英汉翻译之遣词造句

Diction遣词用字 一 教学重点 1 语境在翻译中的重要性2 英汉词字层次对等关系3 词义的选择和引申二 教学内容 1 英汉词字层次对等关系2 英语词义辨析法3 词义的选择4 词义的引申 Warming upactivities 1 DoyouknowthetwelveanimalsignsinChineseculture 2 WhataretheirEnglishversions Maptoshow十二生肖 子鼠 卯兔 When rat ox tiger rabbit 寅虎 丑牛 辰龙 dragon 巳蛇 snake 午马 未羊 goat Thetwelveanimalsigns horse 申猴 酉鸡 戌狗 亥猪 monkey rooster dog boar Idiomsrelatedtotheseanimals 猫哭老鼠 假慈悲 牛头不对马嘴 骑虎难下 兔子不吃窝边草 shedcrocodiletears totallyirrelevant Haveawolfbytheears inadilemma Thefoxpreysfarthestfromhome Idiomsrelatedtotheseanimals 车水马龙 杯弓蛇影 马到成功 endless streamofhorsesandcarriages heavytraffic onthestreet aflowoftraffic becrowdedwithpeopleandvehicles anillusorysnakeinagoblet towinsuccessimmediatelyuponarrival togainanimmediatevictory towininstantsuccess wishyoueverysuccess Idiomsrelatedtotheseanimals 替罪羊 猴精猴精的 挂羊头卖狗肉 猪狗不如 鸡毛蒜皮的小事儿 披着羊皮的狼 猴年马月 偷鸡摸狗 人怕出名猪怕壮 落汤鸡 痛打落水狗 替罪羊 scapegoat 披着羊皮的狼 猴精猴精的 awolfinsheep sskin awolfinthedisguiseof 猴年马月 canny shrewd donkey syears 鸡毛蒜皮 petty ortrifling things trifles 落汤鸡 looklike adrownedrat 挂羊头卖狗肉 tooffertogiveorsellsomethingthatisinferiortowhatyouclaimittobe 偷鸡摸狗 onthesly 猪狗不如 actlikeabrute Idiomsrelatedtotheseanimals Idiomsrelatedtotheseanimals 痛打落水狗 tobeatadrowningdog toattacksomeonealreadydowninhisluck 人怕出名猪怕壮 fameinvitestroubleformenjustasfatteningdoesforpigs Question Afteryoudiscussedtheabovephrasesandidiominbothlanguages whatdifferencesdidyoufindinthetwoculturesmentioned Whatproperwordsshouldbeusedinthetargetlanguage Diction theproperchoiceofwordsandphrasesintheprocessoftranslationtofixtheircontext CorrespondencebetweenEnglishandChineseatWordLevel英汉词字层次对等关系 1 Word for WordCorrespondenceMarxism 马克思主义Aspirin 阿斯匹林激光 laser白血病 leukemia2 OneWordwithMultipleEquivalentsoftheSameMeaningwife 妻子 爱人 夫人 老婆 老伴 媳妇 堂客 内人 人 humanbeing man people person CorrespondencebetweenEnglishandChineseatWordLevel英汉词字层次对等关系 3 OneWordwithSeveralEquivalentsofDifferentMeaningscousin 堂兄 堂弟 堂姐 堂妹 表哥 表弟 表姐 表妹 卿 president 总统 总裁 主席 董事长 议长 会长 社长 校长 羊 sheep goat ram ewe lamb CorrespondencebetweenEnglishandChineseatWordLevel英汉词字层次对等关系 4 EquivalentsInterwovenwithOneAnother CorrespondencebetweenEnglishandChineseatWordLevel英汉词字层次对等关系 5 WordswithoutEquivalentsteenager 13至19岁的青少年clock watcher 老是看钟等下班的人阴 yin inChinesethought thesoft inactive femaleprincipleorforceintheworldDink doubleincomenokids丁克家族文房四宝 thefourtreasuresofthestudy writingbrush ink stick ink stoneandpaper 乌纱帽 anofficialpost糖葫芦 Tanghulu asugar coatedfruitonthestickwhichisakindofchildren sfavoritefoodinwinter MethodsofDiscriminatingtheOriginalMeaningofanEnglishWord英语词义辨析法 1 JudgingfromtheWordFormationparabiosphericpara outside bio biologic spheric havingtheformofasphere 外生物层的pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosispneumono oflung ultra beyond micro verysmall scopic ofviewingorobserving silico ofsilicon volcano ofvolcano coni koni ofdust osis formingthenameofadisease 硅酸盐沉着病 肺尘病 MethodsofDiscriminatingtheOriginalMeaningofanEnglishWord英语词义辨析法 2 JudgingfromtheReferencesthirdpersonpronouns indefinitepronouns some any each both definitepronouns much many few little etc He father sentJohntotheuniversityandwaseagertohavehimdistinguishhimself 他送约翰上大学 巴望能让儿子出类拔莽 MethodsofDiscriminatingtheOriginalMeaningofanEnglishWord英语词义辨析法 2 JudgingfromtheReferences2 demonstrativepronouns this that these those demonstrativeadverbs here there now then etc Healthisabovewealth forthiscannotgivesomuchhappinessasthat 健康比财富更重要 因为财富不能像健康那样给人那么多幸福 MethodsofDiscriminatingtheOriginalMeaningofanEnglishWord英语词义辨析法 2 JudgingfromtheReferences3 referencesofcomparisonIhateblueshirts whiteshirtssuitmebutgrayisthemostpreferable 我讨厌穿蓝衬衫 喜欢穿白衬衫 而最喜欢穿灰衬衫 MethodsofDiscriminatingtheOriginalMeaningofanEnglishWord英语词义辨析法 3 JudgingfromtheContextandCollocationHisplanedevelopedenginetroubleonlysevenmilesaftertakeoff 发生故障 Modernaircraftaresoheavythatthewingsmustdevelopaverylargeliftforceinordertosustaintheaircraft 产生升力 Inspiredbytheseideas in1752Franklindevelopedapracticallightningrod 研制避雷针 Ahypothesisisaspecificstatementdevelopedbyascientistfromobservations 得出论断 Mostofthemoneycamefromsellingthesecretofanewtypeofpotatohehaddeveloped 培育新品种 Severalattemptshavebeenmadethroughtheyearstodevelopthedeposit 开采矿床 MethodsofDiscriminatingtheOriginalMeaningofanEnglishWord英语词义辨析法 4 JudgingfromDifferentBranchesofLearningandSpecialties base 词根 inlexicology 本金 inbusiness 底涂 inpainting 基线 insurvey 根据地 inmilitaryscienceThelatheshouldbesetonafirmbase 车床应安装在坚实的底座上 机械 ABisthebaseofthetriangleABC AB线是三角形ABC的底边 数学 Heisonthesecondbase 他在二垒 体育 一词多类 一个词往往属于几个词类 具有几个不同的意义 一词多义 同一个词在同一个词类中 又往往有几个不同的词义 选择和确定词义通常从以下几个方面着手 1 根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词义Likechargesrepel unlikechargesattract 相同的电荷相斥 不同的电荷相吸 Likeknowslike 英雄识英雄 名词 Diction词义的选择 Diction词义的选择 2 根据上下文以及词在句子中的搭配关系来选择和确定词义Heisalwaysthefirsttocomeandlastmantoleave 他总是最先来 最后走 Heisthelastmantodoit 他绝对不会干那件事 Heisthelastpersonforsuchajob 他最不配干这个工作 Heshouldbethelast man toblame 怎么也不该怪他 ThisisthelastplacewhereIexpectedtomeetyou 我怎么也没料到会在这个地方见到你 softmusicsoftwoodsofthatsoftanswersoftheartsoftfiresoftwordssoftdrinksoftlightsoftgoodssoftcushionsoftbreeze 轻柔的音乐软木呢帽委婉的回答易感动的心文火和蔼的话不含酒精的饮料柔和的灯光毛织品靠垫和风 Diction词义的选择 lightmusiclightlosslightsteplightheartlightcarlightoutfitlightworklightmannerlightvoice 轻音乐轻微的损失轻快的脚步轻松的心情轻便的轿车轻巧的装备轻松的工作轻浮的举止轻柔的声音 Diction词义的选择 将词义作抽象化的引伸1 将表示具体形象的词译成该形象所代表的属性的词Thereisamixtureofthetigerandtheapeinthecharacteroftheimperialists 帝国主义者的性格既残暴 又狡猾 这里把tiger 老虎 和ape 猿 这两个具体形象引伸为这两个形象所代表的属性 残暴 和 狡猾 Everylifehasitsrosesandthorns 每个人的生活都有苦和甜 这里把roses 玫瑰 和thorns 刺 这两个具体形象引伸为这两个形象所代表的属性 甜 和 苦 词义的引申 2 将带有特征性形象的词译为该形象所代表的概念的词See sawingbetweenpartlygoodandfaintlyominous thenewsforthenextfourweekswasneverdistinct 在那以后的四个星期内 消息时而部分有所好转 时而又有点不妙 两种情况不断地交替出现 一直没有明朗化 see sawing是从see saw 跷跷板 转化而来的动词 本作 玩跷跷板 解 这里根据上下文引伸为 两种情况不断地交替出现 将词义作具体化的引伸英语中也有用代表抽象概念或属性的词来表示一种具体事物 译成汉语时一般可作具体化引伸 AsthePolitburogavethego aheadtoBrezhnev NixonandKissingerweremeetinginthePresident sKremlinapartment preparedtoacceptasetbackonSALT 在政治局向勃列日涅夫开放绿灯时 尼克松和基辛格正在克里姆林宫的总统下榻处开会 准备承受限制战略武器会谈失败的挫折 VietnamwashisentreetothenewAdministration histhirdincarnationasforeignpolicyconsultant 越南战争成了他进入新政府的敲门砖 他担任政府的对外政策顾问 那是第三次了 词义的引申 Itwasagirlwithgoodmanners Thesewerealllabeledasgoodeggs Dogsareoftenregardedasman sgoodfriends SheisagoodChristian agoodparent agoodwife agooddaughterandagoodteacher TimetoPractice Itwasagirlwithgoodmanners 这是一位举止得体的姑娘 Thesewerealllabeledasgoodeggs 这些都被标为新鲜的鸡蛋 Dogsareoftenregardedasman sgoodfriends 狗经常被认为是人们的忠实朋友 SheisagoodChristian agoodparent agoodwife agooddaughterandagoodteacher 她是一个虔诚的基督徒 一个慈爱的母亲 一个贤良的妻子 一个孝顺的女儿 一个合格的教师 TimetoPractice 老战士老领导老师傅老闰女老黄牛 比喻勤勤恳恳做事而又不计名利的人 老芹菜老皇历老生常谈老捣乱 aveteranaseniorleaderamastercraftsmantheyoungestdaughterawillingox diligentandconscientiousperson overgrownceleryobsoletepracticecommonplacealwaysmaketrouble 申请书报告书协议书成绩通知书 使用 说明书成交确认书电视机使用说明书白皮书家书 LetterofApplicationReportAgreementGradeReportDirectionsSalesConfirmationTelevisionOperationGuideWhiteBookaLetterfromHome 密码口水救火洗牌大片早恋青春痘方便面隐形眼镜流动资金买一赠一 secretcode mouthwater tosaveafire towashtheplayingcards bigmovie earlylove youthspot convenientnoodles invisibleglasses circulatingfunds buyone presentone passwordsaliva s la v tofightafiretoshuffletheplayingcardsblockbusterpuppyloveacneinstantnoodlescontactlensesworkingcapitalbuyoneandgetonefree 酸奶绿豆食言戴绿帽黄色书籍 sourmilk 酸牛奶 greenbean 四季豆 toeatone swords 承认自己说错话 have wearagreenbonnet yellowbook yoghurtmungbeanbreakone spromise wordbeacuckolddirty adultbook 炉子着得很旺 Thefireisburningbrisklyinthestove 她着凉了 Shehascaughtcold 上不着天 下不着地 Besuspendedinmidair 你猜着了 You veguessedright 老李躺下就着了 LaoLifellasleepassoonashelaydown 他走错了一着 Hehasmadeafalsemove or takenawrongstep 这些孩子穿着整齐 Thesechildrenareallneatlydressed 学习知识学习技术学习外语学习成绩学习别人的长处互相学习以雷锋为学习的榜样他的英语水平比我高把军政素质搞到一个新水平各级领导干部必须高领导水平 acquireknowledgemasteraskillstudyaforeignlanguageacademicrecordsemulateother sstrongpointslearnfromeachotherfollowtheexampleofLeiFengHeknowsmoreEnglishthanIdo RaisethemilitaryandpoliticalqualitytoanewheightLeadersofvariousranksmustimprovetheirartofleadership V TechniquesofTranslatingaGivenEnglishWord 1 Deduction todeducetheoriginalmeaninginthelightoftheexplanationofanEnglishdictionary Eg boomer apersonborninthemarkedriseinbirthrate生育高峰期出生的人win win beneficialtoallinsomeway双赢 2 Transplant totranslatetheingredientsofagivenEnglishwordliterallyandthencombineeachpartofthem Eg bandwidth带宽bluetooth蓝牙microwave微波supermarket超市splashdown溅落white collar白领 3 Extension theextensionofmeaningmaybeeitherfromthespecifictothegeneralorfromtheconcretetotheabstract andviceversa Eg bottleneck瓶颈交通峡口阻塞 fromtheconcretetotheabstract ecstasy anillegaldrug 入迷摇头丸 fromtheabstracttotheconcrete 4 Substitution toreplacethewordsoftheoriginalexpressionwithChinesesynonymsoridiomsaccordingtodifferentsituations Eg tokillsb as