2012考研英语翻译技巧大汇总打印.doc

考研英语翻译常考句型解析(一)1.It is not thatbut that 这不是说，而是说例文It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is much finer apparatus and of couse much more accurate in its measurement than the former.译文这并不是说在一种情况下所使用的磅秤和在另一种情况下所使用的天平在构造原理上或工作方式上存在差别，而是说与前者相比，后者是一种更精密得多的装置，因而在计量上必然更加准确。 2.nothing else than 完全是，实在是例文What the man said was nothing else than nonsense.译文那个人讲的话完全是一派胡言。3.as引导的特殊状语从句，翻译时做定语从句处理。例文We hope the measures to control prices, as they have been taken by the government, will succeed.译文我们希望，政府已经采取的控制物价的措施将取得成功。4.名词+or+名词结构中，or后的名词是同位语，应译为即；或者称.例文Moreover， technology includes techniques , or ways to do things , as well as the manchines that may or may not be necessary to apply them.译文再者，除机器外技术还包括技艺，即制作方法，而运用这些记忆并不一定都需要机器。5.morethan结构有三种译法：than连接肯定形式的从句时，该从句译为否定句；在比较的基础上表示选择关系时，可译为与其说不如说；进行同类比较时，译成比更.例文The complexity of the human situation and injustice of the social order demand far more fundamental changes in the basic structure of society itself than some politicians are willing to admit in their speeches.译文人类社会形势的复杂性和社会制度的不公正性要求对社会基本结构进行彻底变革，而一些政客口头上是很不愿意承认这一点的。分析这是一个主从复合句，连词than前为主句，than后为从句。虽然本句是进行程度上的比较，但从句意义是否定的，故译成否定句。6.no more than 与not any more thanno more than 与not any more than同义，不可简单地看成是more than的否定形式。具体地说，这一结构可能是带有一定的感情色彩的否定形式，也可能是一种较特殊的类比形式。其翻译方法有二；表示同类否定比较时，可译为不比更或都同样不；表示比喻关系时，可译为正如不，也不.例文The food on the ship was no better than on any other ship on which Billy had sailed.译文这条船上(供应的)食品并不如比利工作过的其他船上的(食品)好。(括号里的词是可以省略的。)分析这是一个主从复合句、主句是The food no better , than on any other ship 是省略了比较对象的比较状语从句，从句on which引导的定语从句修饰先行词ship.本句中no more than用于同类否定的比较，可译为不如.7.not so much as与其说不如说例文Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.译文新学派科学家说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼见，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等等更为普遍的东西。分析这是一个主从复合句。插入语they say是主句，Science moves forward,and tools是宾语从句。not so muchas连接的是状语，as引导的状语从句中，由于上下文清楚，主谓语都省略了，即as(sciencemoves forward.)because ofnot so muchas也可译为与其说不如说，它所表达的逻辑关系和more than有相似之处，也是在比较的基础上进行判断和选择，被比较的事物也同属一个范畴。所不同的是，morethan表示前重后轻的逻辑关系，而not so much as和less than表示前轻后重的逻辑关系，这两个结构中信息重心落在句尾，因此不必倒过来译，只须按原文的词序顺译即可。8.the same as与相同例文You have made the same mistake as last time.译文你又犯了同上次一样的错误。9.no less than(no less than) 不但而且；不亚于；简直是，实在是例文China insists always on the need for selfreliance, no less in economic policie than in making revolution.译文中国始终坚持独立自主，不但在进行革命方面，而且在经济政策方面都是如此。分析这是一个简单句，no less than连接两个介词短语做状语。no less than连接两个并列的成分，信息重心在前，因此汉译时要倒过来译。10.none other than不是正是；除了外，不会是例文Reaction other than the desired one often occur when reactants are brought together.译文当这些反应物放在一起时，常发生不希望有的一些反应(即：常发生与希望有的反应不同的反应)。分析other than为固定结构，其义有二：一是与不同，而不是；二是除了之意。可插入名词，本句中做与不同解。11.nothing but = nothing else than = nothing less than 不是别的正是要点本句型亦为强调判断句。常译作不是别的正是.例文Genius is nothing but labor and diligence.译文天才不过是劳动加勤奋而已。12.much less = still less 更不，更无例文He is too shy to ask a stranger the time, still less speak to a room full of people.译文他连向陌生人打听时间都不好意思，更不用说向一屋子人讲话了。分析much less, still less 引导的词组或从句，表示一种追加的否定，所以这两个词组只能用于否定句中。需要指出的是，to say nothing of , not to speak of, not to mention let alone这四个词组的意思也是更不用说，也表示一个追补的说法，但它们与much less和still less有所不同，这些词组可以随前一句的意思而定。前一句是肯定，则追加的也是肯定意义，如果前一句是否定，则追加的也是否定意义，如：13.anything but 根本不；all but 几乎，差一点，除以外其余都是；but for 要不是；but that +从句：若不是例文Alone in a deserted house, he was so busy with his research work that he felt anything but lonely.译文虽然他单独一人呆在这所无人居住的房子里，但他埋头于研究工作，一点也没有感到孤独。分析这是一个主从复合句。he was so busy work是主句，that 至句末为结果状语从句，句首Alonehouse为形容词短语做让步状语。句中anything but 意为not at all , 句中but 做介词，意为except.14.not nearly (= far from ， much less than) 相差很远，远远少于例文The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.译文食品供应将远远赶不上人口的增长，这就意味着我们在粮食的生产和购销两方面正陷入危机。分析这是一个主从复合句，非限制性定语从句的关系代词which之前为主句，which引导定语从句，在定语从句中关系代词that又引导宾语从句。15.can nottoo 再也不过分，应该例文We cannot be too faithful to our duties.误译我们不能太忠于职守。正译我们必须尽力忠于职守。(我们再忠于职守也不过分。)21.主语+be+the last+名词+不定式或从句意为决不至于，最不的 例文Breach of promise is the last thing that he is likely to commit.译文违约他是决不会的。分析这也是一个主从复合句，that从句为定语从句修饰先行词the last thing, 前面的为主句。the last(最后的一个)是一种转义的用法，意即屈指计算，它居最后。不可译作是最后一个做的人，宜译作决不至于，最不的，这是一种强有力的否定方式。22.notbut 不是而是； but not 是而不是例文It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.(实题)考试译文并不是说面包师或卖肉的人所用的磅秤在构造原理或工作方式上和化学家所用的天平存在差异，而是说与前者相比，后者是一种更精密得多的仪器，因而在计量上必然更准确得多。分析这是一个并列复合句，连词but连接两个并列的表语从句。本句的句架为：It is not thatbut (it is)that在第一个表语从句中，主语是the scales in the one case和balance in the other(case), 谓语动词是differ. in the one case和in the other(case)是对称的两种情况。第二个表语从句是一个比较句型，即是the latter和the former的比较。the latter(后者)指第一分句中的the balance in the other(case); the former(前者)指第一分句中的the scales in the one case.本句型属正反判断句。它包括二式，意义完全一样。用得较普遍的是第一式，先否定，后肯定。第二式是先肯定，后否定；第二式的连词and或but, 可用可不用。第一式常译作不是而是，第二式作是而不是.23.had(would)+rather + than 宁可而不例文I would rather die with my head high, with indestructible faith and profound belief in the destiny of our country, than live in humility and renounce the principleswhich are sacred to me.译文我宁愿昂着头，怀着不动摇的信念，抱着祖国前途的深刻的信心而死，而不愿在屈从之下背弃神圣的原则而生。分析这是一个简单复合句。句架为：I would rather die, than live and renounce would rather than 意为宁可而不用以表选择。Die之后的两个with短语为伴随状况，修饰humility原意为谦虚(逊)地，本例中可引申为屈从之下，该介词短语作修饰live. 句末的which从句作定语修饰principle, renounce意为背(放)弃.本句型表示主观上的抉择，常译作宁可，与其宁愿.第一是表推测或设想，语气较委婉；第二式是陈述语气，较坚决。现在多用would rather 代替had rather.24.If only 只要就；only if 必须在条件下才例文If only we work with might and main, the difficulties will be overcome.译文只要我们大家全力以赴，困难必然会克服的。分析这是一个主从复合句，逗号前为条件状语从句，逗号后为主句。一、表示否定的前缀 1.dis加在名词、形容词，动词之前。 disadvantage（缺点）dishonorable（不光彩的）disagree（不同意） 2.in-加在形容词，名词之前 incorrect（不正确的），inability（无能，无力），inaccurate（不准确的） 3.im-加在字母m，b，p之前 impossible（不顺能的），impolite（不礼貌的），impudence（厚颜无耻） 4.il-加在以1开头的词前 illegal（非法的），illiterate（文盲的，无文化的）illogical（不合逻辑的） 5.ir-加在以r开头的词前 irregular（不稳定的），irresistable（不可抵抗的），irresolvable（不能解决的） 6.un-加在名词，形容词，副词之前 unfinished（未完成的）undoubted（无疑的）unemployment（失业） 7.non-加在形容词，名词前 non-existence（不存在），non-essential（不主要的） 8.mis加在动词、名词之前 misunderstand（误解），misjudge（误判），misleading（误导） 9.dis-加地动词之前 disappear（消失），disarm（解除武装），disconnect（失去联系） 10.de-加在名词，形容词之前 demobilize（遣散；使复员）decolor（脱色，漂白） 11.anti-加在名词、形容词之前 anti-Japanese（抗日战争），anti-social（厌恶社会的，反社会的） 12.counter-加在名词、动词前 counterattack（反攻，反击），counteract（抵抗，阻碍） 二、表示“前before”的前缀 1.pre- preconception（成见），pre-exsiting（先于而存在的），preface（前言） 2.Ante- anteroom（前室，接待室），antecessor（先行者，先驱者） 3.Fore- forehaed（前额），foreground（前景），foresee（预见，先见） 4.Pro- programme（计划），prologue（序幕） 5.Ex- ex-president（前任总统）ex-wife（前妻） 三、表示“后post”的前缀 1.post- post-war（战后），post-plsition（后置词），postmeridian（下午） 四、表示“低”、“下”的前缀 1.Hypo- Hypocrisy（伪善，虚伪），hypothesis（假设），pypocholoride（次氯酸盐） 2.Infra- Infra-red（红外线），infrahuman（低于人类的），infrasonic（亚声的，次声的） 3.Sub- sub-way（地铁），submarine（海下的），subtitle（副标题） 五、表示“回”、“再次”、“向后”的前缀 1.Re- Refuel（给加油），reinforce（加强），reconstruct（重建），return（返回） 2.Retro- Retrograde（倒退的），retrospect（回顾） kilowatt（千瓦），kilometer（千米）六、表示“共同”、“和”的前缀 1.Co- co-exist（共存），co-operate（合作），co-education（男女同校） 七、表示“相互”、“之间”的前缀 1.Inter- Interchangeble（可互换的），international（国际的），inter-national（交往） 八、表示“出”、“超出”的前缀 1.Ec- Eclipse（蚀），ecstasy（狂想） 2.Extra- Extraordinary（非凡的），extramural（校外的），extrasensory（超感觉的） 九、表示“超过”的前缀 1.hyper-，preter-，super-，sur-，ultra- hyper-sensitive（过敏的），preterhuman（超人的） 考研英语翻译技巧大汇总英译汉就是运用汉语把英语所表达的内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的过程或结果。在翻译过程中，值得注意的是：一在翻译需要表达的是句子或文章的内容，而不是结构；二翻译过程中，不是将两种语言的结构进行简单的转换。 翻译的过程一般分为阅读理解、汉语表达和审校润色三个阶段。常见的方法有：一、 词类转译法由于英语和汉语是两中悬殊甚大的不同的语言体系，所以在语言结构与表达方式上都存在很大的差异，这就要求我们对原文中的一些词语的词性进行转化（如：动词转化为名词，形容词转化为名词等），才能使译文畅通。例如：The modern world is experiencing rapid development of science and technology.当今世界的科学技术正在迅速地发展。分析将句中的形容词rapid转译为汉语中的副词。二、 增补法有些英语字句如果照字面的意思翻译，意念是不完整的，必须根据意义、修辞或句法的需要增补一些汉语，才能更加忠实于原文，使原文的思想更完整地再现。例如：We need clean air, but unfortunately, air pollution is generally present, especially in cities.我们需要清新的空气，但遗憾的是，空气污染普遍存在，在城市中尤其如此。分析本句为了避免“尤其是在城市里”的表达不完整，增加了“如此”。三、 省译法由于英语和汉语在用词和语法结构上的差异，原文中的某些词如果直译出来会使译文显得累赘，不符合汉语的表达习惯。在这种情况下，就要省略一些冠词、代词、介词或连词等省去不译，但是不能影响原文的意义表达。例如：There was no snow, the leaves were gone from the trees, the grass was dead.天未下雪，但叶落草枯。分析在汉语中“叶落”的概念非常清楚，所以省译了from the trees。四、 顺译法也就是说按照英语表达的层次顺序，依次翻译英语句子，从而使译文与英语原文的顺序基本一致。例如：He could see that she had been patient all her life, so that now, after years of it, her lips were set in a gentle and saintly smile.他看得出，她一生含辛茹苦，如今苦尽甘来，嘴边总是带着温柔、圣洁的微笑。分析英语句子的顺序，从意思上讲，与汉语句子的顺序是一致的。五、 逆译法也就是对于句子结构复杂的英语句子，可以先翻译全句的后部，在依次向前逆序翻译前面的句子。例如：It is our task to build up a nuclear power station somewhere by the end of this year.我们的任务是于今年年底在某地建成一座原子能发电站。分析翻译英语里面的一系列状语时，必须按照时间状语、地点状语和方式状语的顺序汉语习惯表达习惯来组织语句。六、 分译法也就是采取化整为零的方法将整个英语长句翻译为几个独立的句子，顺序基本不变，前后保持连贯。例如：At the meeting decision was made to transfer a part of the students to another school.会议上作出一项决定，把一部分学生转到另一所学校去。分析本句的主语的后置定语比较长，而谓语很短，为了使句子结构匀称，避免头重脚轻的现象，就把后面的不定式与主句分开翻译了。七、 综合法也就是说翻译时经过仔细推敲，或按照时间先后，或按照逻辑顺序，有顺有逆、有主有次地对全句进行综合处理，英语和汉语的字面意思不完全对应，但是内涵是相同的。例如：One can perhaps get a clearer picture of Japans acute population pressure by imagining what Switzerland would be like if that small and mountainous country were inhabited by 28 million people instead of the 5.7 million at present.只要设想一下，假若那小小的瑞士居住的人口不是现在的五百七十万，而是两千八百万，瑞士会是什么情景，人民便会清楚地理解日本所面临的人口压力是多么大。分析原文的重点在于One can.population pressure，按照汉语习惯，应该先叙事，后总结，所以翻译时从中间by imagining.入手，最后回到句首，译出One can.。而且汉语句子的意思也有“意译”的成分。名师08考研翻译技巧-李勇全 08年即将考研的学子们翻译要注意被动，定语从句、状语从句翻译，现我特别把老师上课时讲的翻译技巧部分列于我的博克，祝福08考研学子成功。一、英语复句转换成汉语复句鉴于考研英语的英泽汉试题中大多数句子都是复杂句或复合句，即所谓的长句，所以我们对英语长句的翻译作较详细的论述。前面我们对英语长句已进行过概括说明，知道了长句的特点以及具体的分析方法。下面我们就长句的英汉转换以及在此过程中所运用的方法进行分析。对付长句，有两个行之有效的方法。首先 “拆”，就是把原句一个句子拆成几个分句、意群或小的句子；其次是“排”，就是按照汉语的逻辑顺序等习惯，重新安排所拆开的分句、意群或小的句子。为方便记忆，我们把这两种方法简称为“一拆二分”。一般来说，翻译英语长句非一种方法所能及，它需要各种方法的综合，既有分译，又有合译；既有顺序译法，又有逆序译法；既有单独使用一种方法，又有种种方法综合使用现在我们就上述各种方法的运用举例说明。(1) 顺序法：当英语长句的内容的叙述层次与汉语基本一致时，可以按照英语原文的顺序翻译成汉语。例如：例1 A granted patent is the result of a bargain struck between an inventor and the state, by means of which the inventor gets a limited period of monopoly and publishes full details of his invention to the public after that period terminates.例2 On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which he possessed. (1992年考研试题)例3 But now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limited, and it is even possible to give a reasonable estimate of their “expectation of life”, the time it will take to exhaust all known sources and reserves of these materials. (1984年考研试题)例4 It begins as a childlike interest in the grand spectacle and exciting event; it grows as a mature interest in the variety and complexity of the drama, the splendid achievements and terrible failures; it ends as deep sense of the mystery of mans life of all the dead, great and obscure, who once walked the earth, and of wonderful and awful possibilities of being a human being.例5 If parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment, they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it.(2) 逆序法：又称“倒置法“，主要指句子的前后倒置问题。有些英语长句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同，甚至完全相反，这时就必须从原文后面译起，逆着原文的顺序翻译。考研英语中这样的例子很多，许多句子都需要作这样的调整。逆序法在长句的翻译中，我们可根据不同的情况按意群进行全部逆序或部分逆序。例1 With a view to successfully maintaining a balanced system implemented by a basically even distribution of Federal resources, Federal financial aid is given only if a state has acceptable standards of administration.例2 So it was that the farm poor were caught in their own past, the double victims of technology: exile from their home by advances in agricultural machinery; unfitted for life in the city because of the consequences of industrial mechanization.例3 A great number of graduate students were driven into the intellectual slum when in the United States the intellectual poor became the classic poor, the poor under the rather romantic guise of the Beat Generation, a real phenomenon in the late fifties.例4 It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice.例5 Such is a human nature in the West that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers.(3) 分译法：又叫“拆译法”，是指将长句中的某些成分（句子、词组或词）从句子主干中拆开，另行处理，以利于句子的总体安排。在考研英译汉试题中，有些长句里的某些成分是很难用“顺序法”或“逆序法”翻译。此时，采用“分译法”，将它们放到句子主干之首或句尾，分开来叙述。有时，为了拆分的需要，还要适当增加词语。考生必须注意的是：分译的目的是化长为短、化整为零，消除译文的阻塞；人译的条件是当句中主语与修饰词的关系并不十分密切时。分译后的译文必须连贯，有整体感。例如：例1 This land, which once barred the way of weary travelers, now has become a land for winter and summer vacations, a land of magic and wonder.例2 The very important oil industry, which has done much to rejuvenate the economy of the South since the end of World War II, made considerable headway especially in the five states of Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma and Texas.例3 As the century developed, the increasing magnitude and complexity of the problems to be solved and the growing interconnection of different disciplines made it possible, in many cases, for the individual scientist to deal with the huge mass of new data, techniques and equipment that were required for carrying out research accurately and efficiently.(4) 综合法：有些长句单独使用以上三种方法中的任何一个都有不妥之处，那么可按时空顺序、有顺有逆、主次分明的方式进行处理。下面举例说明：例1 This phenomenon describes the way in which light physically scatters when it passes through particles in the earths atmosphere that are 1/10th in diameter of the color of the light.二、英语被动结构的汉译英语中被动语态的使用范围极为广泛，尤其是在科技文体和说明文体中，被动语态几乎随处可见。英以对比，英语的被动句显然多于汉语。在很多情况下，汉语在主谓之间的关系上并不十分重视，而一律用主动式。这是因为汉语动词不具备英语动词那样的形态变化，因而主要依赖于词汇手段以及句式来表示被动语态，而且在很多情况下主谓之间的被动关系是隐含的。对于英语被动句的翻译，我们经常采用以下方法：(1) 被动隐含法。这种方法是指将被动语态译为主动语态时，被动形式隐含，即原文中的主语在译文中仍做主语，有时我们需要添加诸如“加以、予以、给以、经过、用来、由所、靠来”等词来体现原文的被动含义。例如：例1 This ability to speak was of great value because it allowed men to share ideas, and to plan together, so that tasks impossible for a single person could be successfully undertaken by intelligent team-work.例2In other words, mineral substances which are found on earth must be extracted by digging, boring boles, artificial explosions, or similar operations which make them available to us.例3 They consider the increase in various forms of cancer may possibly be explained by other factors in the complex human environment atmospheric pollution, increased nervous tress, chemical substances in processed food, or chemical pesticides that are now being used by farmers in vast quantities to destroy insects and small animals.例4Those who support the “nature” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors. (1990年考研试题)例5 I would suggest, however, that this minimum of subsistence should be limited to a definite period of time, lets say two years, so as to avoid the encouraging of an abnormal attitude which refuses any kind of social obligation.(2) 主语转换法。这种转换方式有以下几种：1）英文中的主语转换成汉语译文中的宾语，英文中介词by后的宾语转换成汉语译文中的主语。例1 During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study. (1999年考研试题)例2 By the end of 1994, more than 9 600 patients had been cured of leukaemia by Dr. Black Smith, a famous medical doctor.例3 Cigarette smoking is believed by most research workers in this field to be an important factor in the development of cancer of the lungs and cancer of the throat, and is believed to be related to cancer of the oral cavity.例4 The association of “substances” in the environment with the development of cancer was suggested in 1975 by Sir Percivall Pott, who reported the frequent occurrence of cancer of the scrotum in chimney sweeps chronically exposed to flue dusts.