中考英语总复习之名词详解与练习.doc

一. 名词的种类：专有名词普通名词国名地名人名，团体机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词(1) 个体名词。如：cup, desk, student等。一般可数，有单复数形式。 (2) 集体名词。如：class, team, family等。一般可数，有单复数形式 (3) 物质名词。如：rice, water, cotton等。一般不可数，没有单复数之分。 (4) 抽象名词。如：love, work, life等。一般不可数，没有单复数之分。 （5） 专有名词：如：China, Newton, London等。 定义：可数名词：可以用数来计算，或可以分成个体的人或东西。如desk bed apple.不可数名词：指不可分成个体的情感、概念、物质、品质或表示物质材料的词，也不可用数量来表示。不可数名词分为抽象名词和物质名称。如：抽象名词有work homework information advice news music weather traffic knowledge等物质名词有food fruit bread milk water paper money meat fish chicken rice等。 二. 名词的数：1. 规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：规则例词1一般情况在词尾加-smap-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes3以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-esleaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives加-sbelief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-esparty-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities5以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys6以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-eshero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外来词加-spiano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos7以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-sradio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8以-th结尾的名词加-struth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths,随堂练习：1.She was born in Xiangfan, but now she works in Taiyuan. So we cant say Taiyusn is her _ A second home B hometown C family2.We should make _ for old people. A room B rooms C a room 3.We know_ doesnt travel so fast as light. A sound B sounds C a sound 4.They are planting _ trees. A apples B an apple C apple 5. Please get me a new _ when you go to town.A. clothes B. dress C. clothing D. trousers2. 不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：规则例词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2单复数相同sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, 3只有复数形式ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents4一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police, cattle, staff5部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party6复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟) goods（货物）conditions（环境、情况）7表示“某国人”加-sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans单复数同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen8合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches将两部分变为复数women singers, men servants9有些名词在习惯用语中一定要用复数形式make friends with (与交朋友)， shake hands with (与握手)随堂练习：1. There are 34_ doctors in the hospital.A. woman B. women C. womans D. womens2.Some_ are even thinner than your little finger.A. bamboo B. bamboos C. kinds of bamboo D. kinds of bamboos三不可数名词 1. 物质名词和抽象名词多为不可数名词。如：luggage, milk, rice, soup, water, money, meat等。不可数名词不能在其前加a/an ，也不能再词尾加-s或-es. 其复数形式只能体现在它的量词上，表示不可数名词的量有以下两种方法：1. 用some ,much, little ,a little, a lot of, lots of, plenty of等俩表示。如：much water 许多水,a lot of money很多钱，a little milk 一点牛奶 some orange一些橘汁2.用数次+量词+of来表示 如： a cup of 一杯a pair of 一双（对）.a piece of 一片（块）. A drop of 一滴. a group of一群（组）.a row of 一排a bowl of一婉. A pile of 一堆a cup of coffee一杯咖啡 ten bags of rice十袋大米 sit boxes of ink六盒墨水 a glass of 一玻璃杯. a bottle of一瓶.注意：不可数名词在表示量的时候需要用上适当的量词，当数词大于1时，量词须变为复数。如：a piece of advice(一条建议) five pieces of advice (五条建议)，a bag of rice (一袋大米) three bags of rice (三袋大米)。 可数名词的量也可以用适当的量词来表达。 2. 不可数名词的转化 (1) 物质名词表示种类或具体事物时则成为可数名词。如：glass (玻璃) a glass (一个玻璃杯)，tea (茶) two teas (两杯茶)，ice (冰) three ices (三个冰淇淋)。 (2) 抽象名词具体化时也可成为可数名词。如：beauty (美丽) a beauty (一个美人)，youth (青春) a youth (一个青年)。 (3) 表示具体事物的可数名词，用于表示抽象或物质意义是，便转化为不可数名词。如：a room (一个房间) room (空间)，a chicken (一只小鸡) chicken(鸡肉)。(4)fish, chicken 单数时表示肉类，用作复数时表示种类。Fishes 鱼类 chickens鸡的种类。1.Old as he is, he has _to do every day.A. a lot of work B. much worksC. lots of homeworks D. quite a lot of homeworks2.What _ weather were having these days!A. nice B. a niceC. a bad D. worse3.What Darwin said was an attack on peoples religious _.A. belief B. beliefsC. beliefs D. believs4.There are some _waiting for you outside.A. German B. AmericanC. grown-up D. Japanese5.Yesterday I went to the super market and bought a lot of _.A. tomatoes B. potatos C. vegetable D. meats6.You have to make _ for your journey A. preparing B. preparationC. a preparation D. preparations辨别名词的可数与不可数的技巧不少同学分辨不清可数名词与不可数名词。在这里告诉你一个诀窍，叫做“一分为二鉴别法”，能帮助你基本上分清这两类名词。判断某名词是可数名词还是不可数名词时，可以先将这个名词所表示的东西一分两半，若每一半不能再叫原来的名称时，这个名词就是可数名词；反之，若每一半还可以叫原来的名称，这个名称就是不可数名词。例如，desk 表示“课桌”，若将课桌一分两半，所得的两部分都不再具有课桌的特征，不能再用desk 来表示。因此，desk 是可数名词。Meat表示“肉”，将一块肉一分两块，所得的两块仍可称作肉。所以，meat是不可数名词。四名词的所有格：名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。1. s所有格的构成：单数名词在末尾加sthe boys father, Jacks book, her son-in-laws photo,复数名词一般在末尾加the teachers room, the twins mother, 不规则复数名词后加sthe childrens toys, womens rights, 以s结尾的人名所有格加s或者Dickens novels, Charless job, the Smiths house表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加sJapans and Americas problems, Janes and Marys bikes表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加sJapan and Americas problems, Jane and Marys father表示某人家店铺，所有格后名词省略the doctors, the barbers, the tailors, my uncles2. s所有格的用法：表示时间todays newspaper, five weeks holiday 2表示自然现象the earths atmosphere, the trees branches3表示国家城市等地方的名词the countrys plan, the worlds population, Chinas industry4表示工作群体the ships crew, majoritys view, the teams victory5表示度量衡及价值a miles journey, five dollars worth of apples6与人类活动有特殊关系的名词the lifes time, the plays plot7某些固定词组a birds eye view, a stones throw, at ones wits end(不知所措)随堂练习：1. This is _ reading-room.A. the teachers B. teachers C. teachers D. the teachers2.Have you read _newspaper yet?A. todays B. TodaysC. the todays D. your todays3.Its not far, only _walk from here to our school.A. a ten minutes B. ten minutesC. a ten minutes D. ten minutes4. He had a _sleep yesterday.A. a good night B. a good-nightC. a good nights D. good-nights5. His isnt fit for the work. Please get me _.A. something else B. somebody elseC. someone elses D. somebodys else3. of所有格的用法：用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed注：不同国籍人的单复数 国籍 总称（谓语用复数） 单数 复数 中国人 theChinese, aChinese, twoChinese 瑞士人 theSwiss, aSwiss, twoSwiss 澳大利亚人theAustralians, anAustralian, twoAustralians 俄国人 theRussians, aRussian, twoRussians意大利人 theItalians, anItalian, twoItalians 希腊人 theGreek, aGreek, twoGreeks 法国人 theFrench, aFrenchman, twoFrenchmen 日本人 theJapanese, aJapanese, twoJapanese 美国人 theAmericans, anAmerican, twoAmericans 印度人 theIndians, anIndian, twoIndians 加拿大人 theCanadians, aCanadian, twoCanadians 德国人 theGermans, aGerman, twoGermans 英国人 theEnglish, anEnglishman, twoEnglishmen 瑞典人 theSwedish, aSwede, twoSwedes五双重所有格及其用法 定义： s所有格和of所有格两种所有格形式结合在一起，构成of所有格形式，即双重的所有格。它通常表示部分观念，即全体中的一部分，在意义上与one of相似，它主要修饰of短语之前的那个名词。此外，双重所有格与指示代词连用时，常带有感情色彩，如赞赏、不满、厌恶等。它的主要形式如下： 1名词of名词性物主代词。例如： a good friend of mine 我的一个好朋友 an interesting story of his 他的有趣的经历 2名词ofs所有格。例如： He is a friend of my sisters（one of my sisters friends）他是我姐姐的一个朋友。 Look at that long nose of Jacks看杰克的那个长鼻子。（感情色彩） 试比较： a picture of Xiao Zhang 小张（本人）的照片 a picture of Xiao Zhangs 小张（具有的照片中）的一张照片当of前的名词是picture等词时，含义不同，试比较：Its a picture of my mothers.这是我妈妈收藏的一幅画。Its a picture of my mother.这是我妈妈的一张照片。此外，不定冠词、数词、某些不定代词（some，any，many，no，few等）以及which等限定词，一般不与形容词性物主代词或s所有格等一起放在名词前修饰名词，而采用of所有格或双重所有格形式。例如： most of the students 学生中的大多数 three of them 他们中的三个人 I have read some books of his我读过他的一些书。 Which book of Qiong Yaos have you read？你读过琼瑶的哪一本书？ 六、s所有格、of所有格和双重所有格三者之间的细微区别 请仔细比较下面三句话： 1She is Marys brothers friend 2She is a friend of Marys brother 3She is a friend of Marys brothers 1句用的是s所有格，侧重说明她和Mary的哥哥是朋友关系，突出friend一词。 2句用的是of所有格，侧重说明她和Mary的哥哥是朋友关系，强调突出了Marys brother。 3句用的是双重所有格，侧重说明Mary哥哥的朋友不止是一个，她只是其中的一个。词类 一 名词( ) 1.（2009广州）You look very tired this morning. What did you do yesterday afternoon? I did _ Christmas shopping. A. a lot of B. a few of C. a number of D. a piece of ( ) 2.（2009武汉）Why do you get up so early in the morning, Tracy ？I generally make it a _ to be up by 7 to read English.A. plan B. wish C. secret D. rule( ) 3.（2009武汉）Do the dishes, Mike, or I will tell mum!Mind your own _ ,Sue!A. action B. duty C. business D. way( ) 4.（2009广州）The letter from my uncle was short. There wasnt_ news. A. many B. a few C. much D. few( ) 5.（2009威海）-Why didnt you take a taxi back last night?-Because I didnt have any_with me.A. food B. bicycle C. friend D. money( ) 6.（2009成都）John always says that he likes apples of all the _ .A. vegetables B. fruits C. drinks( ) 7.（2009江西）-You look worried. Whats your _ ?-I have trouble learning English.A. name B. question C. problem D. job( ) 8.（2009南京）-Oh, my God! We have missed the last bus. What shall we do?-Im afraid we have no _ but to take a taxi.A. choice B. decision C. reason D. information( ) 9.（2009河南）I like _ a lot, and my mother usually cooks it in different ways. A. fish B. butter C. potatoes D. noodles( ) 10.（2009宜昌）-Inmyopinion, Chinahas more _todeal withthedisease ofA/H1N1.-I quiteagreewithyou. Chinese medicine works well.A. advantages B. interests C. equipments D. materials( ) 11.（2009娄底）Its said that you have moved into a new house.Yeah，and we need to buy some_ in the mall nearby.A. food B. furniture C. hamburger( )12.（2009孝感）All the _ teachers enjoyed themselves on March 8th, because it was their own holiday. A. man B. men C. woman D. women( ) 13.（2009湖北孝感）Emma, who are you taking _ of at home? My grandma, she got hurt in an accident. A. place B. part C. seat D. care ( ) 14.（2009山西）-How can I see thick snow in most northern parts of China?-You have to wait till _ comes, Steve.A. summer B. autumn C. winter( ) 15.（2009山西）Lets get some _ about tourism on the Internet.A. information B. message C. invention( ) 16.（2009无锡）_ the teachers in their school is about 200 and one fourth of them are _ teachers.A. A number of ; women B. A number of ; womanC. The number of ; women D. The number of ; woman( ) 17.（2009绥德）Mike and his friend are going to the _ to see the new action movie tonight.A. book shop B. restaurant C. concert D. cinema( ) 18.(2009.安徽)-Shall we go shopping now?-Sorry. Its not the right _. Im too tired.A. way B. weather C. place D. moment( ) 19.（2009.安徽）-Im afraid I cant get there before 9 oclock.-Thats OK. Theres _ .A. no way B. no wonder C. no doubt D. no hurry( ) 20.（2009.漳州）-What makes you so upset?-I wanted to explain why I was late, but Mr. White didnt give me a(n) _.A. way B. chance C. idea D. excuse( ) 21.（2009通化）We need to come up with a/an _ and make a decision at once.A. information B. advice C. idea D. news( ) 22.（2009德州）Look at the flowers! They are in different _: red, yellow, pinkA. colors B. sizes C. prices D. names( ) 23.（2009恩施）Id like _ grapes and pears.Oh, I only need _ orange juice.A. some; a few B. a few; some C. a little; few D. a little; a few( )2 4.（2009阜康） What would you like to drink? _, please. A. Rice B. Meat C. Water D. Bread ( ) 25.（2009朝阳）-You look very young, Mrs. Green. Could you tell me how old you are?-Oh, sorry. Its a(n) _ .A. problem B. instruction C. secret D. business( ) 26.（2009安顺）We should not eat _ meat.A. too many B. much too C. too much D. many too( ) 27.（2009安顺）I dont understand the story though there are _ new words in it. A. few B. little C. a few D. a little( ) 28.（2009安顺）This is not my dictionary. Its _ . She lent it to me this morning.A. my sister B. my sisters C. my sisters D. my sisters( ) 29.（2009安顺）A school in Anshun held an activity called “Recommend(推荐) Books to Your Teachers”. The students made a _ of 1,0000 books! A. note B. line C. menu D. list( ) 30.（2009莆田）-I feel thirsty. I want something to drink. What about you?-OK. Lets go and buy some _ .A. orange B. bread C. chocolate( ) 31.（2009莆田）Hurry up. There is _ time left.A. a little B. little C. few 32.(2010内江)Well,you look so happy! -Because Ive got a good _. A.work B. news C.job D. ideas ( ) 33. (2010上海)You can get much_about the World Expo on the Internet. A.map B.picture C.ticket D.information( ) 34. (2010上海)The customers are pleased with the_of the restaurant. A.balance B.experience C.surface D.service( ) 35. (2010晋江)Lily has a silk _. Listen, she is singing in the next room! - How nice!.A. look B. noiseC. voice( ) 36.（2010通化）We need to come up with a/an_and make a decision at once.A.information B.advice C.idea D.news( ) 37.(2010湖州)-Would you like some _? -No,thank you.Im not hungry at all.A.water B.booksC.clothes D.bread( )38.（2010荆州)When will the 2010 World Expo(世博会) come to a close? Itll close at the end of _. A. September B. October C. November D. December( )39.（2010武汉）Why are you still waiting in line? -Ive missed my _ . 全品中考网 A. place B. order C. turn D. time( )40.(2010河南)It was very hard for me to make a_but J decided to leave my job. A suggestion B decision C plan D speech( )41.（2010黄冈）Good news. We will have a _holiday. -Ive heard of it.But its coming in_.A.three days ; three days timeB.three days; three daysC.three-day; three daysD.three days; three-day time( )42.（2010聊城）Why not go to Qingdao on May Day,Jim? -Im afraid its not a good _.I have been there several times.A.wayB.placeC.adviceD.idea( )43.（2010阜康）()Mr Black gave us _on how to learn English well.A.an adviceB.many advicesC.some adviceD.some advices( )44.（2010黄石） With whom did you watch 2010 World Cup Opening Ceremony ? _. A. A friend of mineB. A friend of me C. A friend of my sisterD. A friend of you ( )45.（2010荆门）Oh, my god! The kids are making too much_ here. I cant do anything. A. sound B. Voice C. Noise D. footstep ( )46.（2010襄樊）Whats your job , Henry?Im a _ ,I work late . Im very busy when people go out to dimters . A. waiter B. reporter C. teacher D. nurse ( )47.(2010鸡西)How many _can you see in the picture? Only one. A. Dog B. sheep C. child D. tree ( )48.（2010定西)Whats your ? I like swimming.A. job B. age C.hobby D. number ( )49.(2010定西)What would you like，sir? .A. Two pop 全品中考B. Two bottles pop C. Two bottles of pop D. Two bottle of pop( )50.（2010莱芜）I have a_ for breakfast everyday.A. hot dog B. Cookie C. dumpling D. hamburger( )51.(2010哈尔滨)A low-carbon(低碳) lifestyle has _ effect on our daily life. People are paying more and more attention to saving _ these days.A. the, energies B. a, energy C. an, energy( )52. (2010三明)What a fine day! Shall we go hiking, Bob? -Id love to.But iss not the right _.I am busy now.A.placeB.momentC.weather( )53.（2010天津）If you work hard,youll get good _. A.gradesB.notesC.lessons D.answers( )54.（2010泰安）Lucy, do you like _? -Yes.Most of my clothes are