TG grammar五阶段

4 8FivestagesofdevelopmentofTGgrammar Fivestagesofdevelopment 1 TheClassicalTheory whichaimstomakelinguisticsascience SyntacticStructures 19752 TheStandardTheory whichdealswithhowsemanticsshouldbestudiedinalinguistictheoryAspectsoftheTheoryofSyntax 19653 TheExtendedStandardTheory whichfocusesdiscussiononlanguageuniversalsanduniversalgrammarStudiesonSemanticinGenerativeGrammar 19724 TheRevisedExtendedStandardTheory orGB whichfocusesonGovernmentandBindingLecturesonGovernmentandBinding 19815 TheMinimalistProgram whichisafurtherrevisionoftheprevioustheory TheMinimalProgram 1995MinimalistInquiries TheFramework 1998 4 8 1TheclassicalTheory 1 Itaimstomakelinguisticsascience 2 Itsfeatures Emphasizingongenerativeabilityoflanguage Introducingtransformationalrules Grammaticaldescriptionregardlessofmeaning3 Chomskyputforwardthreekindsofgrammar Finitestategrammar Phrasestructuregrammar Transformationalgrammar 4 8 2Threekindsofgrammar 1 ThefinitestategrammarItisthesimplesttypeofgrammarwhich withafiniteamountofapparatus cangenerateaninfinitenumberofsentences Buttheyallareverysimpleintheirstructure Chomskydevisesthisgrammartoshowtheimpracticalityoforganisingalanguagefromaleft to rightorder 2 ThefinitestategrammarItisappropriatetodescribe stimulus response processoflearning butitisinappropriatetoexplainthecomplexitiesofthehumancognitivesystem Itcontainsdeepstructureandsurfacestructure Deepstructure theabstractrepresentationofthesyntacticpropertiesofaconstruction Surfacestructure thefinalstageinthesyntacticderivationofaconstruction Deepstructureandsurfacestructure Inbrief thesentencesthathavetheformthatpeoplecanactuallysayarecalledsurfacestructures Butthedeepstructuremeansthefactthatspeakerstrytoconveythemessageofthesentence Thatistosay thesurfacestructureoflanguagedeterminestheformofsentences whiledeepstructuredeterminesmeaningofsentences Forexample 1 Theglassisbroken 2 BreakingtheglassThoughtheformofsentencesisdifferent butthemessageconveyedissame Thefactthatweknowtheglassisbrokenisthedeepstructureofsentence butthetwoformsofsentencesthatconveythefactisthesurfacestructure 3 PhrasestructuregrammarItconsistssolelyofphrase structurerulesthatformalisesomeofthetraditionalinsightsofconstituentstructureanalysis Thisgrammarhasgreatergenerativepowersthanafinitestategrammar 4 Phrasestructuregrammar Thephrasestructurerules alsocalledrewritingrules areasfollows a S NP VPb VP Verb NPc NP NP single NP plural d NP s D Ne NP p D N sf D theg N man ball door dog book h Verb aux Vi V hit take bite eat walk j Aux Tense M have en be ing k Tense PresentPastl M will can may shall must 5 Phrasestructuregrammar Phrasestructurerulesarecalledrewritingrules Thegenerativeprocessofasentenceistheprocessofrewritingonesymbolintoanother Forexample howtoformthesentence Themanhittheball Wemustuserulesandrepresentthemby bracketing and diagramming TheGenerativeProcessofASentence Bracketing NP Det the N man VP V hit NP Det the N ball Diagraming SNPVPDetNVerbNPDetNthemanhittheball 6 Transformationalrules T rules aretheoperationsthatadd deleteorchangeelementsinonestructuretoproduceanotherstructure Itreferstoalltherulesthatapplyafteralllexiconitemshavebeeninsertedintothestructures 7 Chomskyhaslisted16transformationalrulesforEnglish Forexample Jackhasnotfinishedhiswork ThefirstpartisanNP Thesecondpartcanbeanalysedintoa concordelement Forrealisationoftheinflectedformslike has etc representedbyC plusamodalverb have thatis C have Thethirdpartcanberepresentedwithanellipsis foritisnotimportant Structuralanalysis NP C have Structuralchanges X1 X2 X3 X1 X2 n t X3 EachpartssubstituedwithX1 X2 X3 Thetransformationalrulefornegationoftheformer 8 Phrasestructuregrammar Twokindsoftransformationalrule obligatoryandoptionalthetransformationofnegation thepassivevoice etc Thetransformationofauxiliariesandparticles 4 8 3Somedefectsinthetheory Thetransformationalrulesaretoopowerful Therulesmaygenerateill formedsentencesaswellaswell formedones Forexample withtherulesSNP VP andVPV NP theremightbegeneratedthefollowingtwo SSNPVPNPVPVNPVNPJohndrinkwinewinedrinkJohn Thetransformationalrulesforthepassivevoicecannotbeusedatwill forsomeoftheEnglishverbsdonothavepassivestructures SNPAuxVPDetNPPThemotheroftheboyandthegirlwillarrivesoon SNPAuxVPNPNPThemotheroftheboyandthegirlwillarrivesoon phrasestructureistooflexible 4 9ThestandardTheory 1 Chomskysaysthatagenerativegrammarshouldconsistofthreecomponents syntactic phonologicalandsemantic Therelationshipsofthethreecomponentscanbeillustratedbythefollowingdiagram Syntacticcomponent BaseComponent RewritingRules Lexicon DeepStructure T Rules SurfaceStructure SemanticComponent PhonologicalRules SemanticRepresentation PhonologicalRepresentation Re writingRulesgeneratedeepstructureofsentence transformationalrulestransformdeepstructureintosurfacestructure semanticcomponentmakessemanticinterpretationondeepstructure phonologicalcomponentmakesphonologicalinterpretationonsurfacestructure 2 ItsadvantagesovertheClassicalTheory Transformationcanonlychangetheformsofsentencesandarenotallowedtoalterthemeaning ToruleoutthegenerationofsentenceslikeWinedrinksJohn thereisnowaselectionalrestrictiontoensurethattheanimatenounappearsbeforetheverbandinanimatenounappearsaftertheverb Restrictionsareputontransformationsinordernottogenerateill formedsentences Accordingtore writingrules sentencescanbeembedded thus thetheorynowcoversnotonlysimplesentencesbutalsocomplexones Theruleareproperlyorderedandthereisasetorderinwhichtherulesapply 3 Problemsunsolvedinthetheory Thetransformationalrulesarestilltoopowerful fortheycanmoveordeletelinguisticsegments changethecategories keeptheoriginalmeaningintact andvaryaccordingtospecificcircumstances Derivednounsandtheircorrespondingverbsareirregularnotonlyintermsofsyntacticfeatures butalsoinphonologicalandsemanticrelations whichisignoredintheStandardTheory TheStandardTheoryholdsthatsemanticinterpretationsaredeterminedbythedeepstructure andtransformationalprocesswillnotchangethesentencemeaning Laterthiswasfoundtobeimpossible Becauseanykindoftransformationswillchangethesentencemeaning Forexample sentence 1 Everyonelovessomeone isdifferentfrom 2 Someoneislovedbyeveryone TheStandardTheorycannotexplaingappedstructuresas Johnatesomespaghetti andMarysomemacaroni Investigationsofmoretypeofrulesshowedthatmanytransformationalrulesmusthavecomplexconstraintsinorderthattheydonotproduceungrammaticalsentences 5 1TheExtendedStandardTheoryandLaterTheories 5 1 1TheExtendedStandardTheory 1 IntheExtendedStandardTheory ChomskyrevisedhisStandardTheorytwice 2 Inhisfirstrevision Chomskymovedpartofsemanticinterpretationtothesurfacestructure Letustakethecategoriesofthelogicalcomponentforexample 1 Notmanyarrowshitthetarget 2 Manyarrowsdidn hitthetargetThedeepstructureis NOT Throughtransformations thetwosentencesdiffersemanticallyduetologicalcomponentNOT Thus semanticinterpretationdoesplayrolesinsurfacestructure ButChomskystillbelievessemanticisdeterminedbydeepstructure 3 Thesecondrevisioninvolvesthewholetheoreticalframework whichcanbeillustratedbythefollowingdiagram ThemostremarkablechangeisthatChomskynowcompletelyputssemanticinterpretationinthesurfacestructure Phrasestructure LexiconTheTransformationalComponentPhonologicalRulesSemanticInterpretativeRules TheBaseComponent DeepStructure SurfaceStructure PhonologicalRepresentation LogicalFormRepresentation 5 1 2GovernmentandBinding 1 TGgrammarentersthefourthperiodofdevelopmentwiththeoryofGB ThistheoryconsistsofX barTheory Theory BoundingTheory GovernmentTheory CaseTheory ControlTheory andBindingTheory 2 InthetheoryofGovernmentandBinding thereisanewconcept theemptycategory Chomskybelievesthatthroughtheemptycategory wecanfurthergettoknowaboutthemechanismoflanguage Butthistheoryisnotyetmature 3 Gonvernmentandbindingtheory http en wikipedia org wiki Government and binding theory Thenamereferstotwocentralsubtheoriesofthetheory government whichisanabstractsyntacticrelation andbinding whichdealswiththereferentsofpronouns anaphors andreferentialtheory GBwasthefirsttheorytobebasedontheprinciplesandparametersmodeloflanguage whichalsounderliesthelaterdevelopmentsoftheMinimalistProgram GovernmentGovernmentisdefinedasfollows AgovernsBifandonlyifAisagovernorandAm commandsBandnobarrierintervenesbetweenAandB Governorsareheadsofthelexicalcategories V N A P andtensedI T Am commandsBifAdoesnotdominateBandBdoesnotdominateAandthefirstmaximalprojectionofAdominatesB ThemaximalprojectionofaheadXisXP Thismeansthatforexampleinastructurelikethefollowing Am commandsB butBdoesnotm commandA BindingBindingcanbedefinedasfollows Anelement bindsanelement ifandonlyif c commands and and corefer Considerthesentence Johnsawhismother whichisdiagrammedbelowusingsimplephrasestructurerules TheNP John c commands his becausethefirstparentoftheNP S contains his John and his arealsocorererential theyrefertothesameperson therefore John binds his 1 Johnsawhim 2 Johnsawhimself 3 HimselfsawJohn 4 JohnsawJohn Bindingisused alongwithparticularbindingprinciples toexplaintheungrammaticalityofthosestatements TheapplicablerulesarecalledBindingPrincipleA BindingPrincipleB andBindingPrincipleC PrincipleA ananaphor reflexiveorreciprocal suchas eachother mustbeboundinitsgoverningcategory roughly theclause Since himself isnotc commandedby John insentence 3 PrincipleAisviolated PrincipleB apronounmustbefree i e notbound withinitsgoverningcategory roughly theclause Insentence 1 him isboundby John violatingPrincipleB PrincipleC anR expressionmustbefree i e notbound R expressions e g thedog or John arereferentialexpressions unlikepronounsandanaphora theyindependentlyrefer i e pickoutentitiesintheworld Insentence 4 thefirstinstanceof John bindsthesecond violatingPrincipleC 5 2TheMinimalistProgram 1 TheMinimalistProgramismotivatedbytworelatedquestions Whatarethegeneralconditionsthatthehumanlanguagefacultyshouldbeexpectedtosatisfy Towhatextentisthelanguagefacultydeterminedbytheseconditions withoutaspecialstructurethatliesbeyondthem 2 Remarkablechangesinthenewtheory SomeofthediscreteanalyticalmodelsintheGBarediscardedandthetwolevelsofanalysis thedeepstructureandthesurfacestructure areleftout Theimportantconceptof government intheprevioustheoryisrejectedandthefactsinterpretedbythetheoryofgovernmentarereplacedbyseveralrevisedconcepts thusthetheoryofgovernmenthasturnedfromasubsystemofuniversalgrammarintotheinterpretativeconstraintoftheoutputcondition 3 Inthe1990 s ChomskyfurtherdevelopedtheminimalisttheoryinhisMinimalistInquiries TheFramework 1998 Inhiswork Chomskyholdsthattheinitialstatesofhumanlanguagesarethesamewhereasthestatesofacquiringdifferentlanguagesarenot Whilethefacultyoflanguageconsistsofacognitivesystemthatstoresinformationsuchassound meaning andstructures theperformancesystemretrievesandusestheinformation Heraisesaprofoundquestion Howwellisthelanguagefacultydesigned Chomskyimaginesacaseinwhichacertainprimatewhichhasbeenrecognizeditsmindbygivingitthefacultyoflanguage Thus heputforwardthestrongestminimalistthesis Linguisticmechanismistheidealsolutiontotheproblemoflegibilityconditions 5 3ReconsiderationonTGGrammar 5 3 1Itsconsistentaimsandpurposes ThedevelopmentofTGGrammarcanberegardedasaprocessofconstantlyminimalizingtheoriesandcontrollingthegenerativepowers Althoughithasinvolvedputtingforward revising andcancelingofmanyspecificrules hypotheses mechanisms andtheoreticalmodels itsaimsandpurposeshavebeenconsistent i e toexplorethenature originandtheusesofhumanknowledgeonlanguage 5 3 2ItsMainFeatures 1 Chomskydefineslanguageasasetofrulesorprinciples 2 Hebelievesthattheaimoflinguisticistoproduceagenerativegrammarwhichcapturesthetacitknowledgeofthenativespeakerofhislanguage 3 Chomskyandhisfollowersareinterestedinanydatathatrevealthenativespeaker stacitknowledge Theyseldomusewhatnativespeakersactuallysay theyrelyontheirownintuition 4 Themethodologyishypothesis deductive 5 Itfollowsrationalisminphilosophyandmentalisminpsychology 5 3 3Theinfluence Inthelate1950s theappearanceofTGGrammarinAmericaviolentlypunchedtheprevailingstructuralistdescriptivelinguistics Chomsky stheoriesarepopular particularlyintheUnitedState buttheyhaveneverbeenfreefromcontroversy Criticismhascomefromanumberofdifferentdirections Somecritics seelanguagelearning havequestionedwhetheritisnecessarytopositUniversalGrammarinordertoexplainchildlanguageacquisition arguingthatdomain generallearningmechanismsaresufficient Todaytherearemanydifferentbranchesofgenerativegrammar onecanviewgrammaticalframeworkssuchashead drivenphrasestructuregrammar lexicalfunctionalgrammarandcombinatorycategorialgrammarasbroadlyChomskyandgenerativeinorientation butwithsignificantdifferencesinexecution 5 4Conclusionofpresentation InthepresentationgivenbyMissXu sheintroducesdefinitionofsyntax shequotestwodefinitionsfromtwoChinesescholars whileinheropinion SyntaxisaboutFORMATION FORMULATION ShetalksaboutapproachesofSyntax Traditionalapproach Structuralapproach Generativeapproach ThensheintroducesSyntaxrelation positionalrelation relationofsubstitutability relationofco occurrence Inthenextpart lexical grammaticalcategoriesareentailed TheformerincludesNoun Verb Adjective etc Thelatterincludesnumber gender tense mood etc AndsheintroducesSyntacticfunctions namely subject predicate object complement adverbial Inthepartof Phraseclausesentence arelationisillustrated word phrase clause sentence Somerulesareentailed likePhrasestucturerule theXPrule theXbartheory ThenweknowaboutthedefinitonofICanalysis namely dividingthesentenceupintoimmediateconstituentsbyusingbinarycuttinguntilobtainingitsultimateconstituents Theanalysiscanbecarriedoutinwaysofbinarycutting bracketing uprightlines treediagrams Accordingtoher Endocentricconstructionmeans agroupofsyntacticallyrelatedwordswherenoneofthewordsisfunctionallyequivalenttothegroupasawhole thatis thereisnodefinable Centre or Head insidethegroup ButExocentricconstructionmeans agroupofsyntacticallyrelatedwordswherenoneofthewordsisfunctionallyequivalenttothegroupasawhole AtlastweknowthatEndocentricconstructionsfallintotwomaintypes dependingontherelationbetweenconstituents Coordinationandsubordination Coordinationmeans groupingtogethertwoormorecategoriesofthesametypewiththehelpofaconjunctionsuchasand butandor Subordinationmeans theprocessorresultoflinkinglinguisticunitssothattheyhavedifferentsyntacticstatus onebeingdependentupontheother an