英语词汇学课件1-6章2

Lecture1 The3basicelementsofEnglish speechsoundsgrammarvocabulary Lexicology abranchofLinguisticswhichstudiestheoriginsandmeaningsofwords Tobespecific theyincludeaspectsliketheformalandsemanticstructure semanticrelationships wordformationandusage thehistoricaldevelopmentandevolutionofwords etc Ithassomethingtodowiththefollowingsubjects 形态学 语体学 词典学 词源学 特定文化背景等 AimsandSignificanceoftheCourse Toknowthegeneralrulesofwordformationwhichhelpsusenlargeourvocabulary Tofostertheabilitytouse therightword Asasayinggoes Rightwordsinrightplacesmakesagoodwriting Tohaveabetterawarenessoflanguage English Togetadeeperunderstandingofthecultureofforeigncountries Tosumup EnglishLexicologyisatheoretically orientedcourseaswellasasapracticalone Whatisaword Pleasethinkbyyourselvesandgivethedefinitionofyourown Theminimalfreeformofalanguage whichhasagivensound meaningandsyntacticfunction WhatDoesVocabularyReferTo Thetotalnumberofwordsinalanguage InEnglish therearemorethan words 100 00B 100 000C onemillionD onebillionIncluding Nativevs Alien ClassificationofEnglishwords BasicWordStock A AllnationalcharacterWordsthatarecommonlyused B Stability relativelyspeaking Havebeeninuseforcenturies Somedisappearedbutmanymorearecreated C Productivity canformnewwords D Polysemy variousmeanings book man tomanadove E Collocability formidioms proverbs Non basicWords Terminology jargon slang dialectalwords etc ContentWordsandFunctionalwords NativewordsandBorrowedwordsThelattercanbedividedinto4types Whatarethey Homeworkforyourself study Lecture2 1 TheDevelopmentoftheEnglishVocabularyAbout300languagefamiliesexistintheworld amongwhichtheIndo Europeaniswidespread havingmuchinfluenceonthedevelopmentofEnglish 1 OldEnglishvocabulary 450 1150AD AfterRomans 3GermanictribescalledAngles SaxonsandJutescontrolledEngland Theirlanguage Anglo Saxonalsodominatedtheland Commonpractice combine2nativewordstocreatenewwords Itwasahighlyinflectedlanguagewithabout50000 60000words Inthe9thcentury someNorwegiansandDanishinvadedEngland whichbroughtsomeScandinavianwordssuchas skirt window skill birth egg etc 2 MiddleEnglish 1150 1500 TheNormansinvadedEnglandfromFrancein1066andmanyFrenchwordsflowedintoEnglish state judge power prince court crime peace battle etc 3 ModernEnglish 1500 now 2sub periodscanbedivided EarlyModernEnglish 1500 1700 BecauseoftheRenaissance manyLatinandGreekwordsenteredEnglishandEnglishbegantohaveaLatinateflavor b LateModernEnglishAfterexperiencingtheIndustrialRevolutionandBourgeoisrevolution Englandbecameagreateconomicpowerandbegantoabsorbwordsfromallmajorlanguagesintheworld AfterWorldWarII morewordsarecreatedbymeansofword formation GeneralCharacteristicsofModernEnglish 1 Receptivity2 SimplicityofInflection esp endings 3 relativelyfixedword orderAdvantahesanddisadvantagesco existintermsoflearningEnglish GrowthofContemporaryEnglishVocabulary 3mainsourcesofmodernEnglishvocabulary Therapiddevelopmentofscienceandtechnology moonwalk smartbomb Social economicandpoliticalchanges talkshow thefourthworld openuniversity chairperson Theinfluenceofotherculturesandlanguages kungfu ModesofVocabularyDevelopment Creation创新词 mostimportantfruice sportcast2 Semanticchange 旧词新义 economicwayofcreatingnewwordsweb break mouse3 Borrowing4 Revivingarchaicorobsoletewords butinsignificantespeciallytoAmericanEnglish guess sick fall Chapter3 MorphologicalStructureofEnglishWords Morphemes 词素 Awordisthesmallestunitofalanguagethatstandsalonetocommunicatemeaning Structurally awordisnotthesmallestunitbecausemanywordscanbeseparatedintoevensmallermeaningfulunits Morphemes Let stakeinternationalizationasanexample whichcanbebrokendownintointer nation al ize ation eachhavingameaningofitsown Andthesesegmentscannotbefurtherdivided otherwise theycouldnotmakeanysense Morphemes Undesirability un desire able ityImprovement im prove mentUnfaithful Definitionofthemorpheme Themorphemeis thesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwords Crystal 1985 Morph语素形式 语子 Thephoneticororthographicstringsorsegmentswhichrealizemorphemesare morphs p 44 Cats bags matches s z iz 3morphs动词be的变化 Allomorph 词素变体 Anallomorphisoneoftwoormorecomplementarymorphswhichmanifestamorphemeinitsdifferentphonologicalormorphologicalenvironments cats beds horses s z iz feet men deer fish动词过去时态变化 ed ied 不规则变化词缀的变化如 p b m 前的否定前缀 如im 否则多为in Typesofmorphemes1 freemorpheme thosethataremeaningfulandcanbeusedfreelyandindependentlysuchasearth wind boy bite etc 2 boundmorpheme 粘着词素 Mainlyinderivativewordsrecollection Howmanyboundmorphemes Affixes FormsthatareattachedtowordsorwordelementstomodifymeaningorfunctionAlmostallaffixesareboundmorphemesFewcanbeusedasindependentwords Twogroupsofaffixes Inflectionalaffixes 屈折词缀 affixesattachedtotheendofwordstoindicategrammaticalrelationshipsorcalledinflectionalmorphemesModernEnglishisananalyticallanguageandonlyhasafewinflectionalaffixes s ed ing er est DerivationalAffixes 派生词缀 affixesaddedtoothermorphemestocreatenewwordstwokinds 1 prefixes comebeforetheword2 suffixes comeaftertheword 比较相似又有所差异的几个概念 Root Stem BaseWhatisroot 词根 thebasicformofawordwhichcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity Crystal 1985 arootisthatpartofawordformthatremainswhenallinflectionalandderivationalaffixeshavebeenremoved Bauer 1983 Stem词干 Thepartoftheword formwhichremainswhenallinflectionalaffixeshavebeenremoved 2forms 1rootmorpheme iron gas 2rootmorpheme affixationalmoephemesmouthful nation national nationalist Base词基 Itisaformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded Itcanbearootorastem Forexample internationalists Nation root stembase NationalNationalistInternationalist Chapter4WordFormation 4 1 affixationPrefix a not without 如amoral neo pan mal macro etc Suffix page61 4 2 Compounding composition V Adj N 2words ormorethan2 puttogetherHotline laserbomb blackhole baby sit job hop window shop toothache silkwormround the clock negotiation 4 3 Conversion 转类法 词性转换watertheflower bookaticket manabusIt salongwait Johnisacheat Givemeapush OK Thepoor theaccused thedeserted4 4 Blending 拼缀法 Partsof2wordsareputtogether SmogSmoke fogbotel boat hotel Exercise Tellushowthefollowingareformedandwhattheymean chunnel sitcom comsat brunch 4 5Clipping A wordclippingClippingthefront backorboth telephone phone advertisement ad discotheque discoinfluenza flu refrigerator fridgeB Phraseclippingpub publichouse zoo zoologicalgarden pop popularmusic 4 6Acronymy 1 InitialismsUN IOC UFO TV Canyouworkoutwhatthefollowingreferto IMF C O TB TOEFL H bomb InternationalMonetaryFund 国际货币基金组织 careof 由 转交 tuberculosis肺炎托福 TestofEnglishasaForeignLanguage 氢弹 hydrogenbomb 2 Acronyms Wordsformedfrominitiallettersbutpronouncedasanormalword NATORadar radiodetectingandranging TEFL 4 7 backformation 逆生法 television televisedestruction destructbeggar begdonation donateautomation automatediagnosis diagnose一般是把 假定的 后缀去掉 Chapter5WordMeaningandComponentialAnalysis 5 1WordMeaning1 Reference所指 referent 所指物 Itindicateswhichthingsarebeingtalkedabout Arbitrary conventional dog 2 Concept resultofhumancognitionThesameconceptcanbeexpressedbymanywords 多 3 Sense themeaningofmeaningEverywordthathasmeaninghassense butnoteverywordhasreference but yes Chapter5WordMeaningandComponentialAnalysis 5 1motivation 意义的 理据语言符号与意义之间的联系 依据 1 OnomatopoeicMotivation 拟声 tick tuck cuckoo quack seetheexercise 2 MorphologicalMotivationAirmail mailbyair hopeless withouthopeBut greenhorn isanexception 3 SemanticMotivation e g ThepenismightierthantheswordHeisfondofthebottle Themouthoftheriver常用的主要手段 A metaphor without like as 隐喻e g Lifeisashortsummer e g Alltheworldisastage b metonymy 借代 Thecrown kingTheCambridgeintheEastZhejiangUniv C Synecdoche 提喻 Apartrepresentsthewhole orviceversaTheWhiteHouseAmericangovernment 4 EtymologicalMotivation Pen 羽毛 笔laconic Lacons 部落 简要的ItseemsinEnglishmostofthewordshavenoevidentmotivations ComponentialAnalysis Breakdownthesenseofawordintoitsminimalcomponents traits Semanticfeatures Man human male adult Woman human male adult Boy girl可类推boy girl Thechairsmileshappily Whyisthissentenceodd ChapterSix SenseRelations Polysemy 多义关系 Thedevelopmentofaword ssemanticstructureresultsinthisphenomenon 辐射型radiation soft softwind softwords softdrink softmoney softlight 连锁型concatenation theoriginalmeaningislostfinally Candidate white robed 候选人 2 Homonymy 同形同音异义关系 1 perfecthomonyms samespellingandpronunciation bankbeardate2 homograph samespellingonly bow 弓bow 鞠躬 3 homophone samepronunciationonly dear deerright write ritesight cite 3 SynonymyMostsynonymsarerelativesynonyms stagger reel totter walkunsteadily摇摆 蹒跚 老人 婴儿的脚步alterchangevary部分改变 大小 形状等 本质的变化 或以甲代替乙侧重变化的多样性 Theirclothes incolor Homework tellthedifferenceofthesynonyms limit restrict confine Thedifferencesbetweensynonymsaremainly Sprehend understandrich wealthy work toilwant wish desire 语义强度递增 2 Affectiveandstylisticdifference statesmanpoliticianvocalistsinger 4 Antonymy 反义 1 Complementaries 矛盾反义词 Suchas dead alive male female same different single married特点 非此即彼 无比较级 不能用ver