高中有机化学知识点归纳(一).doc

高中有机化学知识点归纳(一)清华大学英语系测试：为中小学生英语量身定做.官方网站：/ 清华大学英语教授研究组提供有机化学知识点归纳(一)一、同系物结构相似，在分子组成上相差一个或若干个CH2原子团的物质物质。同系物的判断要点：1、通式相同，但通式相同不一定是同系物。2、组成元素种类必须相同3、结构相似指具有相似的原子连接方式，相同的官能团类别和数目。结构相似不一定完全相同，如CH3CH2CH3和(CH3)4C，前者无支链，后者有支链仍为同系物。4、在分子组成上必须相差一个或几个CH2原子团，但通式相同组成上相差一个或几个CH2原子团不一定是同系物，如CH3CH2Br和CH3CH2CH2Cl都是卤代烃，且组成相差一个CH2原子团，但不是同系物。5、同分异构体之间不是同系物。二、同分异构体化合物具有相同的分子式，但具有不同结构的现象叫做同分异构现象。具有同分异构现象的化合物互称同分异构体。1、同分异构体的种类： 碳链异构：指碳原子之间连接成不同的链状或环状结构而造成的异构。如C5H12有三种同分异构体，即正戊烷、异戊烷和新戊烷。 位置异构：指官能团或取代基在在碳链上的位置不同而造成的异构。如1丁烯与2丁烯、1丙醇与2丙醇、邻二甲苯与间二甲苯及对二甲苯。 异类异构：指官能团不同而造成的异构，也叫官能团异构。如1丁炔与1，3丁二烯、丙烯与环丙烷、乙醇与甲醚、丙醛与丙酮、乙酸与甲酸甲酯、葡萄糖与果糖、蔗糖与麦芽糖等。 其他异构方式：如顺反异构、对映异构（也叫做镜像异构或手性异构）等，在中学阶段的信息题中屡有涉及。各类有机物异构体情况： CnH2n+2：只能是烷烃，而且只有碳链异构。如CH3(CH2)3CH3、CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH3、C(CH3)4 CnH2n：单烯烃、环烷烃。如CH2=CHCH2CH3、CH2CH2CHCH3CH3CH=CHCH3、CH2=C(CH3)2、 、 CnH2n-2：炔烃、二烯烃。如：CHCCH2CH3、CH3CCCH3、CH2=CHCH=CH2CH3CH3 CnH2n-6：芳香烃（苯及其同系物）。如： 、 、 CnH2n+2O：饱和脂肪醇、醚。如：CH3CH2CH2OH、CH3CH(OH)CH3、CH3OCH2CH3 CnH2nO：醛、酮、环醚、环醇、烯基醇。如：CH3CH2CHO、CH3COCH3、CH2=CHCH2OH、 CH2CH2CHOHOCH2CHCH3 、 、 CnH2nO2：羧酸、酯、羟醛、羟基酮。如：CH3CH2COOH、CH3COOCH3、HCOOCH2CH3、HOCH2CH2CHO、CH3CH(OH)CHO、CH3COCH2OH CnH2n+1NO2：硝基烷、氨基酸。如：CH3CH2NO2、H2NCH2COOH Cn(H2O)m：糖类。如：C6H12O6：CH2OH(CHOH)4CHO，CH2OH(CHOH)3COCH2OHC12H22O11：蔗糖、麦芽糖。2、同分异构体的书写规律： 烷烃（只可能存在碳链异构）的书写规律：主链由长到短，支链由整到散，位置由心到边，排布由对到邻到间。 具有官能团的化合物如烯烃、炔烃、醇、酮等，它们具有碳链异构、官能团位置异构、异类异构，书写按顺序考虑。一般情况是碳链异构官能团位置异构异类异构。 芳香族化合物：二元取代物的取代基在苯环上的相对位置具有邻、间、对三种。3、判断同分异构体的常见方法： 记忆法： 碳原子数目15的烷烃异构体数目：甲烷、乙烷和丙烷均无异构体，丁烷有两种异构体，戊烷有三种异构体。 碳原子数目14的一价烷基：甲基一种（CH3），乙基一种（CH2CH3）、丙基两种（CH2CH2CH3、CH(CH3)2）、丁基四种（CH2CH2CH2CH3、 、CH2CH(CH3)2、C(CH3)3） 一价苯基一种、二价苯基三种（邻、间、对三种）。 基团连接法：将有机物看成由基团连接而成，由基团的异构数目可推断有机物的异构体数目。如：丁基有四种，丁醇（看作丁基与羟基连接而成）也有四种，戊醛、戊酸（分别看作丁基跟醛基、羧基连接而成）也分别有四种。 等同转换法：将有机物分子中的不同原子或基团进行等同转换。如：乙烷分子中共有6个H原子，若有一个H原子被Cl原子取代所得一氯乙烷只有一种结构，那么五氯乙烷有多少种？假设把五氯乙烷分子中的Cl原子转换为H原子，而H原子转换为Cl原子，其情况跟一氯乙烷完全相同，故五氯乙烷也有一种结构。同样，二氯乙烷有两种结构，四氯乙烷也有两种结构。 等效氢法：等效氢指在有机物分子中处于相同位置的氢原子。等效氢任一原子若被相同取代基取代所得产物都属于同一物质。其判断方法有： 同一碳原子上连接的氢原子等效。 同一碳原子上连接的CH3中氢原子等效。如：新戊烷中的四个甲基连接于同一个碳原子上，故新戊烷分子中的12个氢原子等效。CH3CH3C CCH3CH3CH3CH3 同一分子中处于镜面对称（或轴对称）位置的氢原子等效。如： 分子中的18个氢原子等效。三、有机物的系统命名法1、烷烃的系统命名法 定主链：就长不就短。选择分子中最长碳链作主链（烷烃的名称由主链的碳原子数决定） 找支链：就近不就远。从离取代基最近的一端编号。 命名： 就多不就少。若有两条碳链等长，以含取代基多的为主链。 就简不就繁。若在离两端等距离的位置同时出现不同的取代基时，简单的取代基优先编号（若为相同的取代基，则从哪端编号能使取代基位置编号之和最小，就从哪一端编起）。 先写取代基名称，后写烷烃的名称；取代基的排列顺序从简单到复杂；相同的取代基合并以汉字数字标明数目；取代基的位置以主链碳原子的阿拉伯数字编号标明写在表示取代基数目的汉字之前，位置编号之间以“，”相隔，阿拉伯数字与汉字之间以“”相连。 烷烃命名书写的格式：2、含有官能团的化合物的命名 定母体：根据化合物分子中的官能团确定母体。如：含碳碳双键的化合物，以烯为母体，化合物的最后名称为“某烯”；含醇羟基、醛基、羧基的化合物分别以醇、醛、酸为母体；苯的同系物以苯为母体命名。 定主链：以含有尽可能多官能团的最长碳链为主链。 命名：官能团编号最小化。其他规则与烷烃相似。如： ，叫作：2,3二甲基2丁醇CH3CH3CHCCHOCH3CH2CH3 ，叫作：2,3二甲基2乙基丁醛四、有机物的物理性质1、状态：固态：饱和高级脂肪酸、脂肪、葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖、淀粉、维生素、醋酸（16.6以下）；气态：C4以下的烷、烯、炔烃、甲醛、一氯甲烷、新戊烷；液态：油状：乙酸乙酯、油酸；粘稠状：石油、乙二醇、丙三醇。2、气味：无味：甲烷、乙炔（常因混有PH3、H2S和AsH3而带有臭味）；稍有气味：乙烯；特殊气味：甲醛、乙醛、甲酸和乙酸；香味：乙醇、低级酯；3、颜色：白色：葡萄糖、多糖黑色或深棕色：石油4、密度：比水轻：苯、液态烃、一氯代烃、乙醇、乙醛、低级酯、汽油；比水重：溴苯、乙二醇、丙三醇、CCl4。5、挥发性：乙醇、乙醛、乙酸。6、水溶性：不溶：高级脂肪酸、酯、溴苯、甲烷、乙烯、苯及同系物、石油、CCl4；易溶：甲醛、乙酸、乙二醇；与水混溶：乙醇、乙醛、甲酸、丙三醇。五、最简式相同的有机物1、CH：C2H2、C6H6（苯、棱晶烷、盆烯）、C8H8（立方烷、苯乙烯）；2、CH2：烯烃和环烷烃；3、CH2O：甲醛、乙酸、甲酸甲酯、葡萄糖；4、CnH2nO：饱和一元醛（或饱和一元酮）与二倍于其碳原子数的饱和一元羧酸或酯；如乙醛（C2H4O）与丁酸及异构体（C4H8O2）5、炔烃（或二烯烃）与三倍于其碳原子数的苯及苯的同系物。如：丙炔（C3H4）与丙苯（C9H12）六、能与溴水发生化学反应而使溴水褪色或变色的物质1、有机物： 不饱和烃（烯烃、炔烃、二烯烃等） 不饱和烃的衍生物（烯醇、烯醛、烯酸、烯酯、油酸、油酸酯等） 石油产品（裂化气、裂解气、裂化汽油等） 含醛基的化合物（醛、甲酸、甲酸盐、甲酸酯、葡萄糖、麦芽糖等） 天然橡胶（聚异戊二烯）2、无机物： 2价的S（硫化氢及硫化物） + 4价的S（二氧化硫、亚硫酸及亚硫酸盐） + 2价的Fe6FeSO4 + 3Br2 = 2Fe2(SO4)3 + 2FeBr36FeCl2 + 3Br2 = 4FeCl3 + 2FeBr3Mg + Br2 = MgBr2 （其中亦有Mg与H+、Mg与HBrO的反应）2FeI2 + 3Br2 = 2FeBr3 + 2I2 Zn、Mg等单质 如 1价的I（氢碘酸及碘化物）变色 NaOH等强碱、Na2CO3和AgNO3等盐Br2 + H2O = HBr + HBrO2HBr + Na2CO3 = 2NaBr + CO2+ H2OHBrO + Na2CO3 = NaBrO + NaHCO3七、能萃取溴而使溴水褪色的物质上层变无色的（1）：卤代烃（CCl4、氯仿、溴苯等）、CS2等；下层变无色的（1）：直馏汽油、煤焦油、苯及苯的同系物、低级酯、液态环烷烃、液态饱和烃（如己烷等）等八、能使酸性高锰酸钾溶液褪色的物质1、有机物： 不饱和烃（烯烃、炔烃、二烯烃等） 不饱和烃的衍生物（烯醇、烯醛、烯酸、烯酯、油酸、油酸酯等） 石油产品（裂化气、裂解气、裂化汽油等） 醇类物质（乙醇等） 含醛基的化合物（醛、甲酸、甲酸盐、甲酸酯、葡萄糖、麦芽糖等） 天然橡胶（聚异戊二烯） 苯的同系物2、无机物： 氢卤酸及卤化物（氢溴酸、氢碘酸、浓盐酸、溴化物、碘化物） + 2价的Fe（亚铁盐及氢氧化亚铁） 2价的S（硫化氢及硫化物） + 4价的S（二氧化硫、亚硫酸及亚硫酸盐） 双氧水（H2O2）本资料来源于七彩教育网高一英语阅读理解专讲专练含答案及解析一先通读，后细读阅读一篇文章，最好采用先通读、再细读的策略。首先要快速浏览全文，这一点非常重要。因为一篇文章是一个整体，是围绕一个中心思想组织的。如果我们了解了文章大体讲的是什么，有了整个篇章的结构模式，就有利于我们理顺句子或段落间的关系，准确地把握文章的主旨，同时也有利于我们在解题过程中有重点地细读部分内容。一篇文章无论长短，要做到一口气读下来。对于生词，只要不妨碍我们理解主要内容，可暂时放下不管。如果我们读读停停，左顾右盼，往往会把文章完整的体系读破了，有碍于对文章整体的理解。在掌握了文章的大体内容后，我们再根据需要解答的问题逐句细读，认真分析词义及句子结构，从而更准确地把握文章的具体内容。 Passage A 阅读理解 An old friend from California called from the airport to tell me that he had arrived. I was not able to leave the office, but I had made plans for his arrival. After explaining (解释) where my new house was, I told him that I had left the key under the doormat (门垫). Since I knew it would be pretty late before I could get home, I suggested that he make himself at home and help himself to anything that was in the refrigerator(电冰箱). Two hours later my friend phoned me from the house. At the moment, he said, he was listening to some of my records after having had a delicious meal. Now, he said, he was drinking a glass of orange juice. When I asked him if he had had any difficulty finding the house, he answered that the only problem was that he had not been able to find the key under the doormat, but luckily, the living room window by the apple tree had been left open and he had climbed in through the window. I listened to all this in great surprise. There is no apple tree outside my window, but there is one by the living room window of my nextdoor neighbors house! 根据文章内容，选择正确答案： 1. An old friend of mine called _. A. to tell me to meet him at the airport B. to tell me about his arrival C. to ask me to leave the office D. to ask me to make plans for his arrival 2. My friend climbed into the room because _ . A. there was an apple tree outside B. the living room window was left open C. he had difficulty opening the door D. he hadnt found the key 3. My friend telephoned me two hours later _ . A. from my home B. at the airport C. in his office D. from my neighbors house 难句注释 I suggested that he make himself at home and help himself to anything that was in the refrigerator. 我建议他不要客气，随意吃冰箱里的东西。 Total words:211 Reading time: _ Reading speed: _ I listened to all this in great surprise. 我很吃惊地听着这一切。 in surprise 意为“吃惊地”。 Passage B 阅读理解 If you know me well, you know I dont like birthday parties. At least, I dont like birthday parties given for me. I enjoy them when theyre for other people, but when theyre for me, I just dont like them. I remember one birthday party some friends of mine had for me when I was a student at the university. Of course, I had told my best friend Henry that I didnt want a party and I made him promise he wouldnt do anything. He agreed. I should have known better than to believe him. On the day of my birthday, we got home from school at about, oh, I dont know, three or half past three. We went inside and as usual I went into the bathroom and started to close the door when suddenly from behind the shower curtain (浴帘), a kind of strange female(女) voice started singing, “Happy birthday to you, happy birthday to you.” And then from all over the room, people joined in. There were about fifteen people hiding everywhere in the room. They had got my roommates key and got in earlier. They had all planned to come out of the hiding place just at the same time while singing. I guess I really upset their plans by going in just to wash my hands. 根据文章内容，选择正确答案： 1. Which of the following sentences is NOT true? A. I got home from school at 3 or 3:30 on the day of my birthday. B. I dislike birthday parties held for me. C. Henry agreed that he would not do anything on my birthday. D. I knew there were some of my friends hiding in my room. 2. I usually went into the _ when I got home from school. A. livingroom B. bedroom C. bathroom D. diningroom 3. What did my friends plan to do? A. They planned to leave the room as soon as possible. B. They planned to sing as loudly as they could. C. They planned to eat in the bathroom. D. They had planned to come out of hiding places together. 难句注释 At least, I dont like birthday parties given for me. 至少我不喜欢为我开的生日晚会。 Total words:223 Reading time: _ Reading speed: _ I should have known better than to believe him. 我本应知道他要做什么而不该相信他的。 should have known是虚拟语气，意为“本应知道而未知”。 I really upset their plans by going in. 我进去只是洗一下手，却真的打乱了他们的计划。 by doing sth. 通过做某事的方式。 Passage C 阅读理解 In choosing a friend, one should be very careful. A good friend can help you study. You can have fun together and make each other happy. Sometimes you will meet fairweather friends. They will be with you as long as you have money or luck, but when you are down, they will run away. How do I know when I have found a good friend? I look for certain qualities (品质) of character, especially understanding, honesty and reliability (可靠). Above all else, I look for understanding in a friend. A good friend tries to understand how another person is feeling. He is not quick to judge. Instead, he tries to learn from others. He puts himself in the other persons place, and he tries to think of ways to be helpful. He is also a good listener. At the same time, however, a good friend is honest. He does not look for faults (过错) in others. He notices their good points. In short, a friend will try to understand me and accept me. Another quality of a friend is reliability. I can always depend on (信赖) a good friend. If he tells me he will meet me somewhere at a certain time, I can be sure that he will be there. If I need a favor, he will do his best to help me. If I am in trouble, he will not run away from me. There is a fourth quality that makes a friend special. A special friend is someone with whom we can have fun. We should enjoy our lives, and we would enjoy our friendship. That is why I especially like friends who are fun to be with. A good friend likes the same things I like. We share experience (经验) and learn from each other. A good friend has a good sense of humor (幽默), too. He likes to laugh with me. That is how we share in the joy of being friends. And I know that he is looking for the same quality in me. When I meet someone who is reliable, honest, and understanding, I know Ive found a friend! 根据文章内容，选择正确答案： 1. Which of the following qualities the writer thinks is the most important in choosing a friend? A. understanding. B. honesty. C. reliability. D. a sense of humor. 2. If you have fairweather friends, _ . A. they will give you all that they have when you need help B. you will be refused when you get into trouble C. you will become rich D. you can be sure that you get real friends 3. Good friends need to _. A. always point out each others mistakes B. be helped with money C. understand each others feelings D. have money or luck 4. This passage mainly discuss _ . A. the qualities of a friend B. where to choose friends C. how to get along with friends D. the importance of having a friend 难句注释 Sometimes you will meet fairweather friends. 有时你会遇到不能与你共患难的朋友。 In short, a friend will try to understand me Total words:362 Reading time: _ Reading speed: _ and accept me. 总之，一个朋友会尽量理解我、接受我。 in short 意为“简而言之”。 A special friend is someone with whom we can have fun. 一个特殊的朋友是和我们在一起共快乐的人。 with whom we can have fun是定语从句，修饰someone。 Passage D 完形填空 There are many kinds of friends. Some are always 1 you, but dont understand you. Some say only a few words to you, but understand you. Many people will step in your life, but only 2 friends leave footprints (脚印). I shall always recall (回忆) the autumn and the girl with the 3 . She will always bring back the friendship between us. I know she will always be my best friend. It was the golden season. I could see the yellow leaves 4 on the cool 5 . In such a season, I liked walking alone in the leaves, 6 to the sound of them. Autumn is a 7 season and life is uninteresting. The free days always get me 8 . But one day, the sound of a violin 9 into my ears like a stream (小溪) flowing in the mountains. I was so surprised that I jumped to see what it was. A young girl, standing in the wind, was 10 in playing her violin. I had 11 seen her before. The music was so nice that I listened quietly. Lost in the music, I didnt know that I had been 12 there for so long but my existence (存在) did not seem to disturb her. Leaves were still falling. Every day she played the violin in the corner of the building 13 I went downstairs to watch her performance. I was the only listener. The autumn seemed no longer lonely and life became 14 . 15 we didnt know each other, I thought we were already good friends. I believe she also loved me. Autumn was nearly over. One day, when I was listening carefully, the sound suddenly 16 . To my astonishment (惊讶), the girl came over to me. “You must like violin.” she said. “Yes. And you play very well. Why did you stop?” I asked. Suddenly, a 17 expression appeared on her face and I could feel something unusual. “I came here to see my grandmother, but now I must leave. I once played very badly. It was your listening every day that 18 me.” she said. “In fact, it was your playing 19 gave me a meaningful autumn,” I answered, “Lets be friends.” The girl smiled, and so did I. I never heard her play again in my life. I no longer went downstairs to listen like before. Only thick leaves were left behind. But I will always remember the fine figure (身影) of the girl. She is like a 20 so short, so bright, like a shooting star giving off so much light that it makes the autumn beautiful. 根据文章内容，选择正确答案： 1. A. withB. forC. againstD. to 2. A. good B. true C. new D. old 3. A. sound B. song C. play D. violin 4. A. shaking B. hanging C. falling D. floating 5. A. wind B. snow C. air D. rain 6. A. watching B. listening C. seeing D. hearing 7. A. lively B. lovely C. harvest D. lonely 8. A. up B. off C. down D. over 9. A. flowed B. grew C. entered D. ran 10. A. lost B. active C. busy D. interested 11. A. once B. never C. often D. usually 12. A. waiting B. stopping C. standing D. hearing 13. A. because B. so C. when D. but 14. A. interesting B. moving C. encouraging D. exciting 15. A. But B. However C. Even D. Though 16. A. stopped B. began C. gone D. changed 17. A. happy B. sad C. strange D. surprised 18. A. surprised B. excited C. encouraged D. interested 19. A. that B. which C. it D. who 20. A. song B. dream C. fire D. sister 难句注释 Lost in the music“沉浸在琴声中” be lost in sth. 意为“陷入之中”。 In fact, it was your playing that gave me a meaningful autumn. 实际上，正是你的演奏给予我一个意味深长的秋天。 It was.that.是强调句型。 .like a shooting star giving off so much light. 就像是一颗流星放射出如此灿烂的光芒。 Passage A 本文讲述了一位朋友在拜访作者时误入他邻居家却浑然不觉的幽默故事。 1. B. 由第一段第一句 “.called.to tell me that he had arrived.”可知。 2. D. 细节题，由第二段 “.he had not been able to find the key.”可知。 3. D. 以第二段朋友所说的“apple tree”为线索，推知朋友误入邻居家。 Passage B 本文讲述了作者的朋友们想为他开生日party以给他意外惊喜的事。 1. D. 由第三段 “I went into the bathroom.when suddenly from behind.”可知“我”并不知情。 2. C. 由第二段 “We went inside and as usual I went into the bathroom.” 推知。 3. D. 由最后一段 “They had all planned to come out of.just at the same time”推知。 Passage C 本文论述了一个好朋友必须具备的四个品质：理解、诚实、可靠和幽默。 1. A. 四个品质中理解最重要。above all else意为“最重要；首先”。 2. B. 不能与你共患难的朋友在你遇到麻烦时会拒绝向你提供帮助。 3. C. 好朋友应相互理解。 4. A. 本文的主题是好朋友所具备的四个品质。 Passage D 文章通过“我”和一个小姑娘秋天邂逅的故事体现了知心朋友的重要性。 1. A. 结合后面一句可知，“许多人与你在一起(with you)， 却不能理解你”。 2. B. 只有真正的朋友，才能留在心中。 3. D. 结合后面的内容可知，“我”每天去听小姑娘拉小提琴。 4. D. 金黄的树叶在秋风中随风飘动。 5. A. 叶子是在风中飘动。 6. B. 现在分词用作伴随状语。 7. C. 秋天本是收获的季节，但是此处“我”却独自一人漫步在落叶之上，与下文的生活的无趣相对应。 8. C. 短语 get sb. down 意为“使人泄气； 使人疲倦”。 9.A. 琴声像山涧溪流一样，流进(flow into)“我”的耳畔。 10. A. 短语be lost in (doing) sth. “陷入之中”。此处指小姑娘正在聚精会神地拉小提琴。 11. B. 结合上下文可知，“我”以前与小姑娘素不相识。 12. C. “我”沉浸在优美的琴声中，不自觉地在风中伫立。 13. C. 从下文可知，“我”并不是听到琴声才下楼，而是因为两人心有灵犀，每次几乎是在小姑娘拉琴的同时，“我”也到了楼下。因此这里应用when。 14. A. 与上文的“生活无趣”相对，琴声让“我”觉得“生活有趣”。 15. D. 从整个句意来看，这里是一个让步状语从句。though表“尽管”，合乎文意。 16. A. 与平日不同，琴声突然停止，小姑娘朝“我”走来，让“我”惊讶。 17. B. 由下文可知，小姑娘即将离开，故脸上闪现出悲伤的神色。 18. C. 在小姑娘眼中，“我”每天来听琴对她是一种无声的激励。 19. A. 此处是一个强调句型。 20. B. 结合全文的意思可知，在“我”看来，小姑娘就像一个梦，让“我”久久难忘。 1.When I asked him if he had had any difficulty finding the house.当我问他找房子是否有困难时 (Line 14, Passage A) have difficulty (in) doing sth. 意为“在做某事方面有困难”，也可以说：have trouble (in) doing sth. 如： I have some difficulty understanding him. 我理解他有些困难。 Did you have any trouble in finding his house? 你找到他家有困难吗？ 英语中还有have difficulty with sth. 和have trouble with sth. 如： I dont have much difficulty with English grammar. 我学英语语法并没有太多的困难。 I hope you wont have any trouble with the work. 我希望你应付这工作没有困难。 2.The