Lecture 12 Nonverbal Communicationppt课件

Lecture12 LearningObjectives Bytheendofthislecture studentsshouldbeableto 1 studysomewarm prehendthefunctionsofnonverbalcommunication 4 graspthecharacteristicsofnonverbalcommunication 5 discusstherelationshipbetweennonverbal communicationandculture PartOne Warm upCases Case1PersonalSpace MarkhadmovedfromDenmarktoSydney Oneday ataneveningparty aladyapproachedhim Markshowedhisinteresttotalkwithher Atfirst theconversationwentsmoothly butasitprogressed theladyseemedtostepfurtherandfurtherawayfromMarkashehadbeengraduallymovingclosertoher Theladyobviouslylookeduncomfortable AsMarkwasabouttoaskhermorequestions sheexcusedherselfandwentawaytotalkwithothers leavingMarkstandingaloneandwonderingwhythetalkhadcometoasuddenstop CaseAnalysis Themisunderstandingiscausedbydifferentperceptionsaboutbodydistance Becausebodydistancevarieswithdifferentpeople differentcircumstancesanddifferentcultures InDenmark theintimatespaceisusually20 30cm whilesuchanoccasioninAustraliarequires40 50cm TheDaneisaccustomedtoaclosedistancewhiletheAustralianladyiscomfortablewithagreatdistance Thatiswhyproblemarises 40 50cm20 30cm Case2LeftintheCold KatherinefoundajobasanEnglishteacherinaforeignlanguageinstitute Oneday shemadeanappointmentwithProf Wang Whenshearrivedontime Prof Wangsmiledatherandgesturedhertositdown forhewastalkingwithanotherteacher Afterfiveminutes heendedhistalkandfocusedhisattentiononhersituation Justasshewasdiscussing anotherChineseteacherinterrupted Prof WangapologizedtoKatherine andturnedtotalkwiththeChineseteacher leavingherinthecold theAmericanladywasimpatientandfrustrated CaseAnalysis ThisisatypicalculturalclashbetweenChineseandwesterners Thereisagreatdifferenceintheconceptofappointmentandbehaviorpatternindifferentcultures ToAmericans anappointmentisaconfirmationtomeetataprecisetime bothpartiesshouldrespectthescheduledtime fortheyadheretimestrictly WhileChineseviewappointmentsinaflexiblemanner Theyarecausalaboutcommitments Case3TrousersorDresses TwoChineseteachersasEnglishexpertswenttoKoreanuniversity Theydressedintrousersandtypicalbusinessclothes Surprisingly whileexchangingafewformalremarks thetwoKoreaninterpretersconstantlyobservedthewomen strousers Whiletalking thetwointerpretersseemedtocontinuetostudytheirtrousers Atfirst theythoughtthattheKoreaninterpretersweretooembarrassedtolookstraightintheeyesofladies Laterthisassumptionwasprovedwrong Chineseteachersremainedabitpuzzled CaseAnalysis ThereisaculturaldifferencebetweenChineseandKoreansonclothinghabits InKorea females withsocialstatus esp inhighschooloruniversityallwearskirtswithfewexceptions Onlycommoncitizensoflowsocialstatusweartrousers TheKoreaninterpretersassumedthattwoChineseuniversityteachersshouldwearskirts ThatiswhytheycontinuedtolookatthetwoChinesewomen strousers Case4GestureIssuesofFamousFigures Khrushchev sgesture In1959 KhrushchevvisitedUSA HegesturedaVsignwithonehand withtheotherafist HeintendedtoshowhisrespecttotheAmericans Thenextday hisgestureswereinterpretedasthevictoryoftheSovietUnionovertheUS causingagreatpoliticalissue Why CaseAnalysis Khrushchev sgesture Gestureistheexpressivemovementofapartofthebody especiallythehandandthehead Eventhough peopletalkwiththeirhands whattheymeandependsontheirculture In1959 FormerSovietUnionhadacoldwarwiththeUnitedStateson thereforeacommongesturefromKhrushchevmayarouseAmericans sensitiveresponseinCampDavid CulturalBackground 1959年9月15日以及9月26日至27日艾森豪威尔和赫鲁晓夫先后在华盛顿和戴维营会晤 这也是美苏1933年建交后苏联领导人首次访问美国1959年9月15日美苏戴维营会议1959年9月15日至28日 赫鲁晓夫访问美国 同美国总统艾森豪威尔在离华盛顿100公里的美国总统别墅戴维营举行了三天会谈 并发表了会谈公报 这是赫鲁晓夫上台以后 苏美两国首脑的第一次会晤 赫鲁晓夫在戴维营会谈中同艾森豪威尔就德国 柏林 裁军 美苏关系等问题进行了一系列讨论 苏联此后大肆宣扬 戴维营精神 鼓吹苏美两国领导人坐在一起 人类历史就进入了新的转折点 但会后仅七个月 就发生美国U 2飞机入侵苏联的事件 苏联宣布取消对艾森豪威尔访苏的邀请 苏美关系趋于紧张 两国展开了新的争夺 在戴维营会谈前夕的1959年6月 苏联政府背信弃义片面撕毁了中苏双方签订的关于国防新技术的协定 拒绝向中国提供原子弹样品和生产原子弹的技术资料 9月9日 苏联塔斯社就中印边境争端发表声明 公开偏袒印度尼赫鲁政府 反对中国 作为赴美会谈的见面札 戴维营会谈刚刚结束 赫鲁晓夫就来到北京劝说中国 不要用武力去试探资本主义制度的稳定性 Case5Lovevs Language Edith anAmericanbeautifulandwell educatedgirl teachesEnglishinaChineseuniversity XiaoChen ahighschoolgraduate isatallpolicemanwhoknowslittleEnglish AlthoughEdithknowsnoChineseatall theycametoknoweachotheratasocialgathering Thoughtheycouldn tcommunicateverbally theybothfeltaconnectionandbegantodate Afewmonthslater theygotmarried Question Islanguagecommunicationnecessaryinmakingfriendsorfindinglovers CaseAnalysis NO Peoplecommunicatethroughavarietyofchannels Languageisnottheonlymeansbywhichhumansexchangeinformationandaffection Inconversation wecanexpressourideasandfeelingsnotonlywithwordsbutalsothroughfacialexpressions voicetones postures gestures andevenclothingandgrooming etc As theresearchshowslessthan30 ofcommunicationbelongstoverbalmessages whileover70 ofittakesplacenonverbally Therefore thereispossibilitytobuildupromanticrelationshipbynonverbalmethods PartTwo GeneralIntroduction I DefinitionofNonverbalCommunication Nonverbalcommunicationiscommunicationusingourbodies gestures facialexpressionsandtonesofvoice etc everythingexcepttheactualwordsweuse Inshort itisthecommunicationwithouttheuseofwords II HistoryofNonverbalCommunication 1 Inthe1920s abookcalled PhysicsandCharacter issupposedtobethefirstbookonnonverbalcommunication 2 In1952 anotherbook AnintroductiontoKinesics waspublished whichisregardedasaclassicbookonnonverbalcommunication 3 In1959 EdwardHallpublished SilentLanguage whichlaidthefoundationfornonverbalcommunication III ImportanceofNonverbalCommunication Researchshowslessthan30 ofcommunicationbelongstoverbalmessages whileover70 ofcommunicationtakesplacenonverbally Mehrabian 1972 statedthat93 ofthemeaningswereconveyedbynonverbalcues Birdwhistell 1970 indicatedthat65 ofhumancommunicationwasnonverbal III ImportanceofNonverbalCommunication 1 Youcan tstopcommunicatingnon verbally 2 Yournon verbalcommunication whetherintentionalornot hastremendousinfluenceondefiningrelationship 3 Peoplearemoreinclinedtobelievewhatisexpressednon verballybecausetheyarelesssubjecttoconsciouscontrol 4 Someofnon verbalcommunicationscanbecontrolled 5 Miscommunicationoccursmoreeasilyinnon verbalcommunication especiallyincross culturalsituation III MeaningofNonverbalCommunication Theinterpretationofnonverbalcommunicationcanbedividedinto3parts 1 Thesamenonverbalcuecarriesthesimilarmeaningsindifferentcultures 2 Thesamenonverbalcuecarriesthedifferentmeaningsindifferentcultures 3 Differentnonverbalcuescarrythesamemeaningindifferentcultures III MeaningofNonverbalCommunication 1 Thesamenonverbalcuecarriesthesimilarmeaningsindifferentcultures III MeaningofNonverbalCommunication 2 Thesamenonverbalcuecarriesthedifferentmeaningsindifferentcultures Hissing嘘声A Itisarudewayofindicatingdisapprovalofapersoninmostcultures B ItisnormalwaytoaskforsilenceinSpanish speakingcountries C ItisawayofapplaudinginSouthAfrica III MeaningofNonverbalCommunication 3 Differentnonverbalcuescarrythesamemeaningindifferentcultures AffirmationA Thenonverbalcueforaffirmationisnoddingtheheadupanddown B AffirmationissignaledinMalaya 马来 bythrustingtheheadforward C InEthiopia affirmationisshownbythrowingtheheadback D InBorneo 婆罗州 itisexpressedbyraisingtheeyebrows E AmongtheAinu 阿伊努 ofnorthernJapan itisshownbybringingbothhandstothechestandthengracefullywavingthemdownwardwithpalmsup F InIndianCalcutta 加尔各答 it sshownbyrockingheadfromshouldertoshoulder IV TheRelationshipBetweenVerbalandNonverbalCommunication Similarity Theentireprocessofhumancommunicationcombinesverbalandnonverbalcommunication 1 Bothverbalandnonverbalcommunicationusesymbolstorepresentsomething and 2 Bothverbalandnonverbalsystemsrequireasenderandareceivertomakethecommunicationcomplete e g Youmaykissorhugyourlovertoshowyourcareandpassioninsteadofsaying Iloveyou IV TheRelationshipBetweenVerbalandNonverbalCommunication Difference1 Wecanconsciouslycontroltheflowofverbalmessages itisnotsoeasytocontroltheincidenceofnonverbalmessages forthenonverbalmessagesarethebiologicalreactionswhicharebeyondtheconsciouscontrol e g blinkingofone seyes blushingofone sface IV TheRelationshipBetweenVerbalandNonverbalCommunication Difference2 Verballyweexpressourselveswordbywordorsentencebysentence Nonverballyseveralcommunicationsmayhappenatonce Sometimesallthenonverbalcueshappensimultaneously e g Thespeakermaybesonervousthathishandsmayshiver hisfacemayblushandhisheartmaybeatmorerapidly IV TheRelationshipBetweenVerbalandNonverbalCommunication Difference3 Onlypartofverbalcommunicationisavailableasaninternationalorinterraciallanguage Somenonverbalmessagecanberecognizedwidelyallovertheworld e g Whensomeoneislaughing weknowheishappy Whensomeoneburnscross weseeheisangry IV TheRelationshipBetweenVerbalandNonverbalCommunication Difference4 Welearnnonverbalcommunicationmuchearlierinourlifethanverbalcommunication e g Ababywillbegintocommunicatewithhismotherwhenheisborn hemaycrywhenheishungryorfeelsuncomfortable hemaysmilewhenheissatisfiedandhappy andevenhecanfigureoutthemeaningsoffacialexpressions IV TheRelationshipBetweenVerbalandNonverbalCommunication Difference5 Nonverbalcommunicationcanbemoreemotionalthanverbalcommunication e g Whenwesay Weareangry butwithraisingourvoiceanddisplayingourwide openeyesandredface peoplecanknowhowangryweare PartThree FunctionsofNonverbalCommunication I FunctionsofNonverbalcommunication Nonverbalcommunicationhasitsownuniquefunctionsinhumaninteraction BroadfordJ Hall 2002 summarizedthemostdistinctivefunctionsasfollows 1 Repetition 2 Replacement 3 Accentuation Emphasis 4 Contradiction 5 Regulation Repetition Nonverbalcommunicationcanreinforcewhatissaidinverballanguage Repeatingtheverbalmessagenonverbally asbyagesture helpsthereceiverunderstandthemessagebetter e g Whentheforeignteachersaid Classisover hepointedtothedoorshowingtheendoftheclass Contradiction Onsomeoccasion ournonverbalactionssendsignalsoppositetotheliteralmeaningscontainedinourverbalmessages e g Justbeforeanimportantspeechcontest youtellsomeoneyouarerelaxed yetyourvoicequiversandyourhandsshake Substitution Nonverbalbehaviorcanbeusedtoreplaceverbalbehaviortoconveycertainmeaning e g Ifsomeoneissad youjustgiveasympathetichugtoproduceabettereffectthananyword Accentuation Nonverbalcommunicationcanaddmoreinformationtomessages Itoftenaccentstheideathespeakeristryingtomake e g Youtellthestudentthatyouarepleasedwithhisjob andmeanwhileyoupatthestudentonhisshouldertoshowyoursatisfaction Regulation Nonverbalcommunicationcanregulatetheflowofverbalinteraction e g Silenceforamomentsendsthemessagethatspeakerisreadytobeginthespeech II CharacteristicsofNonverbalCommunication 1 Nonverbalcommunicationisunstructured 2 Nonverbalcommunicationisnonlinguisticandambiguous 3 Nonverbalcommunicationisunconscious 4 Nonverbalcommunicationisnaturalanduncontrollable 5 Nonverbalcommunicationismoreuniversalandmoreemotional III NonverbalCommunicationandCulture Asverbalcommunication non verbalcommunicationisalsocloselyassociatedwithculture Peoplefromdifferentcultureshavediversemeansofsendingmessageswithoutwords Understandingnonverbalbehaviorcanhelpuscommunicatesuccessfullywithforeigners III NonverbalCommunicationandCulture Nonverbalbehaviorandculturehavetwofeaturesincommon 1 Theyarebothpervasive common multidimensionalandboundless They reeverywhereandineverything 2 Bothofthemneedtobelearned Learningthesimilaritiesisveryusefultostudentsofinterculturalcommunication III NonverbalCommunicationandCulture Sincenonverbalbehaviorisgovernedbyculturalrules diversityintheuse andinterpretationofnonverballanguageisnotdifficulttobeobserved Thesamenonverbalcodemaybeinterpreteddifferentlybypeoplefromdifferentcu