加拿大的历史ppt课件 .ppt

加拿大 1 1Pre Columbianera2Europeancontact3NewFrance1534 17634thegovernmentofBritishandtheestablishmentoffederalstate5Recentdevelopment 2 1Pre Columbianera primitivestage ThefirstinhabitantsarebelievedtohavecometoCanadafromAsiaabout12000yearsago SomelikelycrossedatemporarylandbridgethatjoinedSiberiaandAlaska 3 Thenameofthecountry Canada wasderivedfromtheHuron Iroquois Kanata meaningavillageorsettlement 4 2Europeancontact contactandconflict ThereareseveralreportsofcontactmadebeforeChristopherColumbusandtheageofdiscoverybetweenFirstNations Inuitandthosefromothercontinents 5 TheearliestknowndocumentedEuropeanexplorationinCanadaaredescribedintheIcelandicSagas whichrecounttheattemptedNorsecolonizationoftheAmericasTheNorsewerethefirsttoarrivearoundtheyear1000 However theNorseadventuresinCanadacametoanendwellbefore14thand15thcentury 6 3NewFrance1534 1763 ageofcolonization QuebecCityin1608ConflictsinNewFrance 7 definition ItreferstotheFrenchempireinNorthAmericafrom1608to1763 8 oneoftheoldestEuropeansettlementsinNorthAmericaChamplain sfoundingofQuebecCityin1608 bySamueldeChamplainMarkedthebeginningofNewFrance andthusthetruebeginningofCanada 9 SamueldeChamplain 1567or1580 December25 1635 TheFatherofNewFrance beganexploringNorthAmericain1603thefirstEuropeantoexploreanddescribetheGreatLakes andpublishedmapsofhisjourneysandaccountsofwhathelearnedfromthenativesandtheFrenchlivingamongtheNatives formedrelationshipswithlocalpeopleIn1620 devotedhimselftotheadministrationofthecountry establishedtradingcompaniesthatsentgoods primarilyfur toFrance andoversawthegrowthofNewFranceintheSt LawrenceRivervalleyuntilhisdeathin1635 10 ConflictsinNewFrance NewFranceEnglishcoloniesAnunevencontest inwhichtheFrenchinCanadaweregreatlyoutnumbered Aresultofnumerouswarsbetweentheparentcountries EnglishandFrance 11 Reasonforconflicts ResulteddeeplyfromcompetitionforthewealthofthefurtradeintheNorthwest present dayManitobaandbeyond 12 Historicfacts The17thcentury Britain FrancelaunchastruggleforCanada theaukoccupiedsomesurroundingregionsaroundtheFrenchterritory thusbesiegedthelatter Bitbybit thisconflictsbetweentwopowerscameintoawar SevenYears War 1756 1763 13 SevenYears War 1756 1763 wasamajormilitaryconflictthatlastedfrom1756to1763 ItinvolvedallofthemajorEuropeanpowersoftheperiod 14 TheresultsoftheSevenYears War UndertheTreatyofParis whichendedthewarin1763 FranceofficiallycededNewFrancetoBritain BritainissuedtheRoyalProclamationof1763 whichestablishedtheprovinceofQuebecoutoftheinhabitedportionofNewFrancelocatedinthelowerSt LawrenceValley In1774 theBritishpassedalaw theQuebecAct thatguaranteedtheFrenchprotectionoftheirlanguageandreligion 15 TreatyofParis oftencalledthePeaceofParis ortheTreatyof1763 wassignedon10February1763 bythekingdomsofGreatBritain FranceandSpain withPortugalinagreement ItendedtheFrenchandIndianWar SevenYears War ThetreatymarkedthebeginningofanextensiveperiodofBritishdominanceoutsideEurope 16 4thegovernmentofBritishandtheestablishmentoffederalstate ageofupanddown 17 Process DividedQuebecConstitutionActof1791StrugglinginCanada 3 1Colonialrebellion3 2Reformers rebellion3 3Charlottetownmeeting3 4BritishNorthAmericaAct 18 1DividedQuebec Reason AmericanRevolutionAmericancolonistswhoremainedloyaltotheBritishflednorthtoQuebecandScotiaThepupulationofthetwocoloniesgrewovernightdividedintotwocolonies UpperCanada uptheriverBoundary OttawaRiverLowerCanada alongthelowersectionofSt Lawrence 19 2ConstitutionActof1791 AnActformakingmoreeffectualProvisionfortheGovernmentoftheProvinceofQuebec inNorthAmericaGaveeachofCanada sprovincesalieutenant governor anexecutive alegislativecouncil andalegislativeassembly Onlytheassemblywaselectedbythepeople 20 3StrugglinginCanada 3 1Colonialrebellion3 2Reformers rebellion3 3Charlottetownmeeting3 4BritishNorthAmericaAct 21 3 1Colonialrebellion Development TheFrenchCanadiansstruggledtopreservetheircultureandtoadapttoanewsystemofgovernment In1826 formedthePartiPatriote whichwasledbyLouis JosephPapineau ThePartiotesdrewupalistofdemandsforchange whichwasrejectedbytheBritish In1837 thePartiotestriedtooverthrowthegovernmentbyforce 22 3 1Colonialrebellion TherebellionwasveryquicklyputdownbyBritishtroops Papineaufledthecountryand850Partioteswerearrested 12werehanged 23 3 2Reformers rebellion ledbyWilliamLyonMackenziedemandedanAmericanformofgovernmentandseparationfromGreatBritain quicklybeputdownbymilitiaandBritishsoldiers 24 EffectsofReformers rebellion BritainsentLordDurhamtoCanadatoinvestigatethetroublesinthetwoCanadas HerecommendedthatUpperCanadaandLowerCanadabeunitedandthattheybegivenasystemofgovernmentthatwouldgivemorepowertotheelectedmembersoftheAssembly responsiblegovernment Agovernmentsysteminwhichthegovernmentisresponsibletothepeople andthePrimeMinisterandtheCabinetareresponsibletotheParliament Cameintoeffectin1841withformationoftheProvinceofCanada TheProvincehadtwosections CanadaEastandCanadaWest Eachhasthesamenumberofseatsinthegovernment 25 3 3Charlottetownmeeting 1 Delegates Grits ledbyBrown Tories edbyMacdonald Bleus ledbyCartier 2 Aims proposedfederalism CanadaEastandWestwouldbecomeseparateprovinces eitherinalooseunionbetweenthemorinafederationofallofBritishNorthAmerica 3 results reachedanagreementonsupportingtheideaofunion agreedtomeetagainatalarger longermeetinginQuebec 26 3 4BritishNorthAmericaAct PassedbytheBritishParliamentinOctober1864majorprovisions 1 federalismistobeimplementedinCanada 2 theBritishKingisalsothekingofCanadawithGovernorGeneralashisrepresentative 3 CanadianParliamenthastwohouses thesenatewhosemembersarenominatedbytheBritishKing theHouseofRepresentativeswhosemembersareelectedaccordingtothepopulationofeachprovince 27 ResultsoftheBritishNorthAmericaAct On1July 1867 theDominionofCanada withfourprovinces Quebec formerlyCanadaEast Ontario formerlyCanadaWest NewBrunswickandNovaScotia cameintobeing Ottawawaschosenasthenationalcapital MacdonaldwasappointedasthefirstPrimeMinisteroftheDominion andanelectionwassetforAugust 28 EffectsofBritishNorthAmericaAct AlthoughCanadacarriedoutfederalism thepracticeoffederalisminCanadaisdifferentfromthatintheUnitedState IntheUnitedStates moreemphasisisputinthepowersofstates whileinCanadathefederalgovernmentisgrantedpowersinawiderarea evenincludingthepowernotclearlyspecifiedintheBritishNorthAmericaAct However theconfederationdidnotconferfullnationalindependence forBritishretainedcontrolofforeignaffairsandcouldtheoreticallyvetoCanadianlegislation Nevertheless Canada sstatusasadominionbecamethemodelforthefutureevolutionoftheBritishcommonwealthofnations 29 Recentdevelopment thepursuitofwell being 5 1Macdonald sgovern5 2WilfridLaurier sgovern5 3WorldWarsandInterwarYears1915 19455 4ThePost warEra1945 19605 5TheGoldRushof1987 30 5 1Macdonald sgovern 11January1815 6June1891thefirstPrimeMinisterofCanadaandthedominantfigureofCanadianConfederation Macdonald stenureinofficespanned18years makinghimthesecondlongestservingPrimeMinisterofCanada 31 5 1Macdonald sgovern BringtogetherdifferentcoloniesfromeasttowestinNorthAmericabotheconomicallyandpoliticallythroughtheconstructionoftheCanadianPacificRailway theCanadianPacificRailwaywascompletedin1885 givingenormousimpetustotheWestwardmigration politicalstabilityandeconomicprosperityinCanada 32 5 2WilfridLaurier sgovern 1841 1919 FirstFrench speakingCanadianPrimeMinister wellknownforhispoliciesofconciliation expandingConfederation andcompromisebetweenFrenchandEnglishCanada predicted The19thcenturybelongstotheUnitedStates whilethe20thcenturybelongstoCanada 33 WilfridLaurier sgovern Oneofrenewedgrowthandprosperity theWestwascultivatedtosuchanextentthattwonewprovinces AlbertaandSaskatchewan wereestablished becomingmajorwheat producingprovinces facedwithaclusterofotherissues issuesinvolvinghardchoicesbetweenmaintainingthetraditionalAnglo CanadianfriendshipandkeepingtheindependenceandsovereigntyofCanada betweenkeepingthesolidarityofdomesticethnicgroupsandmakingconcessiontoFrenchCanadians andbetweenimprovingtheUS Canadianrelationshipandsolvingrelevantborderandtariffdisputes 34 5 3WorldWarsandInterwarYears1915 1945 35 WorldWarsandInterwarYears1915 1945 TheCanadianForcesandcivilianparticipationintheFirstWorldWarhelpedtofosterasenseofBritish Canadiannationhood ThereputationCanadiantroopsearned alongwiththesuccessofCanadianflyingaceshelpedtogivethenationanewsenseofidentity Asaresultofthewar theGovernmentofCanadabecamemoreassertiveandlessdeferentialtoBritishauthority In1931theStatuteofWestminstergaveCanadatheopportunityforalmostcompletelegislativeindependencefromtheParliamentoftheUnitedKingdom WWI 1914 1918 36 SecondWorldWar 1939 1945 Canada sinvolvementintheSecondWorldWarbeganwhenCanadadeclaredwaronNaziGermanyonSeptember10 1939Bytheendofthewar Canadahad temporarilyatleast becomeasignificantmilitarypower changedCanada sfocusandorientationinforeignaffairsandCanadabecameclosertotheUnitedStatesinthefieldsofpolitics economy defenseandculture 37 5 4ThePost warEra1945 1960 ProsperityreturnedtoCanadaduringtheSecondWorldWarandcontinuedintheproceedingyears nationalpoliciesincreasinglyturnedtosocialwelfare TheforeignpolicyofCanadaduringtheColdWarwascloselytiedtothatoftheUnitedStates whichwasdemonstratedbymembershipinNATO 38 5 5TheGoldRushof1987 Cause goldwasdiscoveredontheKlondikeRiverinthefarwesternYukonTerritory ThemostpublicizedGoldRushinhistory theunpopulatedprairielandswerefurtherexploredandcultivated ledtothediscoveryofothermineralsintheCanadianhistory 39 这个部分很突兀 40 TheCallforNationalDignityandUnity Nationalconsciousnessrose AnotherNationalCrisis TheCharlottetownAccordQuebecJeanChretien sgovern 41 Nationalconsciousnessrose Aredandwhitemaple leafflag inDec 1964 OCanada NationalAnthem OnJuly1 1980 In1982 BritishNorthAmericaActwasreplacedbyanewconstitutionforthegovernmentofCanada 42 AnotherNationalCrisis Q