高三英语语法专项名词Word版含答案.doc

名词重点讲解：1. 可数名词可数名词包括单数名词、复数名词和集体名词。这类名词的使用原则是：1. 单数可数名词从不单独使用，如其前不加冠词或 ones，就必须改名词单数为复数形式。2. 复数名词或不可数名词表泛指意义时，其前不得添加任何冠词。3. many，several，(a) few 之后，或 one of the/ones 之后绝不能接可数名词的单数形式。2. 可数名词复数的不规则变化形式1. Negro Negroes hero heroes tomato tomatoes potato potatoeszoo zoos bamboo bamboos radio radios piano pianos photo photos2. knife knives leaf leaves loaf loaves wolf wolveswife wives half halves thief thieveschief chiefs roof roofs belief beliefs gulf gulfshandkerchief handkerchiefs(handkerchieves)3. goose geese tooth teeth 4. man men woman women gentleman gentlemen Frenchman Frenchmen policeman policemen German Germans Roman Romans5. 单、复数同形的名词 sheep，deer，Swiss，Portuguese，Chinese，Japanese，head（牲畜的头数），means6. child children mouse mice7. 合成名词的复数构成方式：中心名词变复数。如：passer-bypassers-by， father-in-lawfathers-in-law；无中心名词在词尾变复数。如：grown-upgrown-ups3. 以复数形式使用的名词总是以复数形式使用的复数名词有：clothes，trousers，glasses（眼镜），thanks，congratulations，preparations，goods，looks（外表），manners（礼貌），Customs（海关、关税），in high spirits，give regards to，give (ones) best wishes to4. 表复数意义的名词这类名词作主语，谓语用复数形式：例如：cattle，police，people4. 1集体名词这类名词作主语，强调整体时，谓语动词用单数形式，强调个体及其成员时，谓语动词用复数形式。例如：class，family，team，group，party，army，enemy，crew，government，company，crowd，committee5. 不可数名词5.1 专有名词单个单词形式的专有名词无复数，不与冠词连用；由普通名词构成的专有名词前用定冠词。例如： China has a longer history than the United States.5.2 学科名词和物质名词学科名词与物质名词表泛指时，不用冠词。例如： My brother likes physics while I like chemistry.5.3 抽象名词表泛指意义的抽象名词或用在介词之后的抽象名词，不可数，不与冠词连用。抽象名词表具体意义或被某一（些）形容词修饰，与不定冠词连用。Failure is the mother of success.Dictionary is a great help to many people.be of (some/much/little/no/great) 少数几个抽象名词，如 value，help，use，importance 意同“be 该抽象名词的形容词形式”。It is said that tomorrows meeting is of much importance.（比较：It is said that tomorrows meeting is very important.）掌握某些名词永不用复数形式，永不与不定冠词 a/an 连用。fun，luck，news，information，progress，equipment，furniture，practice，advice，clothing，homework，housework，medicine，grass，rice，wealth，health，gold，earth（土），ham，luggage，baggage，money 6. 名词的格6.1 名词所有格的表达在有生命的名词后加s表示在店铺或在某人家里的名词后加s在表示国家、地域、天体、时间、距离、机关团体等无生命名词后也可加sThis is Mary and Lucys classroom.Chinas industry is developing fast.Is Toms mother in the tailors or the butchers or at Mr. Smiths?无生命的名词后接 of 名词有生命的名词在其中心词有较长定语时，用 of 名词The cover of Mr. Smiths book is dirty.Have you heard of the story of William Tell and his son?所有物名词前有冠词、数词、不定代词时，用双重所有格 of ones 名词中心名词前有指示代词表赞赏或厌恶等感情色彩时，用双重所有格 of ones 名词A friend of my fathers likes this picture of Davids, too.Who enjoy that pride of Lindas?7. 名词作定语名词作定语，多是脱口而出的与日常生活密切相关的情形。具体如下：名词作定语，表类别：woman scientist，man doctor，girl student，boy friend，tea cup，coffee cup，room number，telephone number，history lesson，evening dress，evening school，college student，street light，country life，Nobel Prize，body temperature，animal/plant life， motorcar，school education，car door/window，meeting-room，river bank，tooth-brush， English teacher，winter sleep，government office，church clock，bus driver，air pollution，lunch room名词作定语表材料、作用、来源、内容：cloth bag，stone bridge，gas station，bulletin board，shoe shop，book store/shop，snow mountain，answer sheet，sports field，bamboo pipe，meeting room，diamond necklace， straw hat，peasant boy/family，Chinese medicine特别留心：a woman scientist two women scientistsa man doctor three men doctorsa girl student nine girl studentsa boy friend ten boy friendsa goods train the sports shoesa sales girl the clothes shop/linea middle-aged woman a one-eyed man a six-month-old babya ten-storied building a forty-metre-deep wella three-legged table an 80-metre-wide streeta twenty-year-old lady an 800-word compositiona five-year plana thirty-hour tripa fifty-dollar note/check8. 名词的双重性特别注意高考热点部分名词的双重性1. 抽象名词单独使用或表泛指意义或用在某一固定介宾结构中，是不可数名词；词义的变化，抽象名词具体化，是可数名词。例如：life，time，knowledge，sight，pleasure，repair，paper，glass，hair，food，fruit，character，experience，trouble，difficulty，work，help，population，iron 等。请注意以下各组例句： Life is hard.Were living a happy life under the leadership of the Party.Time is money.We had a wonderful time in the party.Knowledge is power.A knowledge of English is a must in the 21st century. He has poor sight because he often reads in the sun.The sunset is a beautiful sight.Would you please lend me your bike?With pleasure.What a pleasure it is to meet you here again.It is said that the road is under repair.It is said that the workers are doing repairs to the road.Paper is made from wood.Our monitor is helping our teacher to hand out the papers.Have you finished your papers on pollution?Is there anything of interest in todays papers?Mirrors are made of glass.Glasses are made of glass.Asians have black hair and Europeans have fair hair.Look! There are a few white hairs on your head.A man will die without food for seven days.That was really a delicious food at the party.Lu Xun succeeded in creating many characters in his works.Charlie, how many characters have you learnt so far?Sports are very useful for training character.Sun Wukong had plenty of experiences on the way to the west to seek the Bible, so he had rich experience in telling the kind from the bad.I had great trouble/difficulty in finding your home last year.Life is full of joys and troubles.Here is a difficulty for you to get over.Irons are usually made of iron.Every means has been tried but none has/have worked.All means have been tried but none have/has worked.work: “工作、活儿”不可数名词“作品、著作、工厂、工程、工事”可数名词My father still goes to work at 8:00 in the morning while my mother is out of work.Its eight oclock. Lets get down to work.This painting of Xu Beihongs is a valuable work of art.Lu Xuns works are popular with many young readers.The water works supply/supplies fine water to us.Our army managed to break through the enemys defence works.population: 既可数又不可数作主语时，谓语动词有时用单数，有时又用复数“多”与“少”的表达如何针对“人口”提问1. 与具体数字连用或被 large，big，small 修饰，是可数名词；指某一国家、地区总人口时，是不可数名词。India has a population of about one billion.India is a country with a population of about one billion.In fifty years, India is likely to have a larger population than China.2. 指总人口时，谓语动词用单数；指部分人口时，谓语动词用复数。The population of the United States is about 250 million and about 11 of it are black people.3. 指“人口多”时，用 large 或 big；指“人口少”时，用 small。England is a developed country, but its population is very small.4. Whats the population of ?What population does have? 均是针对“人口”提问的表达法。How large/big is the population of What is the population of Russia? About 250 million.2. 专有名词：专有名词一般为不可数，但偶尔也可作可数名词。 例如：China has a longer history than the United States.There are four Jacks in our class. 名词在高考中的考查重点：一般在单项选择以及完型填空和短文改错中出现, 绝大多数是考查名词词义辨析, 名词和表示数量词结合的考查, 以及主谓一致的考查以及在具体语境中的理解和应用也将占有一席之地。解题方法：1. 熟记近义名词的辨析2. 熟记常见的不可数名词, 单复数同形的名词, 形单义复的名词和集合名词表示单复数的情况, 如：advice, furniture, equipment; means, works (工厂), series; police, cattle；family, audience等等3. 掌握名词的抽象化和具体化4. 掌握名词的所有格5. 注意(复合)名词作定语时可单可复6. 熟记名词与动词的固定搭配使用例题感悟：【2011江苏卷,27】Teachers have to constantly update their knowledge in order to maintain their professional _.AconsequenceBindependenceCcompetenceDintelligence【答案】C【考点】考查名词的辨义。【解析】句意为 “教师要不断地更新他们的知识以便保持专业上的称职。”consequence后果，结果；independence独立；competence能力，胜任，称职；intelligence智力, 智慧; 理解力。根据句意选C。【2011福建卷,26】The lack of eco-friendly habits among the public is thought to be a major of global climate change.A.result B.cause C.warning D.reflection【答案】B【考点】考查名词的辨义。【解析】句意为“公众缺乏对生态环境友好的习惯被认为是全球气候变化的主要原因。”result结果；cause原因；warning警告；reflection反映。cause与global climate change存在着因果关系，故选B。【2011浙江卷,18】Anyway, I cant cheat himits against all my _.A. emotions B. principles C. regulations D. opinions【答案】B【考点】考查名词的辨义。【解析】句意为“不管怎样，我不能欺骗他这违反我的原则。”emotion情绪；principle原则，准则；regulation规定，规则；opinions意见。根据句意选B。【2011四川卷,13】Always remember to put such dangerous things as knives out of childrens . A.touch B.sight C.reach D.distance【答案】C【考点】考查名词的辨义。【解析】句意为“时刻记住：这些危险物品，比如刀子，要放在孩子们够不着的地方。”out of touch不联系，不接触；out of sight看不见, 在视野之外；out of reach手够不着, 达不到；out of distance远离=far away。根据前面的交代的危险品，选C。【2011湖北卷,21】“Tommy, run! Be quick! The house is on fire!” the mother shouted, with_ clearly in her voice.A . anger B. rudeness C. regret D. panic【答案】D【考点】考查名词的辨义。【解析】句意为“Tommy，快跑！快点！房子着火了！”母亲大声叫喊，嗓音里夹杂这明显的惊慌。”anger生气；rudeness粗鲁；regret后悔；panic惊慌，慌乱。根据句意选D。【2011湖北卷,22】Giving up my job to go back to full-time education was a big_, but now I know it was the best decision I ever made.A. project B. commitment C. competition D. ambition【答案】B【考点】考查名词的辨义。【解析】句意为“当初放弃我的工作重新接受全日制的教育是个了不起的决定，现在我知道那是我作出的最好的决定。”project项目, 计划, 方案, 课题；commitment承诺，许诺，保证；competition比赛，竞争；ambition抱负，雄心，野心。commitment与后面的decision相呼应，故选B。【2011湖北卷,30】When asked about their opinions about the schoolmaster, many teachers would prefer to see him step aside _ younger men.A. in terms of B. in need of C. in favor of D. in praise of【答案】C【考点】考查名词的辨义。【解析】句意为“当被问到对于校长的看法时，许多老师都愿意看到他靠边站为更年轻的人让路。”in terms of就而论；in need of需要；in favor of赞成；in praise of表扬，赞扬。【2011江西卷31】Whats the_, in your opinion, of helping him if he doesnt make an effort to help himself?A.sympathy B.theme C.object D.point【答案】D【考点】考查名词的辨义。【解析】sympathy同情，theme 主题，object 物体，point意义。句意为你认为如果他没有作出努力去帮助自己而去帮助他的意义是什么？选D。【2011山东卷,34】Theres a _ in our office that when its somebodys birthday, they bring in a cake for us all to share.A. tradition B. balance C. concern D. relationship【答案】A【考点】考查名词的辨义。【解析】句意为“我们办公室有个传统:轮到某个人的生日时，他就带蛋糕来与大家分享。”tradition传统；balance平衡；concern关心；relationship关系，联系。句中somebody 与they相照应，说明不止一次，因此用tradition作答案。【2011江苏卷,32】Wed better discuss everything _ before we work out the plan.Ain detail Bin general Con purpose Don time【答案】A【考点】考查名词的辨义。【解析】句意为“我们最好先详细地讨论好一切，然后再制定计划。”in detail详细地；in general一般而言, 总的来说；on purpose故意地；on time准时。根据句意，先讨论后定计划，选A。10安徽I havent seen Sara since she was a little girl, and she has changed beyond_A. hearing B strength C. recognition D. measure答案C考点本题考查名词辨析。解析hearing意为 “听力”；strength意为 “力气；力量”； recognition意为 “认出；识别；认识”； measure意为 “测量；措施”。句意为 “她变得认不出来了。”10江西Last year the number of students who graduated with a driving license reached 200,000, a (n) _ of 40,000 per year.A average B number C amount D quantity答案A考点考查名词。解析a number of 许多 amount of 一般加不可数名词表金额, a quantity of 既可以加可数也可以加不可数, 但没有平均每年增加的意思。10山东Those who suffer from headache will find they get _ from this medicine. A. relief B. safety C. defense D. shelter答案A考点本题考查名词在具体语境的使用。解析句意应为 “那些头痛的人会发现这种药物能使头痛缓解。”所以A项意义符合句意, relief 表示 “缓解, 减轻, 解除”。 safety表示 “安全, 保险”；defense 表示 “防御, 防护”； shelter表示 “掩蔽, 保护”。10天津James took the magazines off the little table to make for the television.A. room B. area C. field D. position答案A考点考查名词意义和用法。解析句意：詹姆斯把杂志从小桌子上拿下了, 目的是为电视腾出空间。make room for是固定搭配, 意思是 “为让空”的意思, 其中的room是不可数名词。10江苏The doctor is skilled at treating heart trouble and never accepts any gift from his patients, so he has a very good_.A. expectation B. reputation C. contribution D. civilization答案B考点名词辨析。解析reputation 表示名声而expectation是期望的意思。Contribution是贡献的意思。Civilization是文明的意思。10湖北This restaurant has become popular for its wide of foods that suit all tastes and pockets.A. division B. area C. range D. circle答案B考点本题考查名词/名词短语。解析此题不仅考查学生对于四个选项的认知, 更重要的是要理解句子的含义。 “这家餐馆越来越出名 是由于它做的各种各样的食物适应各种类型人群。” “a range of “强调一个系列, 而 “a wide range of”意为 “各种各样的”。正好符合题意。从句子结构来讲, 这个句子属于典型的 “从句套从句”。 “for”引导原因状语从句, “that”引导定语从句。 After the earthquake, the first thing the local government did was to provide for the homeless families.A. accommodation B. occupation C. equipment D. furniture.答案D考点本题考查名词辨析。解析512的汶川地震, 414玉树地震。天灾 “earthquake”相信是很多考生都准备过的一个话题。所以相关词汇“accommodation”表示 “住处”应该是考生们准备的系列词汇之一。这道题难度不大, 句子结构也相对简单。只要背过这几个词, 知道 “occupation”表示 “占用”或者“工作, 职业”；“furniture”表示 “家具”；“equipment”表示 “设备, 器材”就能选出正确答案D了。10浙江The school advisers help you talk through your problem but they dont give you any direct _.A. solution B. target C. measure D. function答案A考点本题考查名词辨析。解析分析四个选项：solution解决方法；target目标；measure措施；function功能。根据句意：学校的建议者们帮助你分析问题, 但是他们不会给你直接的解决方法。09安徽China has got a good for fighting against the flu with its careful and smooth organization.A. reputation B. influence C. impression D. knowledge答案A考点本题考查名词辨析。解析09福建The World Health Organization gave a warning to the public without any when the virus of H1N1 hit Mexico in April, 2009.A. delay B. effort C. schedule D. consideration答案A考点本题考查名词辨析。解析名词词义辨析。delay：耽搁, 延误；effort：努力；schedule：时间表；consideration：考虑, 体谅；关心。题干意思是：当H1N1型2009年4月袭击墨西哥时, 世界卫生组织毫不犹豫地向人们提出了警告。选A。09湖北Hiking by oneself can be fun and good for health. It may also be good for _ building.A. respect B. friendship C. reputation D. character答案D.考点本题考查名词辨析。解析根据常识便可知运动既可增强体质也可强健个性, 不会增强尊敬或名声, 友谊可以增强, 但与前面health不搭配, 故答案为character。09湖北In our class, when the bell rang and the teacher closed his book, it was a _ for everyone to stand up.A. signal B. chance C. mark D. measure答案A考点本题考查名词辨析。解析根据句意可知打铃及老师合上书本, 这是下课的暗示, 选项中只能选择signal。chance “机会”, mark “分数, 痕迹”, measure “方法, 措施”。09江西The _ shoes were covered with mud, so I asked them to take them off before they got into _ car.A. girls; Toms B. girls; Toms C. girls; Toms D. girls; Toms K5u答案C考点本题考查名词所有格。解析名词所有格形式。根据题干后半部分的them可知对应复数girls。此题较易09海南Encourage your children to try new things, but try not to them too hard.A. draw B. strikeC. rush D. push答案D考点本题考查名词辨析。解析句意为：鼓励你的孩子去尝试新事物,但不要把它们太难了。push 推, 挤, 逼迫；strike v. 打,罢工,划燃rush v. 冲进,匆促行事,催draw v. 拉,拖,挨近,提取,画,绘制。根据句意, 应选D。09山东-He says that my new car is a _ of money.-Dont you think those words are just sour grapes?A. lack B. load C. question D. waste答案D考点本题考查名词辨析。解析考查单词的区别：lack缺乏；load负担；question疑问；waste 浪费；根据句意, 尤其是下句的sour grapes(酸葡萄)可知答案选D。09陕西Form their _ on the top of the TV Tower, visitors can have a better view of the city.A. stage B. position C. condition D. situation答案B考点本题考查名词辨析。解析名词词义辨析；stage：舞台, 时期, 阶段；position：位置；condition：条件, 情况；situation：形式, 情况；情景；根据空前的物主代词their可以推断出此处选B。题干意思是：从他们在电视塔顶部的位置, 游客们可以更好地看到这个城市的景色。09天津Im trying to break the _ of getting up too late .A. tradition B. convenience C. habit D. leisure答案C考点本题考查名词辨析。句意为, 我一直试图改变起床晚的习惯。tradition传统, 常规；convenience方便；leisure休闲时间, 闲暇。解析09浙江The system has been designed to give students quick and easy _ to the digital resources of the library.A. accessB. passageC. wayD. approach答案A考点本题考查名词辨析。解析句意：新设计的系统能够让学生便捷、容易地搜索到图书馆的电子资源。这里一、基础练习1、There are only twelve _in the hospital.A. woman doctorsB.women doctors C.women doctorD.woman doctor2、Mr Smith has two _, both of whom are teachers in a school.A.brothers-in-law B.brother-in-laws C.brothers-in-laws D.brothers-in law3、How many _ does a cow haveFour. A.stomaches B.stomach C.stomachs D.stomachies4、Some_visited our school last Wednesday.A.German B.Germen C.Germans D.Germens5、The_ of the building are covered with lots of .A.roofs; leaves B.rooves; leafs C.roof; leaf D.roofs; leafs6、When the farmer returned home he found three_ missing.A.sheeps B.sheepes C.sheep D.sheepies7、That was a fifty_ engine.A.horse power B.horses power C.horse powersD.horses powers8、My father often gives me _A.many advice B.much advice C.a lot of advices D.a few advice9、Mary broke a _while she was washing up.A.tea cup B.a cup of tea C.teas cup D.cup teas10、Can you give us some _ about the writer?A.informations B.information C.piece of informations D.pieces information11、I had a cup of _and two pieces of_ this morning.A.teas; bread B.teas; breads C.tea; breads D.tea; bread12、As is known to us all, _ travels much faster than _.A.lights; sounds B.light; sound C.sound; light D.sounds; lights13、She told him of all her _ and _A.hope; fear B.hopes; fear C.hopes; fears D.hope; fears14、The rising _have(has) a lot of _to the crops.A.water; harm B.water; harms C.waters; harm D.waters; harms15、How far away is it from here to your school?”-About _ .A.half an hour”s driveB.half hours drives C.half an hour drives D.half an hour drive16、The shirt isn”t mine. It”s _ .A.Mrs Smith B.Mrs” Smith C.Mrs Smiths D.M