八年级英语上册第4单元知识讲解及练习.doc

八年级英语上册第4单元知识讲解及练习清华大学英语系测试：为中学英语量身定做.官方网站：/ 清华大学英语教授50年研究成果Unit 4 How do you get to school?【重要词汇概览】 subwayn. 地铁， 地下火车 train n. 火车 minuten. 分钟 kilometer n. 公里，千米 quick adj. 快的，迅速的 halfn. 一半，二分之一 pastprep. 在时间上超过，在.之后，经过 stopn. 车站 transportation n. 运送，运输 north n. 北部，北方 adj. 北部的，北方的 dependv. 依靠，依赖 mustaux.v. 必须，一定要 bicycle n. 自行车 illadj. 生病的，不健康得 worryv. 担心，担忧，焦虑【重要词组概览】 grow up长大，成长 take sb. some time to do sth. 花费某人某些时间去做某事 in common 共有，相同 leave for 离开去某地 travel abroad 去国外旅游 go down to 延续至；走下去 most of 大多数的 some of 一些 take the subway乘坐地铁 how far 多远 bus station 汽车站 bus ride乘汽车之行 school bus校车 come back 回来 take the train乘坐火车 take the bus乘坐公共汽车 get to school 到校 by boat乘坐小船 walk to school步行去上学 from .to. 从.到. half past six 六点半 depend on 依靠，依赖 be different from 和.不同 have to不得不【语法知识聚焦】1. It takes sb. some time to do sth. 花费某人某些时间去做某事例如：It took the people a lot of time to get to the mountain.人们花了很多时间才到了那座大山。It takes me twenty minutes to get to school on foot every morning.每天早晨我步行到学校要花费二十分钟。It will take three hours to finish the work.完成那项工作需要花费三个小时。2. 动词take还有其他词义；例如：1) 得到；获得You have to take it as you find it.对这个你只得将就些算了。2) 拿；握住；抓住The mother took her child by the hand.母亲拉着孩子的手。3) 取走，拿走Take this shopping home.把这件买的东西拿回家。The foods here are all free - take any you like.这里的食品都是免费的,你们随便吃吧。Who has taken my chocolate?谁拿了我的巧克力？4) 乘，坐，搭（车、船）Shall we go by bus or take a cab?我们是乘公共汽车去还是乘出租汽车去?to take a bus to work乘公共汽车上班5) 吃；喝；服用；吸入Take your medicine.把药服下。6) 进行；作；为to take a walk 散步If you dont take / get more exercise youll get fat.你如果不多锻炼就会发胖。The state government has decided to take a 50% cut of oil profits.州政府决定抽取石油利润的百分之五十。We must take a long hard look at their suggestion.他们的建议我们要好好研究一番。to take a look around在附近看看7) 测出，量出Take your temperature.量一量你的体温。8) 减掉，去掉If you take 4 from 10, you have 6.十减去四剩六。9) 懂得；了解Do you take me?你懂我的意思吗？10) 攻读，修（课）Did you take history at school?你在学校上过历史课吗？11) 吸引；着迷He is really taken by the little dog.他对小狗着了迷。12) 持续，花费（时间）Just a minute, it wont take me long to change.等一下,我很快就可以换好衣服。This new pain-killer doesnt take long to act on the pain?这种新止痛药不需要很长时间就能发挥止痛作用。13) 照像，拍照This time, he managed to climb into the mouth of Kituro so that he could take photographs and measure temperatures.这次他设法爬进了基特罗火山口,以便能拍到照片,测量温度。I had my picture taken this morning.今天早晨我照了像。3. depend v. 依靠，依赖1) depend（常与on, upon连用）视情况而定That depends.视情形而定。It all depends on how you tackle the problem.那要看你如何应付这问题而定。2)（常与on 连用）信任，信赖；需要I havent a car, I have to depend on the buses.我没有汽车，只能靠公共汽车。Children must depend on their parents.孩子们必须依赖他们的父母You can depend on his honesty.你可以相信他的诚实depend on依靠；由.而定, 取决于；从属于；依赖其维持depend upon依靠；由.而定, 取决于；从属于；依赖其维持【综合能力检测】一. 根椐题意和所给的字母提示，填入正确的单词。1. Granny isnt in good health. My family w_ _ _ _ about her very much.2. A: What time is it? B: It h_ _ _ past seven. The meeting begins at eight oclock. A: Oh, then we have thirty minutes to relax before the meeting.3. Beijing is in the n_ _ _ _ of China.4. He has a qu_ _ _ mind. He is always the first to find the answers.5. Mary has to look after her mother at home. Because her mother is i_ _ in bed.二. 连词成句 1. how, your, does , father , to, go, work?_?2. how, they, do, to, school, get, every day?_?3. how long, it , does , take, you, get, to, home, from , to , school?_?4. the, early, takes, bus, him, his, to, work place_.5. in North America, to, go, school, most, students, on, school, the , bus_.三. 方框选词,用所给动词的适当形式填空。about, how far, think of, walk, ride1. I usually _but sometimes I take the bus.2. The bus ride usually takes _25 minutes.3. Were _ going to visit Mr. Smith.4. He _ the bike to the subway station.5. A: _ does she live from school? B: She lives very near from school.四. 补全对话A: 1 do you get to school?B: I 2 the train.A: 3 does it take?B: Oh, around forty minutes. How about you?A: I take the subway.B: Ho long does that 4 ?A: Oh, 5 thirty-five minutes. 五. 完成句子 1. 昨晚我用了一小时写作业。It _ _ one hour _ _ my homework yesterday evening.2. 我可以信任你吗？Can I _ _ you?3. 这个航班要飞多久？_ _ does the flight take?4. 下雨时，我乘坐出租车。When it _, I take a taxi.5. 周末我喜欢骑自行车.I like _ _ my bike on the weekends.6. 我们匆匆吃了饭，然后跑着去赶火车。We had a _ meal and then _ _ _ the train.【参考答案点拨】一1. worry 2. half 3. north 4. quick 5. ill1. worry, 根椐题意及字母提示，并worry 经常与about 连用，意为:为. 担心。2. half， 根椐字母提示及题意: Oh, then we have thirty minutes to relax before the meeting.3. north, 根椐字母提示及北京的地理位置。4. quick，根椐字母提示及题中的He is always the first to find the answers.5. ill，根椐题意及字母提示。二、1. How does your father go to work?2. How do they get to school every day?3. How long does it take you to get to school from home?4. The early bus takes him to his work place.5. In North America most students go to school on the school bus.三、1. walk 2. about 3. thinking of 4. rides 5How far1. walk, 因为句中交代but sometime I take the bus， 与walk 形成对照。2. about, about常与时间连用，表示多少时间。3. thinking of, 动名词常与介词连用，作介词的宾语；Were 后应该接现在分词构成现在进行时。4. rides, 主语是第三人称单数，ride the bike 为固定的动词短语。5How far, 句子开头要大写，意思为“多远”， 用来询问距离。四、1. How 2. take 3. How long 4. take 5. around五、1.took me, to do 2. depend on3. How long4. rains5. to ride6. quick, ran to catch1. took me, to do, It takes sb. some time to do sth. 花费某人某些时间去做某事 时间状语为: yesterday evening, 应该用一般过去时。2. depend on 固定用法。3. How long 多长时间。4. rains, 主从句时态一致， it是第三人称单数，主谓一致。5. to ride, like to do sth, 本题中有两个空白，不能用like doing sth.6. quick, ran to catch, 形容词quick作定语修饰名词meal, ran 与had 时态一致。【附本单元听力材料】Section A1b:A: How do Bob and Mary get to school?B: Emilio takes the train and Mary takes the subway.A: How does John get to school?B: He takes the bus.A: How do Paul and Yang Lan get to school?B: They walk. Look, there they are now!2a:Conversation 1Boy:How do you get to school?Girl: I take the train.Boy:How long does it take?Girl: Oh, around forty minutes. How about you?Boy:I take the subway.Girl: How long does that take?Boy:Oh, around thirty-five minutes.Conversation 2Girl: How do you get to school, Tom?Tom:I ride my bike.Girl: How long does it take?Tom:It takes around twenty-five minutes. How do you get to school?Girl: I walk.Tom:And how long does that take?Girl: It only takes ten minutes.Section B2a:Thomas: Where do you live, Nina?Nina: New Street.Thomas: So, how do you get to school?Nina: Well, first I walk to the bus stop.Thomas: Uh-huh.Nina: I take a bus to the subway station. Then I take the subway.Thomas: Yeah.Nina: Next I take a bus to the bus stop on 26th Street. Finally I walk.清华大学英语系测试：为中小学生英语量身定做.官方网站：/ 清华大学英语教授50年研究成果新目标英语八年级上语法知识讲解（一）【语法聚焦】一般现在时The Simple Present Tense 一般现在时表示现在的状态He is twelve. 他十二岁。They are at home. 他们在家。表示经常性或习惯性的动作I go to school at seven every day.He plays soccer on Sundays.表示主语具备的性格和能力等She likes apples.They speak Japanese.一般现在时常和表示时间频度的副词连用。如：often, usually, sometimes, always, never, hardly ever等。1. I often read books in the evening2. Do they usually go to school by bike?3. He doesnt like milk. He never drinks it.4. Sometimes my mother gets back at five.一般现在时常和以下时间表达法连用。如：in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, at noon, at night,every day,on Sunday(s), at seven 等。Do they have math in the morning?She sleeps nine hours every night.It takes me two hours to do my homework every day.They dont have classes on Sundays.2单元 语法聚焦】看病需要和医生交流，这是英语口语中必不可少的内容。从医生询问病情，病人诉说病情，到医生检查、诊断和医嘱，这些环节最常用的语句，同学们必须掌握。一、医生询问病情的常用语句：1. Whats wrong/the matter (with you)? 你怎么了？ Whats your trouble, young man? 年轻人, 你哪里不舒服? When did it start? 从何时开始生病的？2. How are you (feeling) now? 你现在觉得怎么样?Are you feeling better today? 你今天好些了吗?3. Have you got a headache/a cough? 你头痛/咳嗽吗?4. When did you feel unwell? 你什么时候觉得不舒服的?5. When did the pain start? 疼痛何时开始的?6. Did you sleep well? 你睡得好吗? Do you feel tired?你觉得疲劳吗?7. How long have you been like this?你像这样有多久了?8. Did you eat anything for breakfast?你早饭吃了什么没有?二、病人诉说病情的常用语句：1. I dont feel very well. / Im not feeling well. 我感到不舒服。2. I have (got) a headache. 我头痛。 I have a sore throat. 我嗓子痛。 I have a backache. / I have a pain in my back. 我后背痛。 Theres something wrong with my leg. 我的腿有毛病了。3. I feel terrible.我感到很难受。 I feel even worse.我感到情况更糟了.4. I dont feel like eating anything. 我什么都不想吃.5. I dream too much. 我的梦特别多. I cant fall / be asleep in the evening. 晚上我睡不着.6. It began two days ago. 两天前开始的.7. I dont feel any better now. 我感觉没有什么好转.8. I had noodles for lunch today. 今天午饭我吃的是面条.三、医生检查、诊断和治疗的常用语句:1. Open your mouth and say Ah-.张嘴说 啊- .2. Let me take your temperature. 让我给你量量体温.3. Theres nothing much wrong / serious with you. 你没什么大问题.4. You have got a bad cold. 你患了重感冒.5. You have to be in hospital.你得住院.6. Youd better stay in bed for a few days.你最好卧床几天. Youd better not eat too much sugar.你最好别吃太多的糖. Eat less food and take more exercise. If you do that, youll feel much healthier. 少吃些,多锻炼,不久你的身体就会健康得多. Drink more water. 多喝水. You should drink a lot of water. 你应该多喝水。 Have a good rest.好好休息.7. Take one of these pills twice a day. 这些药每次服一片,每天两次. Take the medicine after meals. 饭后服药.8. Youll soon be all right. 你很快就会康复的. I hope you feel better soon. 我希望你很快就会好起来。 Try to relax before you go to sleep. 睡觉前尽量放松一下。 3单元语法聚焦】一、用现在进行时表示将要发生的动作，例如：1. What are you doing for vacation?你假期准备干什么？Im visiting my grandmother.我准备去看我的奶奶。When are you going?你想什么时候去？Whats she doing for vacation?她假期准备干什么？She is going camping.她打算去野营。What are they doing for vacation?他们假期准备干什么？They are relaxing at home.他们打算在家里放松一下。2.还有一些动词的现在进行时形式表示将要发生的动作：leave, come, stay，hike等。例如：1) My father is leaving for Shanghai next week.我父亲下周要动身去上海。2) A: Mary! Supper is ready.玛丽！晚饭好了。B: Im coming, mum.妈妈，我马上就来。3) A: What are you doing for vacation?你假期准备干什么？B: Im going hiking in the mountains.我准备去山里远足。4) Im staying home to do my homework next Sunday. 下个星期天我准备待在家里做作业。2. That sounds nice.听起来不错。1）sound是动词，意思是:听起来,发出声音：That sounds interesting.听起来不很有意思。That sounds great.听起来太好了。Your idea sounds a good one.你的想法听起来很好。Your proposal sounds quite feasible.你的提议听起来很可行。When the bell sounds, you must come in.铃响时，你必须进来。2）sound还可以作名词，表示“声音，响声”例如：The light travels faster than sound.光比声音快。the sound of birds singing鸟儿歌唱的声音新目标英语八年级上语法知识讲解（四）【语法聚焦】1. It takes sb. some time to do sth.花费某人某些时间去做某事； 例如：It took the people a lot of time to get to the mountain.人们花了很多时间才到了那座大山。It takes me twenty minutes to get to school on foot every morning.每天早晨我步行到学校要花费二十分钟。It will take three hours to finish the work.完成那项工作需要花费三个小时。2.动词take还有其他词义；例如：1)得到；获得You have to take it as you find it.对这个你只得将就些算了。2)拿；握住；抓住The mother took her child by the hand.母亲拉着孩子的手。3)取走，拿走Take this shopping home.把这件买的东西拿回家。The foods here are all free - take any you like.这里的食品都是免费的,你们随便吃吧。Who has taken my chocolate?谁拿了我的巧克力？4)乘，坐，搭（车、船）Shall we go by bus or take a cab?我们是乘公共汽车去还是乘出租汽车去?to take a bus to work乘公共汽车上班5)吃；喝；服用；吸入Take your medicine.把药服下。6)进行；作；为to take a walk散步If you dont take / get more exercise youll get fat.你如果不多锻炼就会发胖。The state government has decided to take a 50% cut of oil profits.州政府决定抽取石油利润的百分之五十。We must take a long hard look at their suggestion.他们的建议我们要好好研究一番。to take a look around在附近看看7)测出，量出Take your temperature.量一量你的体温。8)减掉，去掉If you take 4 from 10, you have 6. 十减去四剩六。9)懂得；了解Do you take me?你懂我的意思吗？10)攻读，修（课）Did you take history at school?你在学校上过历史课吗？11)吸引；着迷He is really taken by the little dog.他对小狗着了迷。12)持续，花费（时间）Just a minute, it wont take me long to change.等一下,我很快就可以换好衣服。13)照像，拍照I had my picture taken this morning.今天早晨我照了像。新目标英语八年级上语法知识讲解（五）1. have to与情态动词的区别情态动词不能单独作谓语，后面必须接动词原形一起构成谓语，have to也是这样。情态动词没有人称和数的变化，而且所用的时态也受到一定的限制，但是have to有人称和数的变化，可用于多种时态中，在一般现在时中，当主语是第三人称单数时，要用has to,其余人称用have to；一般过去时中用had to；一般将来时中用will have to,例如：She has to go to school by bus.她不得不乘公共汽车去上学。If you get ill, youll have to see the doctor.如果你生病的话，你就得看医生。2. have to与must的区别have to和must都有“必须”的意思，那么它们有哪些不同呢？(1)含义和用法上的区别：have to强调客观上需要做某事，即表示外界条件的需要不得不做某事，含有“形势逼迫”的意味；must强调说话者主观上认为必须做某事，含有“主观判断”的意味，例如：My bike was broken on my way to school. I had to walk there.我的自行车在上学的路上坏了，我不得不走路去上学。（我本来不愿意走路，可是自行车坏了，不想走路也不行。）We must learn English well.我们必须学好英语。（主观上有这种想法。）(2)否定式的区别：have to的否定式意为“不必”，must的否定式意为“禁止；不允许”。因此，以must开头的一般疑问句的肯定回答为“Yes,主语+must”，否定回答为“No,主语+neednt / dont have to”。例如：-Must I finish the homework now?我必须现在完成作业吗？-Yes, you must. (No, you neednt / dont have to)是的，你必须现在完成。（不，你不必。）3.反意疑问句的构成区别：(1)陈述部分含有have to时，其附加问句的谓语往往用助动词do的相应形式或助动词will。例如：You had to go shopping yesterday, didnt you?昨天你不得不去购物，是吗？(2)陈述部分含有must时，其附加问句的谓语，按下面几种情况来确定：A. must意为“必须”时，附加问句谓语用neednt。例如：We must clean the room, neednt we?我们必须打扫房间，是吗？B. mustnt意为“禁止”之意，附加问句谓语用must。例如：The boy mustnt play with the knife, must he?那个男孩不能玩刀子，对吗？C. must意为“应该”时，附加问句谓语用mustnt。例如：We must help each other, mustnt we?我们应该互相帮助，对吗？D. must意为“一定；想必”表示推测时，附加问句部分谓语要根据must后面的动词来确定。例如：Mr Wang must be at home, isnt he?王先生一定在家，对吗？注：must表示的是一种相当肯定的与事实非常接近的推测。例如：Mr Wang must be at home.其实就相当于Mr Wang is at home.因此，它的反意疑问句的附加问句部分是isnt he也就很容易理解了。又如：They must be right, arent they?新目标英语八年级上语法知识讲解（六）1) 形容词的作用形容词在句子中一般充当表语、定语和宾语补足语，如：Our school looks very beautiful. (表语)There are fifty students in our class, so we need a big classroom. (定语)Doing morning exercises can make us healthy. (宾语补足语)2) 形容词的级别形容词有三种级别，即原级、比较级和最高级。当讨论的对象是一个时应使用原级，当讨论的对象是两个时应使用比较级，当讨论的对象在三个或更多时应使用最高级。在形容词原级后面加上er就成为比较级，在原级后加上est就成为最高级。 一般的单音节形容词直接加er或est，词尾是不发音字母e的只加r或st，重读闭音节应双写词尾辅音字母再加er或est，如：longlongerlongest，nicenicernicest，bigbiggerbiggest。以辅音字母加y为结尾的双音节形容词应将y改为i再加上er或est，如：earlyearlierearliest，dirtydirtierdirtiest，busybusierbusiest。多音节的形容词比较级应在前面加上more，最高级应在前面加上most， 如：importantmore importantmost important，difficultmore difficultmost difficult。有些特殊的形容词有自己的变化规律， 如：good/wellbetterbest， bad/badlyworseworst，many/muchmoremost， littlelessleast，farfarther/furtherfarthest/furthest。形容词的比较级句型应使用连词than或or，如：The weather in Shanghai is hotter than that in Beijing.上海的天气比北京的天气热.Which subject is more important, English or math?英语和数学, 哪个学科更重要?形容词的最高级前应加上定冠词the，句型中应给出比较范围，如：The Changjiang River is the longest river in China.长江是中国最长的河流.The third truck carries the most books of all.第三辆卡车在所有的卡车中载书最多.两个人或物比较时，如果只说明两者相同或不同，则可使用as.as.句型，否定句为not as (so).as.句型，这里形容词仍使用原级，如：Mr. Green is as old as Mr. Brown. 格林先生和布朗先生年龄一样大.Mr. Green is not as (so) old as Mr. Brown. 格林先生和布朗先生的年龄不一样大.新目标英语八年级上语法知识讲解（七）1. 现在进行时表示将来当一个句子的意思涉及一个计划好的事件或者明确的意图时, 用现在进行时可以表示将来时间. 现在进行时的将来意义或者通过时间副词或者通过上下文来暗示出来.现在进行时表将来时常有“意图”，“安排”（但不是固定不变的）或“打算”的含义。这种现在进行时比较生动，给人一种期待感，它常表示最近或较近的将来。所用动词多是转移动词，如：1) Sam has already made his plans. He is leaving at noon tomorrow.2) A: What are you going to do this afternoon? B: After lunch I am meeting a friend of mine.We are going shopping. Would you like to come along?2. 一般将来时和be going to 表示将来1) 当说话人在做一个预测时, (他或她认为将来会发生或出现某种情况), will 和be going to都是可以用的.2) 表达一种事先计划或打算时( 说话人打算在将来做某事因为在过去他或她已制定了一个计划或决定去做这件事),只能用be going to.3) 表达意愿时, 只能用will.清华大学英语系测试：为中小学生英语量身定做.官方网站：/ 清华大学英语教授50年研究成果初中英语基本句型翻译(45个)1. Its time to go home./to play computer games./ for school. 是回家/玩电子游戏/上学的时候了。2. Its bad for you to spit on the ground. 随地吐痰不好。Smoking is bad for your health. 抽烟不利于你的健康。Too ma