探析我国机械制造技术的现状及发展方向

探析我国机械制造技术的现状及发展方向 摘要 机械制造技术不仅是衡量一个国家科技发展水平的重要 标志 也是国际间科技竞争的重点 本文对我国机械制造技术的现 状及技术特点进行分析 并简述了 21 世纪机械制造技术的发展方向 我国正处于经济发展的关键时期 制造技术是我们的薄弱环节 只有跟上先进制造技术的世界潮流 将其放在战略优先地位 并以 足够的力度予以实施 才能尽快缩小与发达国家的差距 才能在激 烈的市场竞争中立于不败之地 一 我国机械制造技术发展的现状分析 机械制造技术是研究产品设计 生产 加工制造 销售使用 维修服务乃至回收再生的整个过程的工程学科 是以提高质量 效 益 竞争力为目标 包含物质流 信息流和能量流的完整的系统工 程 20 世纪 70 年代以前 产品的技术相对比较简单 一个新产品 上市 很快就会有相同功能的产品跟着上市 20 世纪 80 年代以后 随着市场全球化的进一步发展 市场竞争变得越来越激烈 20 世纪 90 年代初 随着 CIMS 技术的大力推广应用 包括有 CIMS 实验工程中心和 7 个开放实验室的研究环境已建成 在全国范 围内 部署了 CIMS 的若干研究项目 诸如 CIMS 软件工程与标准化 开放式系统结构与发展战略 CIMS 总体与集成技术 产品设计自动 化 工艺设计自动化 柔性制造技术 管理与决策信息系统 质量 保证技术 网络与数据库技术以及系统理论和方法等均取得了丰硕 成果 获得不同程度的进展 但因大部分大型机械制造企业和绝大 部分中小型机械制造企业主要限于 CAD 和管理信息系统 底层基础 自动化还十分薄弱 数控机床由于编程复杂 还没有真正发挥作用 因此 与工业发达国家相比 我国的制造业仍然存在一个阶段性的 整体上的差距 目前 我国已加入 WTO 机械制造业面临着巨大的挑战与新的 机遇 因此 我国机械制造业不能单纯的沿着 20 世纪凸轮及其机构 为基础采用专用机床 专用夹具 专用刀具组成的流水式生产线 刚性自动化发展 而是要全面拓展 面向五化发展 即全球化 网络化 虚拟化 自动化 绿色化 二 机械制造技术的特点 做好基础自动化的工作仍是我国制造企业一项十分紧迫而艰巨 的任务 但加工中心无论是数量还是利用率都很低 可编程控制器 的使用并不普及 工业机器人的应用还很有限 因此 我们要立足 于我国的实际情况 在看到国际上制造业发展趋势的同时扎扎实实 地做好基础工作 1 机械制造技术是一个系统工程 先进制造技术特别强调计算机技术 信息技术 传感技术 自 动化技术 新材料技术和现代系统管理技术在产品设计 制造和生 产组织管理 销售及售后服务等方面的应用 它要不断吸收各种高 新技术成果与传统制造技术相结合 使制造技术成为能驾驭生产过 程的物质流 能量流和信息流的系统工程 2 机械制造技术是一个综合性技术 先进制造技术应用的目标是为了提高企业竞争和促进国家经济 和综合实力的增长 因此 它并不限于制造过程本身 它涉及产品 从市场调研 产品开发及工艺设计 生产准备 加工制造 售后服 务等产品寿命周期的所有内容 并将它们结合成一个有机的整体 以便提高制造业的综合经济效益和社会效益 3 机械制造技术是市场竞争要素的统一体 市场竞争的核心是如何提高生产率 随着市场全球化的进一步 发展 20 世纪 80 年代以后 制造业要赢得市场竞争的主要矛盾已 经从提高劳动生产率转变为以时间为核心的时间 成本和质量的三 要素的矛盾 先进制造技术把这三个矛盾有机结合起来 使三者达 到了统一 4 机械制造技术是一个世界性技术 20 世纪 80 年代以来 随着全球市场的形成 发达国家通过金 融 经济 科技手段争夺市场 倾销产品 输出资本 使得市场竞 争变得越来越激烈 为适应这种激烈的市场竞争 一个国家的先进 制造技术应具有世界先进水平 应能支持该国制造业在全球市场的 竞争力 同时 机械制造技术是面向 21 世纪的技术 应与现代高新 技术相结合 应是有明确范畴的新的技术领域 三 我国机械制造技术的发展方向 先进制造技术是制造技术的最新发展阶段 是由传统的制造技 术发展起来的 既保持了过去制造技术中的有效要素 又要不断吸 收各种高新技术成果 并渗透到产品生产的所有领域及其全部过程 20 世纪 80 年代 随着扫描显微镜的发明和使用 人类认识世 界和改造世界的能力进入纳米尺度 纳米技术是指实现纳米级精度 是一种在纳米尺度上研究原子和分子结构 物质特性及相互作用与 运动 并运用这种技术为人类服务的高新技术 纳米技术对制造业 产生了很大的影响 其应用范围将非常广泛 包括纳米材料技术 纳米加工技术 纳米装配技术和纳米测量技术等 超精密加工的加工精度在 2000 年已达到纳米级 在 21 世纪初 开发的分子束生长技术 离子注入技术和材料合成 扫描隧道工程 STE 可使加工精度达到 0 0003 0 0001 m 现在精密工程正向 其终极目标 原子级精度的加工逼近 也就是说 可以做到移动 原子级别的加工 现代机械制造技术的发展主要表现在两个方向上 一是精密工 程技术 以超精密加工的前沿部分 微细加工 纳米技术为代表 将进入微型机械电子技术和微型机器人的时代 二是机械制造的高 度自动化 以 CIMS 和敏捷制造等的进一步发展为代表 1 精密成形技术成形制造技术包括铸造 焊接 塑性加工等 精密成形技术包括 精密铸造 湿膜精密成形铸造 刚型精密成形 铸造 高精度造芯 精密锻压 冷湿精密成形 精密冲裁 精密 热塑性成形 精密焊接与切割等 2 无切削液加工无切削液加工的主要应用领域是机械加工行业 无切削液加工简化了工艺 减少了成本并消除了冷却液带来的一系 列问题 如废液排放和回收等等 3 快速成形技术快速原型零件制造技术 RPM 其设计突破了 传统加工技术所采用的材料去除的原则 而采用添加 累积的原理 其代表性技术有分层实体制造 LOM 熔化沉积制造 FDM 等等 由于以上工艺和技术不仅减少了原材料和能源的耗用量或缩短 了开发周期 减少了成本 而且有些工艺的改进对环境起到保护作 用 因此被称为绿色制造工艺 绿色制造是人类社会可持续发展在 制造业中的体现 这一切除了工艺革新外 还必须依靠信息技术 通过计算机的模拟 仿真 才能实现 四 结论 现代制造技术是现代技术和工业创新的集成 是国家制造业的水平 的主要标志 也是国家工业的基础和支柱 随着社会的发展 人们 对产品的要求也发生了很大变化 要求品种要多样 更新要快捷 质量要高档 使用要方便 价格要合理 外形要美观 自动化程度 要高 售后服务要好 要满足人们越来越高的要求 就必须采用先 进的机械制造技术 因此 我们应抓住机遇 了解我国机械制造技 术的发展现状 把握现代机械制造技术的发展趋势 使我国现代制 造业与世界发达国家站在同一起跑线上 Analysis of China s machinery manufacturing technology and development status Abstract The mechanical manufacturing technology is not only a measure of a country an important indicator of the level of technological development is the focus of international technological competition In this paper the status of China s machinery manufacturing technology and technical features were analyzed and summarized in the 21st century machinery manufacturing technology development China is in a critical period of economic development manufacturing technology is our weak link Only to keep up with the world trend of advanced manufacturing technology put it in the strategic priority and be implemented with sufficient intensity can to narrow the gap with the developed countries to the fierce competition in the market in an invincible position First the development of China s machinery manufacturing technology Analysis Machinery manufacturing technology is the study of product design production processing manufacturing selling and use maintenance services and even the whole process of recycling the engineering disciplines is to enhance quality efficiency competitiveness as the goal including material flow information flow and energy flow complete system works 20th century 70 years ago the technology is relatively simple product a new product will soon follow the same functional product market After 80 years of the 20th century with the further development of the globalization of markets market competition becomes increasingly fierce 20th century early 90s with the application of CIMS to promote technology including experimental CIMS Engineering Research Center and 7 Laboratory of the research environment has been built Nationally the deployment of a number of CIMS research projects such as the CIMS software engineering and standardization open system architecture and development strategy CIMS overall and integrated technology product design automation process design automation flexible manufacturing technology information management and decision system quality assurance network and database technology and system theory and methods Swift progress fruitful results with varying degrees of progress But most of the large machinery manufacturers and most of the small and medium enterprises are mainly limited to the CAD machinery manufacturing and management information systems the underlying basis for automation is still very weak because the complexity of programming CNC machine tools has not really play a role Therefore compared with the industrialized countries China s manufacturing sector remains a gap between the whole stage At present China has joined WTO machinery manufacturing industry faces enormous challenges and new opportunities Therefore China s machinery manufacturing industry can not simply along the 20th century based on the cam and its agencies use special tools special fixtures special tool consisting of water production line rigid automation But to develop a comprehensive five oriented development namely globalization networking virtualization automation green Second the mechanical characteristics of manufacturing technology Work to do basic automation manufacturing enterprises in China is still a very urgent and arduous task However both the quantity and processing center utilization is very low Not widespread use of programmable controllers application of industrial robots is still very limited Therefore we should be based on the actual situation in China seeing the trend of the international manufacturing industry base while a solid job of work 1 Machinery manufacturing technology is a systematic project Special emphasis on advanced manufacturing technology computer technology information technology sensor technology automation technology new materials technology and modern systems management technology in product design manufacturing and production organization and management sales and after sales service and other applications It will continue to assimilate the results of various high tech and traditional manufacturing technology the manufacturing technology into the production process to control material flow energy flow and information flow in systems engineering 2 Machinery manufacturing technology is a comprehensive technology Application of advanced manufacturing technology the goal is to increase competition and promote national economic growth and overall strength Therefore it is not limited to the manufacturing process itself which involves products from the market research product development and process design production preparation manufacturing service and other product life cycle all the content and combine them into an organic whole In order to enhance the comprehensive economic and social benefits the manufacturing sector 3 Machinery manufacturing technology elements of the continuum of market competition Market competition is the core of how to improve productivity With the further development of the globalization of markets 80 years after the 20th century the manufacturing industry to win the main contradiction of market competition to improve labor productivity has been changed from the time the core of the time cost and quality of the three elements of the conflict Advanced manufacturing technology to combine these three conflicts the three reached unity 4 Machinery manufacturing technology is a worldwide technology 80 years since the 20th century with the formation of global markets the developed countries through financial economic scientific and technological means for the market dumping products export of capital the market competition becomes increasingly fierce as fierce competition in the market to adapt to this advanced manufacturing technology of a country should have the world advanced level the manufacturing sector should be able to support the country s competitiveness in the global market Meanwhile the mechanical manufacturing technology is 21st century technology should be combined with modern high tech should be a clear area of new technology areas Third China s machinery manufacturing technology development Manufacturing technology of advanced manufacturing technology is the latest stage of development is determined by the traditional manufacturing technology developed while maintaining the manufacturing technology in the past the effective elements but also continue to absorb a variety of high tech achievements and to penetrate into all areas of production and the whole process 80 years of the 20th century with the invention and use of scanning microscopy of human knowledge and transform the world s ability to enter the nanometer scale nanotechnology is the nanoscale precision that implements is a research in nano scale atomic and molecular structure physical properties and interaction with the campaign and the use of this technology for human services a high tech nano technology manufacturing industries had a great impact it will be very broad range of applications including nano materials nano processing technology nano assembly technologies and nano measurement technology Ultra precision machining of the machining accuracy in 2000 has reached the nanometer scale development in the 21st century the growth of molecular beam techniques ion implantation technology and materials synthesis scanning tunneling engineering STE will enable precision machining 0 0003 0 0001 m now sophisticated project forward the ultimate goal the atomic level precision processing approach that is move the atomic level can do the processing The development of modern machinery manufacturing technology mainly in two directions First precision engineering technology to the forefront of ultra precision machining parts micro machining nano technology as the representative will enter the micro electronics and micro mechanical era of the robot II machinery manufacturing is highly automated to CIMS and the further development of agile manufacturing as the representative 1 Precision forming technology forming manufacturing technology including casting welding plastic processing Precision forming technology include precision casting wet film forming precision casting precision forming just type casting precision made core precision forging cold and wet precision molding precision blanking precision thermoplastic forming precision welding and cutting 2 No cutting fluid processing without cutting fluid for processing major applications is the machining industry no cutting fluid processing simplifies the process reduce costs and eliminate a series of problems caused by the cooling fluid such as emissions and waste recycling etc 3 Rapid prototyping technology rapid prototyping parts manufacturing RPM designed to break through the traditional processing techniques adopted the principle of material removal while the use of add the principle of accumulation The representation of technology has laminated object manufacturing LOM melting deposition manufacturing FDM and so on Because of these techniques and technologies not only reduces the consumption of raw materi