词类总结范文.doc

词类总结范文 词类总结 一、 1、不可数名词water,weather,sugar,snow,rain,milk,music,juice,coffee,bread,news,medicine,fun,soap,air,paper(纸),rubbish,money,traffic,meat,wood,salt,rice,pork,tea,danger,health,exercise(锻炼),work(工作),place(空间、地位),fish(鱼肉),time(时间),chicken(鸡肉),life(生活),glass(玻璃),progress“数词+量词+of+名词”a pieceof papertwo piecesof papertwo bowlsof rice 2、可数名词（数量=1，用单数；数量1用复数）单数变复数的规则变化直接在词尾加s.American(s)Australian(s)Canadian(s),Russian(s)German(s)Indian(s)以s、x、z、ch、sh结尾的加es.box(es)bus(es)watch(es)dish(es)match(es)(monthmonths)以辅音字母加y结尾的，变y为i加es.factory-factories baby-babies以元音字母加y结尾的，直接加s.key(s)monkey(s)turkey(s)（火鸡）day(s)以f、fe结尾的，变f、fe为v加es.shelf-shelves half-halves wife-wivesknife-knives leaf-leaves(cafcafes)以o结尾的，有的加s,有的加es.除tomato(es),potato(es),mango(es),hero(es)目前所学的其余以o结尾的名词变成复数均加s kilo(s),piano(s),kangaroo(s),zoo(s),名词radio(s)不规则的单数变复数I.childchildren II.manmen womanwomen postmanpostmen policemanpolicemen spacemanspacemen workmanworkmen EnglishmanEnglishmen FrenchmanFrenchmen(GermanGermans，Walkman-Walkmans)III.footfeet toothteeth goosegeese IV.mousemice pennypence（便士）V.deerdeer sheepsheep ChineseChinese JapaneseJapanese fish(表示鱼的条数)-fisha boyplayerboy players a girlsingergirl singers(大部分名词作定语用单数形式)a mandoctormen doctorsa womanteacherwomen teachers(man,woman单/复)a sportsfieldsports fieldsa clothesshopclothes shops(sports,clothes复)复数名词做复数用，无单数形式。 trousers,glasses(眼镜),clothes,people,police,family(家人),class(同学们),a sportsfield,a clothesshop作单数用family家庭(个体名词，复数为families)My familyis abig one.家人(集体名词)My familyare havingdinner now.class班级(个体名词，复数为classes)Jack andDaniel arein the same class.同学们(集体名词)Good morning,class.people民族(个体名词，复数为peoples)There arefifty-six peoplesin our country.人(集体名词)many peoplea pairof,a kindof作单数This pairof glassesis mine.My trousersare a bit long.This pairof trousersis verynice.Can Itry themon?(做主语谓语动词的数由pair的数决定，与try on搭配看trousers)中国传统的长度单位，长度单位人民币元、角、分无复数形式，其他长度单位，长度单位，货币单位都有复数形式。 five lifive kilometers/a metre/two metrestwo jintwo kilogramsten yuana dollar/two dollars以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如a.maths,physics,puter studies,politics等学科名词，为不可数名词，是单数。 news新闻，为不可数名词，goods货物，为不可数名词the UnitedStates,the UnitedNations是单数以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。 就不可数名词的数量提问用how muchHow much+不可数名词就可数名词的数量提问用how manyHow many+可数名词复数 3、名词的格单数名词+s Fathers DayMothers Dayhalf anhours flyingtomorrows partytodays paperthe teachers deska quarter-of-an-hours walkhalf anhours busride Chinas MoonFestival Americas nationalfestival复数名词（以s结尾）the teachersoffice tenminuteswalk ChineseTeachersDay a three weeksholiday(=a three-week holiday)复数名词（不以s结尾）Childrens DayWomens DayWomens Teamof所有格.a pictureof ones familythe nameof thefilm thecapital ofourcountrythe priceof thedictionary amap of the world双重所有格.a friendof mine=one of my friends that oldjob of my fathers（此处mine=my friends）the diaryof LeiFengsthattrip ofhis注意点:(两人共有的父亲，指一个人)Tom andHelens father(两人各自的父亲，指两人)Toms andHelens fathersa pictureofmyaunts我阿姨拥有的(所有照片中的)一张照片，照片的人不一定是她本人a pictureofmyaunt我阿姨本人的一张照片This bookbelongs toKitty.=This bookis Kittys.Does thatkey ringbelong toMillie?=Is thatkey ringMillies? 二、冠词 1、不定冠词a/an表一类中任何一个，第一次提及时使用。 Theresatree nearthe house.表一类，强调整体。 A houseis useful to man.固定短语。 twice aweek,see adoctor,have a good time辅音音素开头的词前用a，元音音素开头的词前用an(解题的技巧是先写音标)a usefulanimal anhour a“u”an“h” 2、定冠词the the+名词（可单可复）指特定的人或物，指双方都能体会到的或心中有数的人或事物。 Close the door,please. (2)第一次用a/an,再次提及用the.I sawa filmyesterday.The filmis funny. (3)世界上独一无二的物。 the earth,the moon,the sun,the sky,the GreatWall (4)带有后置定语的名词。 the man in black,the oldmanin the photo (5)the+某些形容词the weak/strong thepoor/rich theyoung/old theweakest/strongest the aged (6)乐器前加the,球类、三餐前不加the.play thepiano/violin/banjo/guitar play football/basketball/volleyball b.c.d.have breakfast/lunch/supper/dinner (7)姓（复数）前加the theSmiths theJiangs theEinstains （8）形容词最高级前，序数词前加the Millieis the tallest girl in her class.the firstlesson=Lesson One但形容词最高级前和序数词前指示代词this,that,these,those,形容词性物主代词my,our,your,his,her,its,their,名词所有格时不用任何冠词my bestfriend美国用序数词标志的街道名称前不加冠词Fifth Street/Seventh Street副词最高级前the可加可不加 3、零冠词的用法（即不用任何冠词） (1)复数可数名词前，泛指（表示人或物的类别）Horses areusefulto man.=A houseis usefultoman. (2)复数可数名词前(泛指不定量的人或物)There arepencils,pens andbooks on the desk. (3)球类，棋类，三餐前playfootball/basketball/volleyball playchess/play cardshave breakfast/lunch/supper/dinner如果特指或指具体的饮食时可用定冠词The breakfastwas wellcooked.三餐前有形容词修饰时用不定冠词have abig dinner (4)名词前有指示代词this,that,these,those,形容词性物主代词my,our,your,his,her,its,their,名词所有格时this book/his bikemy bestfriend (5)物质名词前（表示物质的种类或泛指物质的不定的量）Can manlive withoutair?prepare foodand drinkfor theparty (6)用在某些固定搭配中（名词表示动作）be inbed在（床上）睡觉be inprison在坐牢be inhospital在住院be inclass在上课be intown在城里go totown去城里go toschool去上学go tobed去睡觉go tocollege去上大学be atschool在上学be atwork在工作at table在就餐 (7)用在与by连用的交通工具名称前by car/bus/bike/train/plane/air/ship/sea/Underground (8)表示人名或地理名词等专有名词前John Brown/David in China/in Beijing/in America/Britainthe USA/the UK/the UN/the GreatWall 三、数词 1、写法1100基数词-序数词110111920,30,4090,10044,55,88,99one-first two-second three-third four-fourth five-fifth six-sixth seven-seventh fifteen-fifteenth eight-eighth nine-ninth eleven-eleventh twelve-twelfth thirteen-thirteenth fourteen-fourteenth sixteen-sixteenth seventeen-seventeenth eighteen-eighteenth nieen-nieenth twenty-twentieth thirty-thirtieth forty-fortieth fifty-fiftieth sixty-sixtieth seventy-seventieth eighty-eightieth niy-niieth hundred-hundredth forty-four（基）forty-fourth(序)fifty-five（基）ten-tenth变化规律基变序，有规律，结尾加上th，four-fourth,six-sixth,seven-seventh,ten-tenth eleven-eleventh,thirteen-thirteenth,fourteen-fourteenth,fifteen-fifteenth,sixteen-sixteenth,seventeen-seventeenth eighteen-eighteenth,nieen-nieenth,hundred-hundredth一二三，特殊记，结尾字母tdd，one-first,two-second,three-third八减t，九去e，f来把ve替，eight-eighth,nine-ninth,five-fifth,twelve-twelfthy改为ie，结尾再加th，twenty-twentieth,thirty-thirtieth,forty-fortieth fifty-fiftieth,sixty-sixtieth,seventy-seventieth eighty-eightieth,niy-niieth要是碰到几十几，只改个位就可以。 forty-four（基）forty-fourth(序)fifty-five（基）fifty-fifth(序)eighty-eight（基）eighty-eighth(序)niy-nine（基）niy-ninth(序)与4有关的数词，只有四十和第四十要去u fourfourth fourteenfourteenth forty-fortieth与9有关的数词，只有第九要去e nineninth nieennieenth niy-niieth单位billion(十亿)，million(百万)，thousand(千)，hundred(百)365three hundredand sixty-five4,056four thousand and fifty-six23,813twenty-three thousand,eight hundredand thirteen567,110five hundredand six-seven thousand,one hundredand ten274,350two hundredand seventy-four thousand，three hundredand fifty6，425,200six million,four hundredand twenty-five thousand,two hundredhundreds/thousands/millions of+复数名词three hundredstudents300名学生three hundred+名词hundreds ofstudents成百上千名学生hundreds of+名词three hundredof the students这些学生中的300个three hundredof the+名词 2、用法基数词-名词（单）构成复合定语a two-hour planthe boys400-metre racea three-year-old boya four-week holidaya three-foot-high deska ten-metre-long bridgeThe boyis three years old.后面没有名词This is athree-year-old boy.后面有名词时刻的表达30分钟分钟+past+点30分钟（60-分钟）+to+(点+1)整点点+(oclock)1:05five past one oneO five2:10ten pasttwo twoten fifty-fifth(序)eighty-eight（基）eighty-eighth(序)niy-nine（基）niy-ninth(序)3:15fifteen pastthree aquarter pastthree threefifteen6:30half pastsix sixthirty7:35twenty-five toeight seventhirty-five1:50ten totwo onefifty9:45fifteen toten aquarter toten nineforty-five12:00twelve(oclock)年份,日期1995nieen niy-fivexxtwo thousand and fivexxtwo thousandand ten1998.6.8.写做June8,19988June1998读做:June theeighth,nieen niy-eight theeighty ofJune,nieen niy-eight世纪(序)、年代(复)19世纪80年代(in)the eightiesof thenieenth century(in)the1880s读做:in theeighteen eighties20世纪50年代(in)the fiftiesof thetwentieth century(in)the1950s读做:in thenieen fifties分数的表达分子（基）分母（序）(分子=1，分母单数;分子1，分母+s)1/3one-third,1/12one-twelfth2/15two-fifteenths,9/20nine-twentieths1/2one half1/4one quarter/one fourth3/4three quarters/three fourths (6)小数和百分数的表达1.5one pointfive25%twenty-five percent25%的学生twenty-five percentof the students50%的学生fifty percentof the students=half of the students1/3的学生one-third of thestudents确定的年龄at theage ofthirty atthirty在三十岁时不确定的年龄in herthirties在她三十多岁时(thirty的复数形式)基数词+more/less+名词one morecandle,nine moredays another+基数词+名词another sixmonths编号的表达Bus No.3=the No.3bus,Lesson Twelve=the twelfthlesson半个月half amonth=a halfmonth一个半月one anda halfmonths=one monthanda half两个半小时two andahalfhours=two hoursandahalf倍数的表达一倍(once)，两倍(twice)，三倍，四倍(three/four times)Your houseis threetimes thesize ofmine.=Your houseis threetimes asbig asmine.=Your houseis twotimes bigger than mine.注意点数词作主语，动词用单数。 Two monthsis a long time.Three yearshas passedsince heleft.It isthreeyearssince heleft.100dollars isenough.30kilometres isalongway.Four andtwo issix.表示一段时间，一段路程，一笔钱，做主语视做三单。 四、代词 1、人称代词主格:I weyou youhe sheit they(做主语)宾格:me usyou youhim herit them（作表语或宾语,动词或介词后）多个人称做主语时的排列顺序你、他、我。 it表天气、时间、距离等，it作形式主语。 不知道是谁用it指代人。 2、物主代词形容词性物代:my ouryour yourhis herits their（后加名词）名词性物代:mine oursyours yourshis hersits theirs（后不可加名词，用法相当于名词） 3、反身代词:myself ourselvesyourself yourselveshimself herselfitself themselves当主语和宾语是同一人时，宾语用反身代词；主语（反身代词），宾语（反身代词），做其同位语。 短语by oneself独自for oneself亲自teach oneself(English)自学(英语)hurt oneself伤着自己enjoy oneself玩得很开心clean oneselfdress oneself给自己穿衣服say tooneself自言自语think tooneself暗自思量help oneselfto+代词/名词随便吃 4、指示代词this(is),that(is),these(are),those(are)this/that+单数名词this bookthat storythese/those+复数名词these booksthose stories定冠词the+单数名词/复数名词/不可数名词the bookthe booksthe water 5、不定代词:表示人的不定代词有somebody=someone(某人),anybody=anyone(任何人),nobody=no one(没有人),everybody=everyone(每个人，人人)everybody=everyone不可构成of短语every one可构成of短语every one ofthestudents表示物的不定代词有something(某事),anything(任何事),nothing(没有任何事),everything(每件事，一切)几组代词辨析some表“一些”后跟复数名词/不可数名词用于肯定句There aresome studentshere.用于表请求、征求意见的疑问句或条件句中。 Can I have someapples?表“大约”some twentyyears（some=about）any表“一些”后跟复数名词用于疑问句或否定句中Do youhave anyapples?表“(三者或以上的)任何一个”后跟单数名词（可用于肯定句）Nanjing isbigger thanany othercity in Jiangsu.Nanjing isbigger than the othercities inJiangsu.it与one it特指,指代前面提到过的那个物,用于指可数名词单数和不可数名词I have a pen.My unclegave itto me.one泛指,指代前面提到过的那类人或物,用于指代可数名词,其复数形式ones前一般要有定语Tom hasa redpen anda blueone.Tom hasa redpen andtwo blueones.one(代单数名词)，ones（代复数名词）I like the onewith abig appleon it.I dont likethe blacktrousers.I preferthe whiteones.that(代单数名词或不可数名词)，those(代复数名词)The weatherin Beijingis colderthan thatin Nanjing.My classmateslikethestory ofFriendship betterthan thatof Spaceon Earth.They thinkthe actorsact betterthan those in Spaceon Earth.The clothesin thisshop arecheaper thanthoseinthat shop.each（两者或以上的）每一个作单数用可加名词,也可构成of短语Each ofthestudentsworks hard.And each of themis helpful.Each studentworks hard.every（三者或以上的）每一个作单数用可加名词,不可构成of短语Every studentin ourclass learnsEnglish well.neither(两者)都不，作单数用,可构成of短语Neither ofmy parentsgoes to the cinema.either(两者)之一，作单数用，可构成of短语There aremany treeson either/each sideofthe river.both(两者)都，作复数用，可构成of短语There aremany treeson bothsides oftheriver. (6)all（三者或以上的）都接可数名词复数作复数用,接不可数名词作单数用可构成of短语All thestudents likeher./All ofyou didwell.All ofthestudents are here.All ofthe moneyis spent.all接可数名词单数,表示整个的=whole all(the)night=the wholenight none可指人,可指物（三者或以上的）都不,一个也没有可作单数，可作复数用可构成of短语None ofthem has/have provedit.-How manypeople arethere in the room?-None.no one=nobody没有人作单数用不可构成of短语No onecan proveit yet.-Who isknocking at thedoor?No one.another（三者或以上的）另一个I dont likethis coat?Would youshow meanother one?other其他的，后可跟单数可跟复数any otherstudent=the other students The Spring Festival is more important thanany otherfestival in China.The SpringFestival ismore importantthanthe other festivalsin China.=TheSpringFestivalisthe mostimportant festivalinChina.Shanghai isbigger thanany city inJiangsu.=Shanghai isbigger thanall thecities inJiangsu.Shanghai isbigger thanany othercity inChina.=Shanghai isbiggerthanthe othercities inChina.=Shanghai isthe biggestcityinChina.the other特指两者中的另一个one,the otherIhavetwo brothers.One isa adoctor,the otherisateacher.后跟名词复数，指剩下的全部somethe other+名词（复）Some studentsare boating,the otherstudentsarefishing.the othersothers前面有the，特指范围内剩下的全部人或物someothersothers前面没有the指剩下的一部分she enjoyshelping others.somesomeothers有的有的还有的oneanothera/the third一个又一个又一个onetheother一个另一个（共两个）somethe others一些其余全部（共两份）other,else都表示别的，但用法不同other加名词otherstudentsother people疑问词/不定代词加else whatelse whoelse somethingelse nothingelse anybodyelse everybodyelsefew少,几乎没有(否)，a few一些(肯)-修饰可数名词复数little少,几乎没有(否)，a little一些(肯)-修饰不可数名词There isa fewcakes in the fridge,but thereis littlemilk init.Beibei makesfew mistakesin theexam,she isa carefulgirl.Dont worry.Theres stilla littletime left.only afew/just afew只有几个only a little/just a little只有一点儿very few很少very little很少little小的可修饰可数名词单数和复数alittlegirl somelittle presents相关联词neithernor既不也不（就近原则）eitheror或者或者（就近原则）not onlybut also不但而且（就近原则）bothand和都（无就近原则，连接主语为复数）Neither henor Iam right.(他不对，我也不对两者都不对)Either heor Iam right.(要么他对，要么我对两者中任一对)Not onlyhe butalso Iam right.(不仅他对，我也对两者都对)Both heand Iare right.(他和我都对两者都对)both of（两者）都either of（两者）之一neither of（两者）都不复合不定代词something（某事）anything（任何事）nothing（没什么事）everything（一切事）everybody都都不任何一个=2both neithereither3all noneanynot any=no没有（任何一个）-全部否定not all不是所有的-部分否定not every不是每一个-部分否定6疑问代词what,which,who(whom宾格),whose疑问副词when,where,why,how What+n whattime/colour/place allof（三者或以上）都eachof（两者或以上）之一none of（三者或以上）都不somebody anybodynobody someone（某人）anyone（任何人）no one（没有人）everyone(每人)2each3every每一Which+n whichclass/which booksWhose+n whosecoat/whose booksHow+adj/adv howold/how long/how many/how muchhow far/how often/how soon 五、 1、用法形容词在名词前修饰名词，作定语。 即形容词+名词形容词、副词agoodstudent/a world-famous house在be或系动词后，作表语。 即be或系动词+形容词连系动词有smell(wonderful),bee(better),get(late),turn(red),taste(delicious),seem(pleased),grow(fast),e(true),keep(quiet)be alone/its luckyfor sbto dosth./feel lonely/look angryat thenews做宾语补足语left thedoor open/keep ourclassroom clean/make mehappy/make leaningeasier andinteresting/find theroom empty (4)前加定冠词the,表一类人或物(复数)the sick/the rich/theaged/the strong副词修饰动词，放在后面。 Listen carefully仔细地听look angrilyat me生气地看着我修饰某些形容词。 be seriously/badly ill病得很重feel trulysorry aboutit对此感到真地很抱歉very big很大 (3)修饰其它副词.run veryfast跑得非常快 (4)修饰整个句子。 I usuallywalk toschool.我通常步行去上学.Luckily Igot it.幸运的是,我得到它了. （5）频率副词有always,usually,often,sometimes,seldom,never,就频率副词提问用how often (6)描述事件顺序的副词有first,then,next,afterwards,finally=at last=in theend表方式的副词quietly,gently,easily等常用于完成时态中的副词already,ever,just,never,since,feel(sad),sound(nice),look(excited),yet,recently,before等。 某些形容词只作表语be alone/alive/afraid/asleep/awake/ill形容词修饰不定代词后置something/anything/nothing importantenough修饰形容词/副词后置careful enoughquickly enough修饰名词前置:enough time“动词+副词+宾语”，宾语是代词时前置。 turn iton打开它turn itoff关掉它turn itup调高音量turn itdown调低音量put itup张贴它take itdown取下它write itdown把它写下来look himover仔细给他检查look themup查询它们try themon试穿它们(指代衣服)blow themout把它们吹灭eat itup把它吃光wake himup叫醒他但“动词+介词+宾语”,宾语是代词时不必前置get on/off it上车/下车 2、形容词、副词的比较级、最高级单音节、双音节形容词、副词的比较级、最高级的构成直接加er,est clever-cleverer-cleverest hard-harder-hardest near-nearer-nearest以e结尾的加r,st wide-wider-widest late-later-latest,large-larger-largest close-closer-closest safe-safer-safest辅音加y结尾，变y为i加er,est tidy-tidier-tidiest dry-drier-driest easy-easier-easiest early-earlier-earliest happy-happier-happiest重读闭音节双写加er,est wet-wetter-wettest thin-thinner-thinnest hot-hotter-hottest fat-fatter-fattest red-redder-reddest big-bigger-biggest sad-sadder-saddest多音节、少数双音节形容词、副词的比较级、最高级的构成在该词前加more,most interesting/interested,exciting/excited,tired,pleased,careful,useful,beautiful,friendly,closely,happily,widely,seriously,carefully,quickly,slowly,difficult,excellent,important,expensive,delicious,popular,famous，polite不规则形容词、副词的比较级、最高级的构成bad/badly/ill-worse-worst good/well-better-best many/much-more-most little-less-least far-farther-farthest/far-further-furthest old-older-oldest/old-elder-eldest 3、形容词、副词的比较级、最高级常用语境比较级+and+比较级larger andlarger越来越大more andmoreimportant越来越重要one of+the+最高级+名（复）one ofthe busiestnurses最忙的护士之一oneofthe mostcareful drivers最小心的驾驶员之一the second/third+最高级+名the secondlongest riverinChina,中国的第二长河the thirdlargest countryin theworld世界第三大国twice+as+原级+as Istudy twiceas hardas youdo.我学习有你两倍努力.the+比较级，the+比较级:The moreyou eat,the fatteryou willbe.含比较级、最高级的词组more orless或多或少sooner orlater迟早make better/the bestuse of更好地利用/充分利用at least至少to makethings evenworse更糟的是at most至多give mybest wishesto代我向致意,问好more than多于,超过haveamost pleasanttime度过非常令人愉快的时光less than少于do/try ones best尽力 4、形容词、副词的比较级、最高级句式比较级两者之间的比较，“更”adj/adv比较级+than+比较对象She istaller thanany othergirlin herclass.He runsfaster thanany otherboy inhis class.最高级三者或以上的比较，“最”the+adj/adv最高级+in+范围/of+同类She isthetallestof all the girlsinherclass.He runs(the)fastest ofalltheboys inhis class.同级比较两者之间的比较，“和一样”as+adj/adv原级+as不如not+as/so+adj/adv原级+as修饰比较级的词much=far=a lot,even,alittle=abit形容词最高级前the不可省，副词最高级前the可省。 5.more+可数名词复数/不可数名词+than比更多fewer+可数名词复数+than比更少less+不可数名词+than比更少the most+可数名词复数/不可数名词+范围最多the fewest+可数名词复数+范围最少the least+不可数名词+范围最少6.(be)the sameas与相同(be)different from与不同7.the same+n+asas+adj+as My shoes arethesamesize asMillies.=Myshoesare asbig asMillies.8.形容词构成副词的规则 （1）大部分形容词直接加ly quietquietly carefulcarefully beautifulbeautifully badbadly brightbrightly clearclearly closeclosely correctcorrectly excitedexcitedly freefreely loudloudly neatneatlynicenicelysuresurely pleasantpleasantlypolitepolitely slowslowly soft-softly (2)以le结尾的去e加y gentlegently fortablefortably possible-possibly （3）以y结尾