高中英语教学论文关于非谓语动词的复习要点.doc

关于非谓语动词的复习要点 一.英语中的“连动”问题汉语中可以一个动词接一个动词地连续使用，不需要通过任何语法手段，但英语中一个动词和后面的动词通常不能直接连用（情态动词和助动词do/does,did,will/shall,have/has等除外）。英语中“连动”主要有两种情况：a,几个连续动词是并列关系，我们把它们用作并列谓语用并列连词and,but,or等连接。eg. 1.We study,exercise,work and relax together every day.2.Tom didnt play soccer,watch TV or surf the Internet last weekend. 3.Jim works very hard,but still has a little difficult with Chinese.b.几个连续使用的动词具有动宾，目的，因果，程度与结果等其他语法关系，这时我们通常把第一个动词用作谓语动词而把后面的动词用作不定式，动名词，现在分词和过去分词的恰当形式，由于后面的动词不可作谓语，我们把动词不定式，动名词，现在分词和过去分词形式统称为动词的非谓语动词形式。例如，1.我喜欢读书。（划线处为连动，以下同）I like reading. （like和reading连动，reading:动名词作宾语）2.张先生想要去北京。Mr Zhang wants to go to Beijing.（wants和to go to Beijing连动，to go to Beijing:不定式作宾语）3.我来看你。I have come to see you.（have come 和to see you连动，to see you:不定式表目的）4.我昨晚熬夜太迟未按时起床。I stayed up too late last night to get up on time.（stayed up too late和 to get up on time连动，to get up on time:不定式表结果 5.Im happy to see you again.(be happy 和to see you 连动，to see you不定式表原因)6.I couldnt make myself heard by the crowd.(couldnt make myself 和heard连动，heard 过去分词做宾语补足语)6.Lets get started now.(get 和started 连动，started 过去分词表被动)7.Just now I caught Tom drawing a picture.(caught Tom 和drawing a picture 连动，drawing a picture：现在分词做宾语补足语)我们在进行书面表达训练时（作文和完成句子），可以经常有针对性地根据上面的观点认真行文和检查答案。当然，“连动”有时我们可以将后面的动词置于从句中进行表达。例如，1.我不认识站在那儿的女孩。I dont know the girl who is standing over there.=I dont know the girl standing over there.2.我发觉Tom在睡觉。I found that Tom was sleeping.=I found Tom sleeping. 二.非谓语动词书面表达的答题原则复习时，对非谓语动词要有充分的认识归纳、整理积累典型例题、背诵经典句型，做到厚积薄发。做书面表达题时，应遵循下面原则：（1）所给的动词应根据语义和语境联想激活其相关短语及搭配；（2）认真分析句子结构，确定划线部分和所给的词（短语）在句子中充当的成分；（3）确定所给的动词（短语）与句中的主语或者逻辑主语的逻辑关系（语态）以及动作发生的先后（时态）；（4）特别留意标点符号尤其是逗号的作用。 三.动词不定式与动名词1. 动词不定式在句子中起名词、形容词和副词作用，在句子中可以做主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语、定语、状语和独立成分；动名词与现在分词同形，都由动词原形+ing形式构成，动名词兼有动词和名词的作用和特征，在句子中可以做主语，宾语，表语和定语，动词不定式和动名词可以带宾语和状语。不定式和动名词有时态和语态的变化。 动词不定式时态和语态归纳表时态语态 主动语态 被动语态 肯定 否定 肯定 否定一 般 式to do sthnot to do sthto be donenot to be done进 行 式to be doing sthnot to be doing sth完 成 式to have done sthnot to have done sth to have been donenot to have been done完成进行式to have been doing sthnot to have been doing sth 动名词时态和语态归纳表时态语态 及物动词(do) 不及物动词(go) 主动语态 被动语态 主动语态一般式 肯定 否定 肯定 否定 肯定 否定doing sthnot doing sthbeing donenot being donegoingnot going完成式having done sthnot having done sthhaving been donenot having been donehaving gonenot having gone2. 动词不定式和动名词作主语和宾语的区别：动名词作主语和宾语表示一般抽象的多次性行为或者一件已知的事或经验。eg.Reading in bed is not good for your eyes.动词不定式做主语和宾语则表示具体的某一次的行为，通常表示一件还未做的事或目的。Eg.1.Smoking is not allowed here.（抽象）这儿禁止吸烟。2.Its not good for your health to smoke so much.（具体）吸那么多烟对你的健康没好处。3. 动词不定式和动名词作主语和宾语的几个重点句型 A.动词不定式做主语时，常使用it做形式主语置于句首，而将真正的不定式主语置于句末，即It+谓语部分+to do sth. eg.It is not easy to study a foreign language. It takes sb some time to do sth. 该句型可细化为： B.It is +adj./n+(for sb) to do sth.(若要说明不定式的逻辑主语，通常在不定式前加for sb) eg.It is important for us to grasp a foreign language.我们掌握一门外语是重要的。It is my duty to teach you well. 把你们教好是我的职责。上述句型中，adj.或n说明不定式to do sth的性质或具体内容,常见的adj.有：importantdifficult,hard,interesting,necessary,possible,impossible,easy,etc. C.It is+adj.+of sb to do sth. eg.Its wise of you to say these words. 你说这些话是明智的。It was kind of Tom to help you with English last night. Tom 昨天晚上帮你学英语真好。It is foolish of you to say so.(You are foolish to say so.)It is wrong of the other children to make fun of you.(The other are wrong to make fun of you.)上述句型中，adj.说明sb的性格、品质、特征等，和sb构成逻辑上的主谓关系,常见的adj.有：wise,clever,nice,silly,rude,cruel,wrong,right,foolish,stupid,careless,careful,natural(天性的) etc. It is natural of a dog to bite a man.(狗咬人是天性) It is natural for people to help each other.(人们互相帮助是自然的) D.主语+find/feel/think/make/believe/judge.+it+adj/n+to do sth. eg.I find it hard to study physics. 我发觉学物理很难。 E.It is/was no use(good)/not any use(good)/of little use(good)/useless/a waste of time/money/energy doing sth.It is/was a waste of time/money/energy doing sth. 做某事是白费时间/金钱/精力。 F.主语+find/feel/think/make/believe/judge.+it+no use(good)/not any use(good)/of little use(good)/useless/a waste of time(money,energy)+doing sth.上述句型中只有在不定式或动名词作宾语且其后有宾语补足语时才能将it用作形式宾语.4.动词不定式在介词but,except,besides后面作宾语的用法若它们前面句子中有实义动词do的各种恰当形式，则不定式中不加小品词to；反之，不定式中要加to. eg.Tom has nothing to do but go on waiting.(前有实义动词to do，but后不加to) My mother does many other things besides cook meals for me every day.(前有实义动词does,besides 后不加to) We have no choice but to stay here for the night. 我们除了呆在这儿过夜之外别无选择。（前没有实义动词do,but后要加to）注意：这儿所讲的do是,实义动词，但是do若是助动词的话介词后的不定式中要加to eg.Mary does have a good drink besides to eat some delicious seafood. Mary 除了吃些美味的海鲜外还好好地喝了一顿。（前面的does是助动词而不是实义动词，besides后要加to)在cannot but/cannot choose but/cannot help but 之后接不带to的不定式,意为“不得不/只得做某事”，比较have no choice but to do sth“除了外别无选择” eg.I have no choice but to wait.(我除了等别无选择)I could not but admit that he was right and I was wrong.(我不得不承认他对了，我错了。)I cannot help but wait for him.(我不得不等他)I cannot choose but tell him the truth.（我只得告诉他真相。）5表示愿望的动词如expect,intend,wish,want,mean,suppose等用过去完成时+不定式的一般式即had expected/had intended(wished,wanted,meant,supposed)+to do sth或用过去式+不定式的完成式即expected/intended/wished/wanted/meant/supposed+to have done sth常表示过去未曾实现的愿望，意为“过去本来想要（但事实未做成）”。情态动词would like/love to +不定式have done sth 用法与此相同，意为“过去本来想要（但事实未做成）”。 eg.I intended to have helped you,but I was too busy at that time.我本想帮你一下，但当时我太忙了。=I had intended to help you,but I was too busy at that time.Id liked to have returned the book to the library yesterday,but I left it at home.我昨天本想把书还到图书馆的，但我把它忘在家里了。6.不定式作定语的用法当被修饰的名词或代词是不定式的逻辑主语时，则构成主谓关系；当被修饰的名词是不定式的逻辑宾语时，则构成动宾关系。如: He is not a man to tell lies.(主谓关系) I have something important to say.(动宾关系) 吊尾介词的用法：若作定语的不定式中的动词是不及物动词且和所修饰的名词构成动宾关系时，后面就应有必要的介词，此时介词和前面的名词构成逻辑上介宾关系（介词的选用据其和前面的名词的搭配而定），因介词位于不定式结构之后，我们俗称为吊尾介词。eg.He has a nice pen to write with. Tom has just bought many toys to play with. The twins have no comfortable room to live in. paper to write on,a chair to sit on/in,many goods to choose from,但是place,way等名词后接的不及物动词不定式可省略介词。eg.I think its a good place to live (in). Its said that the best way to travel (by) is on foot. 7.不定式作状语 不定式在句中主要作原因，目的和结果状语，其中目的和结果状语是高考的热点。 原因状语 eg.Im sorry to be late again.(不定式to be late again 表Im sorry的原因) 目的状语 不定式表目的状语时，常可用in order to或so as to替换，其中so as to不可用于句首.eg.He got up early to/in order to/so as to catch the first bus. 结果状语有自然而然的结果和意外结果两种形式 1）自然而然的结果： A.主语too+adj/adv to do sth.(某人或某物太而不能做某事) Eg.Russian is too difficult to study well.(俄语太难而不能学好)Mr Zhang ran too slowly to catch up with Xiao Wang.(张先生跑得太慢了赶不上小王) B.主语+adj/adv enough to do sth.(某人或某物足够可以做某事) eg.Ann is clever enough to study Chinese well within half a year.(Ann够聪明的在半年以内学好了汉语）I got up early enough to catch the first bus.(我起床构早的赶上了头班车) C.A.too+adj/adv for B to dosth.(A太B不能做某事) eg.The question is too hard for him to answer.(这个问题太难他不能回答)Mr Zhang speaks too quickly for us to understand.（张先生讲话太快我们听不懂） D.A.+adj/adv enough for B to do sth.（A足够B可以做某事） eg.The question is easy enough for Tom to answer.(这个问题够简单Tom 可以回答)The pet dog ran slowly enough for me to catch.(那个宠物狗跑得足够慢我逮住了)上述句型A,B中句子的主语和不定式的逻辑主语是同一个人或物；句型C,D中句子的主语和不定式的逻辑主语不是同一个人或物，此时在不定式前要加上其逻辑主语，用for sb表示。2）意外结果(only) to do sth eg.He hurried to the railway station only to find the train had left.(他匆匆赶到火车站结果发现火车已经开走了。） 8不定式做插入语有些比较固定的不定式短语通常用来作插入语并用逗号与句子隔开，eg.to tell the truth,to be frank（坦率地说=frankly spenking）,to be exact,to begin with,to be honest 9.不定式的主动形式表被动含义，在下列情况下不定式通常用主动形式表被动1） 不定式作定语与被修饰的名词或代词构成动宾关系，且不定式的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。eg.I have something important to do tonight.（to do 和something important 构成动宾关系，句子的主语I是不定式的逻辑主语)2) 不定式作定语与被修饰的名词或代词构成动宾关系，且不定式的逻辑主语就是被不定式所修饰的名词或代词（作直接宾语）前的间接宾语，即间接宾语和不定式构成主谓关系。eg.I will give you two more exercises to do.(you是间接宾语是不定式to do的逻辑主语,它们构成主谓关系，two more exercises是直接宾语,其和不定式to do构成动宾关系) 以上两点不定式的逻辑主语均在句子里呈现，其逻辑主语（及不定式表示的动作的执行者）或是句子的主语或是句子的间接宾语，反之，若其逻辑主语不在句子里出现，即不定式表示的动作的执行者不是句子的主语或间接宾语，那么不定式要用被动语态，注意下列两句的区别。eg. a.Do you have any letters to post?(不定式to post用主动语态表被动，you是to post的执行者) 你有一些信要自己邮寄吗？ b.Do you have any letters to be posted?(不定式to be posted用被动语态,主语you 不是不定式to be posted的执行者，邮寄的动作由他人完成) 你有一些信要请人邮寄吗？3） 在“be+性质形容词+不定式”中，即形容词表示主语sb/sth的性质特征，“adj+to do sth”作表语，常见的形容词有：easy,hard,difficult,interesting,heavy,pleasant,light,good,fit,comfortable,safe,dangerous，impossible等。eg.The box is not easy to carry.（the box与carry是被动关系，但to carry用主动表被动）4） 上述“adj+不定式”结构作后置定语，不定式用主动表被动。eg.Mr Wang is a comrade hard to deal with.（hard to deal with.修饰a comrade）5） 上述“adj+不定式”结构作宾语补足语，不定式用主动表被动。eg.We found the problem easy to solve. I think little Tom difficult to make friends with.6) 在“疑问词+不定式”结构中，不定式与疑问词之间有动宾关系，可用主动表被动。eg.Who do you think can tell us what to do?7） 某些动词不定式与be连用时，可用主动形式表被动,常见的有to blame,to see,to let等。eg.In the accident,the car driver was to blame.8） 在there be结构中，主语后的不定式可用主动形式表被动意义也可用被动形式，但加上逻辑主语for sb时，必须用主动形式eg.There is nothing to fear/to be feared. There is nothing for me to fear.10. 动词like,love,prefer后接不定式和动名词均可，动名词表示习惯性经常性的动作，不定式表示一次具体的动作，但如果like,love,prefer前有would/should,后面则应用不定式。eg.I like eating apples,but now I want to eat a pear. I would like to go out for a walk. 注意辨析：would/should like to do sth,would/should like to have done sth,feel like doing sth11. 动名词的主动形式表被动含义 1）在表示“需要”意义的need,want,require,(request),demand等词作谓语，其主语是（动作的承受者）式，用动名词的主动形式表被动。His watch is out of order and needs repairing.若用不定式表示，则应用被动语态。 eg.The plan demands discussing carefully.=The plan demands to be discussed carefully. need/want/require(request)/demand doing=need/want/require(request)/demand to be done 2)几个表示“值得”意义的短语或单词作谓语，后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动,但也有意外情况。 A.be worth doing(值得做)/be well worth doing(很值得做） eg.The park is well worth visiting. be worth sth(值得上/价值) eg.A motorbike is worth 10 bikes. The building is worth 1 million yuan. be worthy of sth=be worth sth（值得上/价值) be worthy of being dong=be worthy to be done注意：be worthy 后接动名词和不定式均不能用主动语态表被动含义，必须使用被动语态，要注意区别。eg.The difficult task is worthy of efforts.=The difficult task is worth efforts. The story is worthy of being listened to.=The story is worthy to be listened to.=The story is worth listening to.B.deserve doingeg.The pet dog deserves taking good care of.12. 动词不定式的逻辑主语若不定式的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致，则应用for sb介绍其逻辑主语。在句型中也有用of sb表示不定式的逻辑主语的情况，详见第3条B,C。13. 动名词的逻辑主语若动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致，则应加上其逻辑主语。其逻辑主语用名词所有格或形容词性物主代词表示。我们把动名词连同它前面的逻辑主语一起称为动名词的复合结构。其中动名词作及物动词或介词后的宾语时，名词所有格和形容词性物主代词可以用名词普通格和人称代词宾格代替。His being late made his teacher angry.(动名词复合结构做主语)The mothers worry is her sons playing computer games too much.(动名词复合结构作表语)I cant bear Toms often playing jokes on me.=I cant bear Tom often playing jokes on me.(动名词复合结构做vt后的宾语，所有格Toms可以用普通格Tom代替)Mr Wang often suggests his reading as much as possible.=Mr Wang often suggests him reading as much as possible.(动名词复合结构做vt后的宾语，形容词性物主代词his可以用人称代词宾格him代替) 四.现在分词与过去分词 分词有现在分词和过去分词两种，它兼有动词、副词和形容词的特征。在句中可以作定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语。1. 现在分词与过去分词的时态与语态 现在分词由动词原形+ing构成。现在分词有一般式和完成式，及物动词的现在分词有主动语态和被动语态。其形式如下表： 现在分词时态和语态归纳表时态语态 及物动词(do) 不及物动词(go) 主动语态 被动语态 主动语态一般式 肯定 否定 肯定 否定 肯定 否定doing sthnot doing sthbeing donenot being donegoingnot going完成式having done sthnot having done sthhaving been donenot having been donehaving gonenot having gone 过去分词一般表示完成和被动的动作，只有一种形式，即done。其中及物动词的过去分词表示被动且完成的动作，如the meeting held last week(昨天被举行的会议。及物动词hold的过去分词held表示一个被动且完成的动作。)/We found the poor young man killed at the foot of the mountain(我们发现那个可怜的小伙子被人弄死在山脚下。及物动词kill的过去分词killed表示一个被动且完成的动作。）；不及物动词的过去分词单纯表示一个完成的主动动作，如My grandfather is a retired teacher.(我祖父是一个退休教师。不及物动词retire的过去分词retired表示已经退休不表示被动）/many fallen leaves(很多落叶。不及物动词fall的过去分词fallen表示已经下落不表示被动)/We found the woman gone.(我们发现那个妇女已经消失了。不及物动词go的过去分词gone表示已经下落不表示被动。）2. 现在在分词、过去分词和不定式做宾语补足语的区别在某些感官动词如see,hear,watch,feel,observe,listen to,notice,catch(撞见）,smell等和使役动词如get,have,leave,make等后，既可接现在分词，又可接过去分词和不定式作宾语补足语。现在分词做宾语补足语表示动作正在进行或反复不停进行，其表主动关系；过去分词做宾补表示被动或完成，vt表被动且完成，vi单纯表完成无被动含义；不定式作宾语补足语表示整个动作已经完成或要去完成，不定式有主被动之分。eg.1)I saw him playing on the playground.我看见他正在操场玩耍。（现在分词表正在进行） 2)Dont leave the water running all the time.不要让水长流着。（现在分词表反复进行） 3)I found my key lost.我发现我的钥匙丢了。（过去分词表被动完成） 4)I could see leaves fallen here and there.我能看见树叶落得到处都是。（过去分词表主动完成） 5)I saw him cross the road.我看见他过了马路。（不定式表示主动完成的全过程） 6)The teacher tells me to hand in my homework before 9 oclock.老师叫我9点钟前上交作业。（不定式表示要去完成的事）3. 分词作状语现在分词作状语，句子中的主语为现在分词的逻辑主语，该逻辑主语可能是现在分词表示的动作的执行者，也可能是承受者（此时现在分词应用被动语态,eg.Not being included,I have to attend another interview.没被录用，我只好再参加一个面试。注意：可去掉being，直接用过去分词）Seeing the scene of the farmers working hard in the field,I was moved by them.而过去分词作状语，句子中的主语则为动作的承受着（表被动）eg.The teacher came in,followed by two students.分词作状语可表示时间，原因，条件，让步，方式，伴随和结果等，其中，方式、伴随和结果状语通常放在句末，时间、原因、条件和让步状语通常放在句首，分词作状语时，通常用逗号与句子隔开。(尤其是表时间，原因，条件，让步等时，分词形式置于句首，通常要用逗号与句子隔开；分词形式表方式、伴随和结果状语通常放在句末，可以不用逗号与句子隔开。）补：分词作状语的基本原则：1）分词作状语时，分词的逻辑主语一般与句子的主语保持一致；2）分词作状语必须与句中主语含有逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系，否则不能使用分词作状语。3）有些现在分词作状语是固定结构，被称为独立成分，或悬垂结构，eg.generally speaking(一般而言，总的来说）,judging from（从判断),frankly speaking(坦率地说）,to be honest（说实话）,to begin with（开始）,speaking/talking of（谈到/说到）,considering(考虑到，鉴于)4. 过去分词，现在分词的被动式和不定式的被动式作定语的区别 这三种形式作定语，主要区别在动作发生的时间上。 （1）过去分词作定语表示动作发生在谓语动作之前或者只是表被动。eg.I like reading novels written by Dickens.（在谓语动作之前且被动） He is a teacher loved and respected by his students.（单纯的被动） （2）现在分词的被动式作定语时表示的动作正在发生或与谓语动作同时发生。eg.the boy standing over there(分词表示的动作正在进行) I saw a path leading to the top of the hill.（分词表示的动作与谓语动作同时）注意：现在分词的完成式被动语态罕有作定语的情况，此种情况通常直接用过去分词作定语。eg.the task having been finished by Tom(罕)=the task finished by Tom(过去分词表被动完成) （3）不定式的被动式作定语时，表示一个未来的被动动作比较：the meeting being held now(现在正在被举行的会议) the meeting held last week(上周被举行的会议) the meeting to be held next week(下周要举行的会议)5. There be结构的非谓语形式 There be 结构的非谓语形式有两种形式：there to be和there being.主要做主语、宾语、定语和状语。 （1）做主语，主要用there being.eg.There being a kindergarten on campus is a great convenience to female teachers.(=That there is a kindergarten on campus is a great convenience to female teachers.=It is a great convenience to female teachers that there is a kindergarten on campus.)(在校园里有幼儿园对女老师很方便) (2)作状语：多用there being结构，there being的动作和句子的谓语动作同时或几乎同时，t用there being（一般式）eg.There being nobody else at hand,I had to do it myself.(附近没人，我只得一人做)there being的动作在谓动之前，用there having been（完成式）。eg.There having been no rain for a long time,the ground was very dry.(很久没下雨了，地面很干) （3）作宾语：there be 作动词宾语或介词for宾语时，通常用there to be结构，常用动词有expect,like,mean,intend,want,prefer,hate等。eg.I expect there to be a chance for me to go abroad.(我期待我有一次出国的机会) They planned for there to be another meeting.(他们计划有另一个会议) They are waiting for there to be a strong wind.(他们正等候着有一股强风)there be 做其它介词宾语时，用there being.eg.John was relying on there being luck.(John 指望有运气)6. 分词的独立主格结构：一般而言，现在分词和过去分词作状语时，其逻辑主语和句子的主语一致，若其逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致时，则应在分词前加上其逻辑主语(逻辑主语用名词所有格或人称代词主格表示）。我们把“逻辑主语+分词”结构称为分词的独立主格结构。eg.Nobody having any more to say,the meeting was closed. The teacher came in,three boys following him. He helping me,I can finish the task as soon as possible. 注意认真分析上述划线部分，把句子的主语和分词的逻辑主语严格分开。 【拓展】分词独立主格结构，就是分词有其自己的逻辑主语，与句子的主语不一致。独立主格结构没有主语和谓语，所以在语法上不是句子，此结构在句中起原因，方式，时间，条件和伴随或结果状语的作用，独立主格结构应与句子的主体部分分隔开来。分词独立主格结构可以拓展为其他形式的独立主格结构（主要有不定式，形容词，副词，介词短语等，它们在作状语时，若其逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致，则在它们前面也应当加上其逻辑主语，方法同分词独立主格结构。） 独立主格结构归纳表表现形式意义例句名词或代词+现在分词或过去分词现在分词表主动进行过去分词表被动或完成(1) Weather permitting,well go out for a walk.(2) Homework finished,the boy felt relaxed.不定式表将来，计划安排要做或能够做的事(1) The exam to be held tomorrow,I cant go out to play tonight.(2) There to be an important meeting tomorrow,we are busy preparing for it. now.形容词表明名词或代词所指的人或物所处的状态或性质，特征(1)Our lessons (being)so important,we cant miss it.副词同上The light on the whole night,we slept yesterday.介词短语表示名词或代词所指的人或物的位置The girl is walking in the field,book in hand.注意：独立主格结构中，“名词+介词+名词”中的名词前不加不定冠词。eg.He sat over there,pen on desk.比较：The teacher came in,book in hand.* The teacher came in,with a book in his hand.7. with 的复合结构 上述独立主格结构，可以在逻辑主语前加上with,我们把此时的结构改称为with 的复合结构，但应注意原来结构中的人称代词主格应用宾格。With的复合结构主要作状语（用法同分词的独立主格结构相似，参见分词的独立主格结构），也可以做后置定语，如：Our English teacher is a pretty girl with long black hair on her shoulder.(我们的英语老师是一个长发披肩的漂亮女孩。） With的复合结构归纳表表现形式意义例句Wi