学术英语人文Unit

学术英语 人文,Academic English for Humanities,Lead-inText A Text BText CAcademic Language and DiscourseListening SpeakingWriting,Unit Contents,Unit 8 UnderstandingPhilosophy,Lead-in Lead-in activities,Unit 8 UnderstandingPhilosophy,What is philosophy?,Lead-in,Activities,Work in pairs to discuss the following question: 1. What is philosophy all about?2. What kind of things do philosophers argue about?,Lead-in,What is philosophy?,Supplementary information,Lead-in,What do philosophers argue about?,Supplementary information,Philosophers are perpetually engaged in asking, answering, and arguing for their answers to lifes most basic questions. There are usually no definite answers to these questions, because once we have sorted out definite solutions to them, they will belong to a certain branch of science. To make such a pursuit more systematic academic philosophy is traditionally divided into major areas of study. They are metaphysics (the study of reality and existence), epistemology (the study of knowledge), ethics (the study of what we ought to do and what it would be best to do), and logics (the study of good reasoning methods).,Classroom activities Supplementary information,Unit 8 UnderstandingPhilosophy,Text A What is Philosophy?,What is Philosophy?,Text A,Classroom activities,Summarize Text A base on your answers to Task 1 / Critical Reading and Thinking / Text A. P154,Suggested answer:,(To be continued),Text A,Classroom activities,Summarize Text A base on your answers to Task 1 / Critical Reading and Thinking / Text A. P154,Suggested answer (cont.):,What is Philosophy?,Work in pairs to compare your answers to the questions in Task 2 / Critical Reading and Thinking / Text A. P154,Text A,Supplementary information,Suggested answer for Q1:,What is Philosophy?,Work in pairs to compare your answers to the questions in Task 2 / Critical Reading and Thinking / Text A. P154,Text A,Supplementary information,Suggested answer for Q2:,What is Philosophy?,Work in pairs to compare your answers to the questions in Task 2 / Critical Reading and Thinking / Text A. P154,Text A,Supplementary information,Suggested answer for Q3:,What is Philosophy?,Work in pairs to compare your answers to the questions in Task 2 / Critical Reading and Thinking / Text A. P154,Text A,Supplementary information,Suggested answer for Q4:,What is Philosophy?,Text A,Supplementary information,Also spelled esthetics, the term was introduced into the philosophical lexicon in the eighteenth century. It mainly deals with the nature of art, beauty and taste. Generally speaking there are two basic approaches to the judgment of beauty. The first finds beauty to be objective by asserting that beauty is inherent in the object itself and that judgment concerning it may have objective validity. The second approach holds that beauty is subjective, which tends to identify the beautiful with that which pleases the observer.,Aesthetics,What is Philosophy?,Text A,Supplementary information,Existentialism is a philosophical movement in the 20th century and it is mainly concerned with finding self and the meaning of life through free will, choice, and personal responsibility. It revolts against the traditional metaphysical approaches to man and his place in the universe by viewing human existence as radically different in nature from the existence of the physical world, in so far as men and women are free to shape themselves the kind of people they want to be and to make for themselves the kind of world they want to live in.,Existentialism (存在主义),What is Philosophy?,Text A,Supplementary information,Phenomenology is a philosophical movement that concentrates on the detailed description of conscious experiences based on the investigation of phenomena (i.e. things as apprehended by consciousness) rather than on the existence of anything outside of human consciousness. It was founded in the early years of the 20th century by the German philosopher Edmund Husserl with an aim to return philosophy to concrete experience and to reveal the essential structures of consciousness. Its influence extended throughout Europe and was particularly important to the early development of existentialism.,Phenomenology (现象学),What is Philosophy?,Text A,Supplementary information,Philosophy of language is the branch of philosophy that examines the nature of meaning, the relationship of language to reality, and the ways in which we use, learn, and understand language.,Philosophy of language (语言哲学),What is Philosophy?,Classroom activities Supplementary information,Unit 8 UnderstandingPhilosophy,Text B The Difficulty of Philosophy,The Difficulty of Philosophy,Text B,Classroom activities,Check the answers to Task 1 / Critical Reading and Thinking / Text B. P161,Suggested answer:1 T 2 T 3 F 4 F 5 F,Text B,Classroom activities,Discuss the questions in Task 2 / Critical reading and thinking / Text B. P162,Suggested answer for Q1:There is a metaphor in this sentence. The “unfamiliar, even alien, landscapes” is used in a metaphorical way to describe the highly theoretical philosophical account offered by philosophers with the help of the abstract and general principles.,The Difficulty of Philosophy,Text B,Classroom activities,Discuss the questions in Task 2 / Critical reading and thinking / Text B. P162,Suggested answer for Q2:,The Difficulty of Philosophy,Text B,Classroom activities,Discuss the questions in Task 2 / Critical reading and thinking / Text B. P162,Suggested answer for Q3:There are two types of attitudes toward the use of rigid frameworks in doing philosophy. On the one hand, we have philosophers who still believe that new insights can be achieved by “organizing what is before us” in a clear andaccessible manner. On the other hand, there are more philosophers who are supportive of making “new discoveries” of a theoretical nature. The second approach is now ascendant.,The Difficulty of Philosophy,Text B,Classroom activities,Discuss the questions in Task 2 / Critical reading and thinking / Text B. P162,Suggested answer for Q4:Many people believe that only moral philosophy should be taught in elementary and secondary schools in China. And the viable way is to ask the students to memorize the sayings of famous Chinese philosophers or sages. The teachings will dawn upon them when they grow up.,The Difficulty of Philosophy,Text B,Classroom activities,Give a two-minute presentation on your findings in Researching / Text B. P162,The Difficulty of Philosophy,Aristophanes and The Clouds,Text B,Supplementary information,Aristophanes (448 B.C.388 B.C.) was Greek playwright and comic poet, whose surviving plays are the only extant examples of Greek Old Comedy. Most of his plays were political satires highlighting the troubles in Athens during that period. (To be continued),The Difficulty of Philosophy,Aristophanes and The Clouds (cont.),Text B,Supplementary information,In The Clouds, Aristophanes satirized the intellectual fashions in ancient Athens. The play was famous for its caricature of the philosopher Socrates, and was considered a successful example in the genre of comedy for ideas.,The Difficulty of Philosophy,Text B,Supplementary information,Theaetetus is one of the narrated dialogues of Plato, and is the only one which is supposed to have been written down. Written in about 368 BC, the book is a dialogue between Socrates and Theaetetus about the nature of knowledge. It is the oldest surviving book on the subject, and it explores perception, relativism, error and justification, seen as the key problem areas of knowledge.,Theaetetus,The Difficulty of Philosophy,Text B,Supplementary information,Ludwig Wittgenstein,Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951) is a British philosopher born in Austria. He is one of the most influential philosophers of the twentieth century, and regarded by some as the most important since Immanuel Kant. He published only one philosophy book in his life time, which is the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. The book is based on the idea that philosophical problems arise from misunderstandings of the logic of language, and it tries to show what this logic is.,The Difficulty of Philosophy,Text B,Supplementary information,W. V. Quine,W. V. Quine (1908-2000) was a famous contemporary American philosopher and logician. He is best known for his seminal 1951 essay, Two Dogmas of Empiricism, in which he attacked two central pillars of the logical positivist/empiricist movement: the analytic-synthetic distinction, and the notion of reductionism according to which each meaningful statement gets its meaning from some logical construction of terms which refers exclusively to immediate experience.,The Difficulty of Philosophy,Supplementary informationClassroom activities,Unit 8 UnderstandingPhilosophy,Text C The Greek Miracle,Text C,Supplementary information,Greek mythology,The Greek Miracle,Text C,Classroom activities,Check your answers to the task in Text C. P165,Suggested answer:,The Greek Miracle,Unit 8 UnderstandingPhilosophy,Academic Language and Discourse Specialized vocabulary Signpost language Formal English Discourse analysis of Text B,Specialized Vocabulary,Check the answers to Task 1 / Language building-up / Text A. P154,Academic language and discourse,Suggested answers: 11 ethics 2 aesthetics 3 feminist4 conceptual analysis 5 paradox 6 metaphysics7 世界观 8 认识论 9 存在主义者 10 现象论者2 1 metaphysics 2 paradox 3 feminist4 world view 5 Epistemology,The following special terms and concepts are mentioned in Texts B and C. Translate them either from English to Chinese.,Academic language and discourse,Specialized Vocabulary,a knock-on effect _cosmos _ substance _Olympians _philosophical inquiry _,连锁反应宇宙物质奥林匹斯山诸神哲学探究,Signpost Language,Check the answers to Task 2 / Language building-up / Text A. P155,Academic language and discourse,Suggested answers: 1 For example 2 One famous example3 One of the earliest examples 4 such as,Signpost Language,Check the answers to Task 3 / Language building-up / Text A. P156,Academic language and discourse,Suggested answers: 1 disparate 2 encompasses 3 prevalent 4 scrutiny5 disputed 6 therefore 7 illuminate 8 address,Formal English,The following sentences are from Text B and Text C. Find one formal English word from each sentence.,Academic language and discourse, For many, science not only provides us with information that might be pertinent to answering philosophical questions, but also with exemplars of what successful answers look like. ( Line 9, Para. 10, Text B) Insight is to be achieved not by digging below the surface, but rather by organizing what is before us in an illuminatingly perspicuous manner. ( Line 10, Para. 13, Text B) In other words, they largely ignored the unpredictable wills of the anthropomorphic Greek deities. ( Line 6, Para. 5, Text C),Suggested answers: pertinent: relevant, exemplar: model; perspicuous: clear; anthropomorphic: manlike,Discourse analysis of Text B,Academic language and discourse,Making effective concessions,Listening Classroom activities,Unit 8 UnderstandingPhilosophy,Dealing with unfamiliar words,Think about a joke with philsophical implication and share it with the class.,Listening,Classroom activities,Check the answers to Task 2 / Listening. P166,Listening,Classroom activities,Suggested answer:1 C 2 A 3 C 4 B,Dealing with unfamiliar words,Check the answers to Task 3 / Listening. P166,Listening,Classroom activities,Suggested answer for Q1:A guru is a spiritual teacher in Hinduism and Buddhism, whereas