学术英语(人文社科类)Unit

5 SociologyMattersCulturesallsharecertainbasiccharacteristicsdespitedifferences Inthisunitwewillseehowthosecharacteristicschangeasculturesdevelop andhowculturesinfluenceoneanotherthroughtheirtechnological commercial andartisticachievements TextA CriticalreadingandthinkingofTextA TextAnalysisAnalyzingthetextbyexplainingkeyterms1Culture thetotalityoflearned sociallytransmittedcustoms knowledge materialobjects andbehavior Unit5SociologyMatters TextA CriticalreadingandthinkingofTextA TextAnalysis2Culturaluniversals adaptationstomeetessentialhumanneeds suchaspeople sneedforfood shelter andclothinge g athleticsports cooking funeralceremonies medicine andsexualrestrictions AnthropologistGeorgeMurdock Para 2 Unit5SociologyMatters TextA CriticalreadingandthinkingofTextA TextAnalysis theprocessofintroducinganewideaorobjecttoaculture 1 discovery makingknownorsharingtheexistenceofsomeaspectofrealitye g thefindingoftheDNAmolecule identificationofanewmoonofSaturn Para 5 2 invention aninventionresultswhenexistingculturalitemsarecombinedintoaformthatdidnotexistbefore e g thebowandarrow automobile theInternet Para 5 3Innovation Unit5SociologyMatters TextA CriticalreadingandthinkingofTextA TextAnalysis4Globalization theworldwideintegrationofgovernmentpolicies cultures socialmovements andfinancialmarketsthroughtradeandtheexchangeofidease g StarbucksinChina Para 6 Unit5SociologyMatters TextA CriticalreadingandthinkingofTextA TextAnalysis5Diffusion theprocessbywhichaculturalitemspreadsfromgrouptogrouporsocietytosociety e g Diffusioncanoccurthroughavarietyofmeans exploration militaryconquest missionarywork theinfluenceorthemassmedia tourism andtheInternet Para 7 Unit5SociologyMatters TextA CriticalreadingandthinkingofTextA TextAnalysis6McDonaldization theprocessthroughwhichtheprinciplesofthefast foodrestauranthavecometodominatecertainsectorsofsociety bothintheUnitedStatesandthroughouttheworld Unit5SociologyMatters TextA CriticalreadingandthinkingofTextA McDonaldizationisassociatedwiththemeltingofcultures Examples InJapan Africanentrepreneurshavefoundathrivingmarketforhip popfashionspopularizedbyteensintheUnitedStates Para 9 InAustria theMcDonald sorganizationhasdrawnonAustrians loveofcoffee cake andconversationtocreatetheMcCafefast foodchain Para 9 Unit5SociologyMatters TextA CriticalreadingandthinkingofTextA Insomesocieties McDonaldizationhasmetresistancetotheinvasionoftoomuchculturefromothercountries Examples InCanada 35 ofastation sdaytimeradioprogrammingisrequiredbedevotedtoCanadiansongsorartists Para 10 InBrazil Barbie spopularityhasbeeneclipsedbySusi adollthatlooksmorelikeBraziliangirls Para 10 Unit5SociologyMatters TextA CriticalreadingandthinkingofTextA TextAnalysis7Technology culturalinformationabouthowtousethematerialresourcesoftheenvironmenttosatisfyhumanneedsanddesirese g Technologyhasincreasedthespeedofculturaldiffusionandbroadenedthedistributionofculturalelements Para 11 Unit5SociologyMatters TextA CriticalreadingandthinkingofTextA TextAnalysis8Materialculture thephysicalortechnologicalaspectsofourdailylives includingfooditems houses factories andrawmaterials Unit5SociologyMatters TextA CriticalreadingandthinkingofTextA TextAnalysis9Nonmaterialculture waysofusingmaterialobjectsandcustoms beliefs philosophies governments andpatternsofcommunicationItismoreresistanttochangethanmaterialculture Unit5SociologyMatters TextA CriticalreadingandthinkingofTextA TextAnalysis10Culturallag theperiodofmaladjustmentwhenthenonmaterialcultureisstillstrugglingtoadapttonewmaterialconditionse g theethicsofusingtheInternet suchasissuesconcerningprivacyandcensorship Para 12 Unit5SociologyMatters Collocation TextA Englishlanguageforacademicpurpose 人们对衣食住的需求推出新概念解除现有的工作关系改变社会传统和习俗 Task1TranslatethefollowingexpressionsrelatedtosociologyintoEnglish P96 people sneedforfood shelter andclothing introducinganewidea sweepawayexistingworkingrelationships transformthetraditionsandcustomsofthesociety Unit5SociologyMatters 1 TextA Englishlanguageforacademicpurpose dilutethedistinctiveaspectsofasociety sculture theculturalinvasionfromothercountries satisfyhumanneedsanddesires issuesconcerningprivacyandcensorship 削弱社会文化中的特殊方面来自于其他国家的文化侵略满足人类的需求和欲望关于隐私和审查的问题 Collocation Task1TranslatethefollowingexpressionsrelatedtosociologyintoEnglish P96 Unit5SociologyMatters 1 TextA 2 Task1Completethesentenceswiththecollocationsinthebox P97 Englishlanguageforacademicpurpose Collocation Unit5SociologyMatters humanneedsanddesireslevelofprivacymaterialculturesocialconsequencesworkingrelationshipworldwideintegration 2 TextA 2 Task1Completethesentenceswiththecollocationsinthebox P97 Englishlanguageforacademicpurpose Collocation Unit5SociologyMatters Internetusersmayachieveanadequate throughcontrolleddisclosureofpersonalinformation Thisbookpresentsacomprehensiveanalysisofthe ofpopulationdeclineandaginginJapan Sociologistsusetheterm globalization torefertotheresulting ofgovernmentpolicies cultures socialmovementsandfinancialmarkets levelofprivacy socialconsequences worldwideintegration 2 TextA Task1Completethesentenceswiththecollocationsinthebox P97 Englishlanguageforacademicpurpose Collocation Unit5SociologyMatters Afinalrecommendationoftheconsultantswasaradicalattempttoforgeacloser betweentheboardandstaffmembers Inthesocialsciences isatermthatreferstotherelationshipbetweenartifactsandsocialrelations AbrahamMaslowwrotehisHierarchyofNeedstheorywhereinheattemptedtodocumentthefivelevelsof humanneedsanddesires materialculture workingrelationship 2 Signpostlanguage maybeclassifiedinavarietyofwaysAttheessaylevel besortedintofunctionalgroupsDependinguponthepurposeorintentofthewriter Paragraphsmayalsobeclassified TextA Englishlanguageforacademicpurpose Task2ClassificationReadtheparagraphonPage98andunderlinesignpostlanguageofclassification Unit5SociologyMatters TextA Inacademicwriting claimsareoftencouchedintentativelanguage Thisisknownashedging Englishlanguageforacademicpurpose FormalEnglish Modalauxiliaryverbs can could may might should wouldOthermodalverbs appear look seem tendProbabilityadjectives likely possible probable unlikelyProbabilityadverbs perhaps possibly probably presumablyFrequencyadverbs generally occasionally often seldom usually Unit5SociologyMatters TextA 2 Task3Completethesentenceswithhedgingexpressions P98 Englishlanguageforacademicpurpose FormalEnglish Unit5SociologyMatters TheculturalpracticeslistedbyMurdock beuniversal butthemannerinwhichtheyareexpressedvariesfromculturetoculture Forexample onesociety letitsmemberschoosetheirownmarriagepartners Another encouragemarriagesarrangedbytheparents may may may TextA 2 Task3Completethesentenceswithhedgingexpressions P98 FormalEnglish Unit5SociologyMatters Globalization bede