英语写作手册第二章

PartII PartIIDiction LevelsofWords TheMeaningofWords GeneralandSpecificWords Idioms FiguresofSpeech Dictionaries LevelsofWords stylistic formal common Informal slang P7 P8 P8 Comparethefollowingsentences Afteradoubleattempttoinserthimselfthroughthewindow Michaelconcededfailure Aftertwotriesatclimbinginthrough Michaelgaveup Wordscanbe roughly formal general andslangintermsofstyle Formalwords Definition Canbecalledlearnedwords orliterarywords or big words Usage Formalwriting Feature Threeormorethanthreesyllables Examples recognition characteristically elevated monolithic investigation incipient inclination noncasual Commonwords Definition thosethatpeopleuseeveryday andappearinallkinksofwriting ThefollowingclipsarechosenfromaChinesemovie WatchandchooseoneofthemtodubinEnglish Clip1 Clip2 甲方乙方 1 Tolearn CommonOrFormal 五彩缤纷 的刘导 DirectorLiufromMulticolor嘉宾 distinguishedguest中央电视台的春节晚会 CCTVSpringFestivalGala普通人 a n ordinary commonperson签名 signature影迷 fans演艺圈 entertainmentcircle是是非非 gossip冷冷清清的过日子 liveinpeace委托我们全权代理 authorizeustobeyourrepresentative More 甲方乙方 2 Tolearn 我们就是吃这碗饭的 That sjustourwork 对售后服务进行摸底 asksb forfeedbackonafterservice神通广大 powerful起诉 suesb 名誉权 reputationright三炒两炒把你炒红了 You llbecomefamousagainwiththosenegativereports 沾你的光 countonyou我也得吃饭 Ihavetosurvive 特别走红 veryhot IdeaSharing CommonOrFormal Informal Slangwords Theyseldomappearinformalwriting andinliteraryworkstheirmainuseistorecordpeople sthoughtsanddialogues Slangwordsarehighlyinformal theymaybevividandinteresting buttheymay whenusedinappropriately makethewriteorspeakersoundoffensiveorfunny P16 17 Theviolinvirtuoso sperformanceonthecellowasarealbomb Theauthorhasputaterrificlotintoherbookandshecomesupwithsomeprettygoodideas Shereallygoestotownoverhorrorfilms Accordingtoherthesehelpyougetridofhang upsaswellasfrightenthepantsoffyou wasabigfailure Theauthorhasmadealifetime sstudyoffilmhistory andtheknowledgeshehasaccumulatedistemperedbyafinesenseofjudgment Shedevotesawholechaptertoananalysisofhorrorfilms Thesefilms accordingtoher domuchmorethanjustfrightenus theyenableustoourworries TheMeaningofWords meaning denotative connotative country land state nation Anareaoflandanditspopulationandgovernment Peopleofacountry Thegovernmentorpoliticalorganization Lessprecisebutmoreliteraryandemotivethancountry Stylisticlevel Degreeofemphasis Emotionalcoloring Collocation Tone Formal Big Informal Small WordsEG Thecommunicationbetweenthemisextremelyhardtounderstandforalittlekid Theirtalkisnonsense Compare Big Large StylisticlevelP17 P18ClassroomActivities 1 Ifthereisanaccidentorincidentthatmaybecoveredbythispolicy notifyusinwritingassoonaspossible Youcangivethisnoticetoanyofourauthorizedagents 2 waitforasecond withdraw stop3 1 friends colleaguescolloquial2 colleaguesformal3 headofthedepartmentmostformal EmotionalcoloringTone Small LittleSmallisobjective whilelittlemayimplyafeelingoffondness Modest HumbleBothindicatealackofpride butmodestyisavirtueandhumblenessisnot Humbleoftenconnotesundueself depreciation Collocation HabituallyusedwithcertainwordsAlarge bigamountofmoney Alarge bignumberofpeople Heisamanwithlarge greatcourage Ihavebig greatconfidenceinmyself Suggestions 1 DonottaketheChineseequivalent 2 EnglishwordsthatmaybetranslatedintothesameChineseexpressionarenotnecessarilysynonymous GeneralandSpecificWords GeneralWordsarerecapitulative SpecificWordsaredetailed helptomakewritingclear exact vivid andstriking fortheyaremoreinformativeandexpressivethangeneralwords E G agoodman kind honest just generous sympathetic brave warm hearted selfless honorablegoodfood tasty delicious nourishing rich wholesome fresh appetizing abundant Idioms Definition afixedgroupofwordswithaspecialmeaningwhichisdifferentfromthemeaningofthewordsthatfromit noneofthewordscanbechangedtoformanotherunderstandablephrase Function naturalandidiomatic1 informalorcolloquialinstyle canbeusedinconversation someshouldbeusedwithcare2 clich s nolongerfreshorinteresting E gP14 FiguresofSpeech Simile Metaphor Personification Metonymy Synecdoche Euphemism Irony OverstatementUnderstatement TransferredEpithet Oxymoron Alliteration Supplement Simile Definition comparisonbetween2distinctlydifferentthingsandthecomparisonisindicatedbythewordasorlike E G Omylove slikeared redrose Thatmancan tbetrusted He sasslipperyasaneel Theoldman shairisaswhiteassnow Metaphor Definition theuseofawordwhichoriginallydenotesonethingtorefertoanotherwithasimilarquality implied notexpressedwiththewordasorlike E G Omylove slikeared redrose Omylove sared redrose Heisthesouloftheteam n v a ad canbeusedinametaphoricalway Personification Definition treatathingasifitwerehumanorhadhumanqualities inpoetry E G Youthishotandbold Ageisweakandcold Youthiswild andAgeistame WilliamShakespeare Metonymy Definition substitutingthenameofonethingforthatofanotherwithwhichitiscloselyassociated brevityandvividness crown king theWhiteHouse USgovernment thebottle wine alcohol thebar thelegalprofession Synecdoche Definition apartissubstitutedforthewholeorthewholeissubstitutedforthepart MetonymyandSynecdochebothinvolvesubstitution E G Weareshortofhandsduringtheharvestseason Hehadtoearnhisdailybreadbydoingoddjobs Euphemism Definition thesubstitutionofamildorvagueexpressionforaharshorunpleasantone todie topassaway oldpeople seniorcitizens mad emotionallydisturbed dustman sanitationworker Irony Definition theuseofwordswhichareclearlyoppositetowhatismeant inordertoachieveaspecialeffect E G itwasrainingheavily Whatfineweatherforanouting Youareagenius nobodywouldmakesuchmistakesasyoudo Overstatement HyperboleUnderstatement Definition exaggeratethesubject playdownthemagnitude impressiveorinteresting E G Sheisdyingtoknowwhatjobhasbeenassignedher Ittookafewdollarstobuildthisindoorswimmingpool TransferredEpithet Definition shiftedfromthen itlogicallymodifiestoawordassociatedwiththatn E G Theoldmanputareassuringhandonmyshoulder Hesaid Yes tothequestioninanunthinkingmoment Theassistantkeptarespectfuldistancefromhisbosswhentheywerewalkinginthecorridor Oxymoron Definition Aphrasethatcombines2wordsthatseemtobetheoppositeofeachother Apparentlycontradictorytermarecombinedtoproduceaspecialeffect E G Shereadthelong awaitedletterwithatearfulsmile Thecoachhadtobecrueltobekindtohistrainees Alliteration Definition theappearanceofthesameinitialconstantsoundin2ormorewords poetrytoemphasistowordsthatarerelatedinmeaning proudasapeacock blindasabat academicachievement BuffaloBill Supplement Paradox astatementcontaining2oppositeideasthatmakeitseemimp