托福写作讲义(含模板).doc

鲤鱼网（）写作讲义更多【出国英语】学习资料尽在：鲤鱼网/成功在于执着！l 八大功能段落：一， 对立观点引出段 When it refers to., peoples opinions are divergent on such a controversial issue. The overwhelming majority would support that, others, however, take the negative attitude. 多用情态动词 多用插入语二， 个人观点表达 From the personal perspective, I prefer A rather than B as my inclination. To choose A or choose B is something of a dilemma to the public, because they always confused by the seemingly good qualities of A and neglect the genuinely profound aspects of B.三， 原因概述 Among countless factors which influence, there are several conspicuous aspects as follows. There are numerous reasons why I advocate, and I would explore only a few of the most essential ones here.四， 原因列举 At the risk of something too simplistic, it seems to me that the main proposition for can be summarized in one saying that Another equally essential / crucial factor why I advocate accounting for my propensity to is that Beyond all these obvious reasons / causes, however, lies a deeper one.五， 利弊However, serves as a double-edged sword, in other words, the inferiorities of coexist its superiority.六， 例证(例子为什么支持自己的论点)History is replete with evidence to demonstrate this point. A notable case in point relates to in the realm of七， 影响分析Undoubtedly, will give rise to a multitude of profound / significant / positive effects on debasing / negative / harmful foreseeable future八， 结论 Weighing the pros and cons of such a new trend, we may predict that From what I have discussed above, we may safely come to the conclusion that.l 写作词汇1 事件现象Occurrence, event, incident, issue, phenomenon 2 面临，见证Confront, encounter, witness3 热头，流行，普遍Pressing, pervasive, prevalent, burning, rampant 4 棘手的Involved, intractable, troublesome, tough, stubborn 5 解决方案Scheme, solution, approach, recipe6 迅速有效Potent, effectual, efficacious, valid 7 Harmonious, promising, rewarding, cheerful, encouraging8I THINK Assume, I suppose, I insist, conceive, I acknowledge, I maintain that9SHOW Reveal, indicate, convey, reflect, confirm, demonstrate, imply10IMPORTANT Crucial, striking, significant, profound, vital, essential, play a key role11大多数 Widely, commonly, generally, universally, the vast majority of the considerable proportion12越来越多 A growing trend of, be on the rise, in increasing numbers, increasinglyl 四大句型一，1.表最高级 （重要、意义、必要 ）Nothing is + adj.-er + than to 2.也不We cannot emphasize too much (再怎么讲也不为过)3 It pays to in the long run.二， 不言自明/ 众所周知1. It is disputable that It is universally acknowledged that It is conceivable that 2. There is no denying that No one can deny the fact that It is no doubt that三， 影响、感受 1leave much to be desired 2. pose a great threat to 3. lead to a significant influence on 4. be closely related to one another四， 措施1. spare no efforts to = do ones utmost to do2. pour more investment into3. bring home to sb. sth.4. on no account can we ignore the value of l TWE写作常用论证方法1. 举例子（可编造）（1） One telling historical example involves. in the field of .While such cases are rare, they do occur occasionally. A case in point relates to . (2) 个人例子 This incident is not unique in the society because it has loomed up wide public concern.2. （1）引用名言 According to a well-known scientist.( and I paraphrase) “.” which is to say.(2) 引用数据 According to a recent survey, we can estimate that. A recent study will make this point clear and acceptable3. 引申法4反证法 l 开头段（任何开头应包括）1陈述命题背景 2.自己立场A OR B 题型 When it refers to ., the discussion of this issue among individuals and in society as a whole, has come into vogue during the last decade. It is commonly accepted that., others, however, take the negative attitude. In my view, I prefer. rather than . as my inclination.AGREE OR DISAGREE 题型 The statement declares that. I partly agree with this claim and there are several reasons and instances as follows supporting my view To be specific./what amazed us most is that. Among countless factors which directly and indirectly influence. there are several conspicuous aspects as follows.l 正文(讨论口气)1 The main reason for my propensity to . is that .Moving on to wide themes, I agree with the statement that.(扩展1). without the reservation for the reason that .Naturally,.扩展2.Lets bring our discussion here to a more present and practical context. It can be given a concrete example that.2 Another equally essential factor why I advocate. involves the realm of . No one can deny that.扩展1.Obviously, it is imperative that .扩展2. Meanwhile, a recent survey will make this point clear and acceptable.3 However, we should concede that despite the merits of .mentioned above, overextended. will be indeed counterproductive, even harmful. The harm it produces is, in my view, both palpable and profound. For the individual, it has a debasing impact on .; for the society, it may promote a tendency toward .l 结尾Weighing the pros and cons of .,I strongly commit to the notion that., not only because. but also because.l 例文Learning about the past has no value for those of us living in the presentWhen it comes to the value of history, the discussion of this issue among individuals and in society as a whole has come into vogue during the last decade. The statement declares that “learning about the past has no value for those of us living in the present.” I disagree with the .there is a thing you have to know. The main reason for my propensity to the importance of history is that in the business world, there is a saying that you have to know where you have been and where you are in order to know where you are going.Furthermore, I agree that business corporations find it critical to have regular views of the past business performance without reservations since each corporation has to see what mistakes were made in order to avoid repeating them. Naturally, they learn from the past mistakes which prepare them for the future.Lets bring our discussion to a more present and practical context. It can be given an example that Microsoft usually has regular views of its past performance, usually in the form of quarterly or annual review.Another equally essential aspect accounting for why I advocate the value of learning about the past involves the realm of politics and society. No one can deny that in the international arena, one must possess a thorough knowledge of history in order to understand the current dynamics and complex relationships among countries. Obviously, it is imperative that the politicians should learn from the past political mistakes. History is replete with evidence to demonstrate this point that the world community learned the great lesson from WWII that there must not be another world war thus we entered into 40 plus years of the cold war.However, we should concede that despite the merits of learning about the past, over extended referring to the past will be indeed counterproductive, even harmful. The harm it produces is, in my view, both palpable and profound. For the individual, it has a debasing impact on peoples originality; for the society, it may promote a tendency toward mechanism ossification.In sum, the advantages of referring to the past outweigh the disadvantages, but it is imperative to point out that whether historical information can actively affect our present life depends on whether we could take rational cognizance of the past and whether we could try to make breakthrough and whether we could learn from the past failures and success, especially from the failures.综合写作（永远没有结尾段，第一段再次复述，听力引出！打熟下面模板，先打出模板再答题）听力笔记时重要小信号词 (转折) yet, but, however, in contrast, contrarily (反驳) 当听到earlier, traditionally, originally, previously, conventionally, before, factor, aspect, point (出现反驳新观点) recently, recent study, new finding, alternative, now , re-examine 因果关系：therefore, because, for the reason that, for, as a result, cause, consequence, naturally.According to the reading passage, but the lecturer argues thatIn the listening, the professor says that, which casts doubt on the authors point thatThe reading passage contends that; on the other hand, the lecturer holds the opposite opinion and believes thatAccording to the lecturer, refutes the point in the reading that OPPOSE 问法 ： oppose, argue against, controvert, combat, disprove, talk back, refute, re-examine, contradictIn the lecture, the professor made several points about.On the other hand, the readingpassage contends that.The listening and reading passages debate the pros and cons of the practice/plan/proposal of .(或事实Why/How/Whether/Who .The reading material holds that ,providing some pieces of / three points as evidence which are contradicted in the lecture.)The professors lecture casts doubt on the reading by using a number of points and believes that -are contrary to . (in the passage.)The (first) point that the professor uses to refute the reading is that.(According to him,.)However, this is different from the reading, which states that