关于第一哲学笛卡尔的沉思.docVIP

关于第一哲学笛卡尔的沉思 Ren Descartes Meditations on First Philosophy (1641) is a treatise which is dedicated to the Theology Faculty of the University of Paris.勒内笛卡尔） 第一哲学沉思 （1641年，是巴黎的论文，致力于大学神学系。 Descartes says that the treatise has two objectives: 1) to show that the soul is immortal and that God exists, and 2) to show that these assertions are truths which are logically necessary and which can be proved by reason.笛卡尔说，论文有两个目标：1）显示，灵魂不灭，上帝存在，和2），以证明这些言论是真理，而在逻辑上是必要的，可以通过理由证明。 In the synopsis at the beginning of the Meditations, Descartes explains that the First Meditation describes how it is possible to have an attitude of doubt about the nature of all things; the Second Meditation explains how the mind discovers that it must necessarily exist, and explains how the mind can have a concept of the soul; the Third Meditation provides a proof of the existence of God; the Fourth Meditation describes the difference between truth and error; the Fifth Meditation provides another proof for the existence of God; and the Sixth Meditation describes how knowledge of the human mind and of how the mind can be guided by God leads to valid knowledge of material objects and of the physical world.在在沉思开始大纲，笛卡尔解释说，第一沉思描述它是如何可能有一个对所有事物的本质怀疑态度;第二禅心解释如何发现它必然存在，并解释如何头脑可以有一个灵魂的概念;第三沉思提供了上帝存在的证明;第四沉思介绍了真理与谬误之间的差异;第五沉思提供了另一个神的存在的证明;和第六沉思介绍了如何认识人的头脑和心灵如何能遵循上帝导致的物质对象和对物质世界的有效的知识。 In the First Meditation, Descartes asserts that there is nothing about which it is impossible to doubt.在第一沉思，笛卡尔说，没有什么是不可能的，它怀疑。 But he argues that: even if I doubt everything, I cannot doubt that I am doubting.但他认为：即使我怀疑一切，我不能怀疑我怀疑。 Thus, I cannot doubt that I exist.因此，我不能怀疑我的存在。 For Descartes, the essence of human existence is that I am a thinking thing.对于笛卡尔，人类存在的本质是，我是一个思想的东西。 To think is to exist.认为是存在的。 To be a human being is to be capable of thinking.要成为一个人是有能力成为思想。 Furthermore, my consciousness of my own thinking means that I am conscious of my own existence.此外，我对我自己的思想觉悟意味着，我为我自己的存在意识。 Descartes argues that the idea of something which exists must be caused by something which exists.笛卡尔认为，观念的东西而存在的东西，必须由它存在造成的。 Something which exists cannot be caused by something which does not exist.其中存在的东西不能造成一些本不存在的。 Something which is merely potentially existent cannot be a cause of the existence of anything.一些东西，只是潜在的存在不能成为任何事物存在的原因。 A thing or being must have some actual or formal existence in order to cause another thing or being to exist.一个事物或福利必须有实际的或正式的存在，从而导致另一事物或正在存在。 Descartes also argues that for any relation of cause and effect to occur between events or things, the cause must have at least as much reality as the effect.笛卡尔还认为，对于任何有关因果关系之间发生的事件或事情，事业必须有至少一样影响不大现实。 A cause cannot be less real than its effect, because the cause is what gives reality to the effect.一个原因不能低于其实际效果，因为现实的原因是什么赋予的效果。 Thus, there must be a First Cause from which all things derive their reality.因此，必须有一个第一原因从中派生万物的现实。 The First Cause is that from which all things derive their reality.第一个原因是，从它派生万物的现实。 According to Descartes, the more perfect that something is, the more real that it is.根据笛卡尔，更完善的东西是，它是更真实。 The cause of an effect must be at least as perfect as the effect.该效果的原因，必须至少为完美的效果。 An effect may be less perfect than its cause, but a cause cannot be less perfect than its effect.效果可能小于其事业的完美，而且是一个原因不能少于其效果完美。 Descartes explains that the cause of an idea must be at least as perfect as the idea.笛卡尔解释说，一个想法的原因，必须至少为理念的完美。 An idea cannot be caused by something that is less perfect than itself.一个想法不能造成什么是小于本身完美。 If the idea of a perfect being occurs in an imperfect being, then the idea must derive its reality from a perfect being.如果一个完美的理念正在被一个不完美的，那么它的想法必须得到现实发生从一个完美的福利。 Descartes also explains that the idea of perfect being is derived from God.笛卡尔还解释说，完美的存在是从神所得的想法。 God is perfect Being from which all things derive their reality.上帝是完美的存在使所有的事情中获得他们的现实。 In the Third Meditation, Descartes offers a proof for the existence of God, arguing that the idea of God as Infinite Being could not occur in the finite mind of a human being unless God really existed.在第三次沉思，笛卡尔提供了一个上帝存在的证据，认为上帝是无限的想法作为不能在有限的头脑出现一个人，除非上帝确实存在。 The idea of God as Infinite Being is an innate idea in the human mind, an idea which cannot be created by any finite being.神的主意，因为无限存在是一个人的头脑中固有的想法，一个可以不被任何有限正在创建的想法。 This perfect idea can only be created by God.这完美的想法，只能是上帝创造的。 Descartes argues that in God perfection is actually existent, rather than potentially existent.笛卡尔认为，在上帝的完美其实是存在的，而不是潜在的存在。 The idea of God cannot be caused by something which is merely potentially existent, but only by an actually existing reality.神的想法不能造成一些东西，只是可能存在，但只有一个实际存在的现实。 Descartes also argues that God is Absolute Being.笛卡尔还认为，上帝是绝对存在。 Nothingness is Non-Being.虚无是不存在。 Reality depends for its being on God.现实取决于它被上帝。 Truth is the degree to which an idea corresponds to reality.真理是在何种程度上符合现实的想法。 Error is the degree to which an idea does not correspond to reality.错误是在何种程度上的想法不符合现实。 Descartes explains that in order to determine the truth of an idea, we must determine to what degree the idea corresponds to reality.笛卡尔解释说，为了确定一个观念的真理，我们必须确定在何种程度上符合现实的想法。 Human susceptibility to error is caused by the fact that we, as human beings, do not have an unlimited ability to recognize the truth, and by the fact that we are free to choose either truth or falsehood.易感性的错误是人类造成的事实是，我们，作为人，没有一个无限的能力，认识真理，这个事实我们可以自由选择以真理或谬误。 According to Descartes, God is perfect and is not the cause of any error.根据笛卡尔，上帝是完美的，也不是任何错误的原因。 When we think of God, we find no cause of error or falsehood.当我们对神的看法，我们没有发现任何错误或虚假的原因。 The reason why we doubt the truth is that we are incomplete in our ability to recognize the truth.我们之所以怀疑的事实是，我们有信心能够认识到的真理不完整的。 We depend for our existence on God, who is complete and independent.我们为我们的生存依赖于上帝，谁是完整和独立。 In the Fifth Meditation, Descartes gives another proof of the existence of God.在第五沉思，笛卡尔了另一个神的存在的证明。 Descartes argues that existence cannot be separated from the essence of God.笛卡尔认为，存在不能从神的本质分开。 I cannot think of God as not actually existing.I cannot think of God other than as existing.I cannot say that God does not exist if I am thinking about God. 我不能想，其实不存在.我不认为上帝不是作为现有.我不能说上帝不存在，如果我对上帝的思想，其他的神。 God has all perfections, including the idea of every perfection.上帝所有的完善，包括每一个完美的想法。 Perfection of existence is found in God.完善发现存在于上帝。 Thus, I can be certain of the knowledge that God exists, because existence is a perfection that belongs to God.因此，我可以是知识，上帝存在一定的，因为存在是一种完美，属于神。 For Descartes, the essence of human existence is found in the activity of thinking.对于笛卡尔，人类存在的本质是发现在思维活动。 Thinking includes: understanding, doubting, affirming, denying, perceiving, imagining, willing, refusing, and other acts of the intellect.思维包括：理解，怀疑，肯定，否定，感知，想象，愿意，拒绝和智力的其他行为。 The nature of the human mind is that it is a thinking thing.人类心灵的本质是，它是一种思维的事情。 Descartes argues that ideas may be either innate, adventitious, or factitious.笛卡尔认为，想法可能是天生的，偶然，或人为的。 Innate ideas are ideas which are not dependent on our perceptions or on our own will.与生俱来的想法是想法，而不是对我们的看法，或者对我们自己的意愿而定。 Innate ideas are inherently present in the reasoning of the mind.天赋观念确实有心灵的推理存在。 Adventitious ideas are ideas derived from our experience of the world.不定的想法是从我们对世界的经验中得出的想法。 Factitious ideas are ideas which may be illusory, or invented by the imagination.人为的想法是想法，而可能是一种假象，或发明的想象力。 Descartes also argues that all innate ideas are clear and distinct concepts of reality.笛卡尔还认为，所有的天赋观念清晰，鲜明的现实概念。 Adventitious or factitious ideas, however, may be unclear and indistinct.不定或人为的想法，但是，可能是不明确和模糊的。 Descartes explains that an idea may be clear and distinct insofar as it sufficiently and accurately represents reality.笛卡尔解释说，一个想法可能是清楚和明确的，因为它充分和准确地代表的现实。 An idea may be clear without being distinct.一个想法可能没有被清楚明确。 However, any idea which is distinct is also clear.但是，任何的想法是不同的，也是明确的。 In the Fifth Meditation, Descartes argues that the idea of God, as an infinite, eternal, all-knowing, all-powerful Being, is an innate idea which has more objective reality than the ideas by which finite substances are represented in the mind.在第五沉思，笛卡尔认为，上帝的想法，作为一个无限的，永恒的，无所不知，无所不能，但有一种天生的构想，有比较客观的比有限的物质，其中在脑海中的想法代表现实。 In the Sixth Meditation, having asserted that innate ideas or self-evident truths can be known by reason, Descartes describes how we can know that material things exist in the physical world.在第六沉思，有天赋观念说，或不言自明的真理可以由已知的原因，笛卡尔对我们如何能知道，物质的东西在物质世界中存在。 God can produce everything in the world exactly as we perceive it.神能在世界上产生的一切正是因为我们看到它。 When we have clear and distinct ideas about the world, we can know true reality.当我们对世界的明确和独特的想法，我们可以知道真正的现实。 Descartes explains that if we agree that God exists and that all things depend on God, then we can no longer doubt that we can have true and certain knowledge of material things.笛卡尔解释说，如果我们同意，上帝是否存在，所有的东西依赖于上帝，那么我们可以不再怀疑，我们可以有真正的和某些物质的东西的知识。 Knowledge of the truth of things may depend on knowledge of God.对事物真理的认识，可能取决于上帝的知识。 The more that we know God, the more that we may know the truth of things.越多，我们知道上帝，更是我们知道了事情的真相。 According to Descartes, materiality is characterized by such qualities as quantity, continuity, extension, length, breadth, depth, size, shape, position, motion, diversity, and duration.根据笛卡尔，实质性的特点是，从量，连续性，延伸，长度，宽度，深度，大小，形状，位置，运动，多样性等品质和持续时间。 Material objects can be thought of as having many parts.材料对象可以被看作是有许多地方。 Descartes argues that, because the mind is a thinking and unextended thing, and because the body is an extended and unthinking thing, it is clear that the mind is distinct from the body.笛卡尔认为，由于思想和心灵是一个非扩展的事，因为身体是一个扩展的和轻率的事，很明显他的脑子里是从身体的不同。 The mind is indivisible, but the body consists of many parts.心是不可分割的，但身体的许多部分组成。 Because the mind is distinct from the body, the destruction of the body does not necessarily mean the destruction of the mind.因为心是从身体不同，身体的破坏并不一定意味着心灵的破坏。 Thus, in Descartes view, the mind or soul is immortal.因此，在笛卡尔是不朽的意见，头脑和灵魂。 A criticism that may be made of Descartes assertion that there is an innate idea of God in the human mind is that this assertion implies that all human beings have the same idea of God.一个可能是笛卡尔主张提出批评，有一个神在人们头脑里固有的想法是，这一说法意味着，所有人类有上帝的想法一样。 This implication is false, and does not explain why such a wide range of beliefs about God are held by human beings.这个含义是虚假的，没有解释为什么这样一个广泛的关于上帝的信仰是人类所持有。 A criticism that may be made