I can pay less 18 not sace a bit of money That would be a very19 reason thing to do in a big city but it could destroy a small village like outs Nick said Nick s guests 20 had heard their conversation asked why they shoule not buy sale more cheaply if they coule Nick replied The only reason a man would sell sale 21 a lower price woule be because he wai desperate for money And anyone who took adcantage of that situation woule be showing a lack of respect 22 the sweat and struggle of the man who worked very hard to produce it But such a small thing couldn t 23 possible destroy a village In the beginning there was only 24 very small amount of unfairness in the world but everyone added a little always 25 think that it was only samall and not very important and look where we hace ended up today 9 2014 广东 Last year my brother and I went to Miami for a vacation Some of my friends who had been there before said 16 was a wonderful holiday destination Before we went we had planned for months When the day came we were ready After our plane landed we went to the hotel We had made our reservation six months 17 early but the man at the front desk said there had been a mistake We 18 tell that our rooms hadn t been reserved for that week 19 for the week after I didn t understand 20 this would happen and my credit card had already been charged 9 21 the reservation What s worse the hotel had been fully booked When we were wondering what to do the manager came out She was 22 surprise helpful She apologized for the mistake and gave us a spare VIP room on 23 top fl