外文翻译-奥运会

第0页外文文献原文TheOlympicGamesareamajorglobalsportingevent,whichattractshugeworldwideinterest,frompeopleofallraces,ages,andsocialpositions,transformingtheminabsoluteglobalanddemocratichappenings.Lastyearover4.8billionsofTV-viewerswereconnectedtothismajorsportiveandculturalfeast(7.1billionistheentireworldpopulation).Fromthebeginning,themodernOlympicGameswerepartofworldcultureandmodernhistory,reflectingpoliticaltensions,economiccrises,culturalflowering,andtechnologicaldevelopment.ThepurposeofthisstudyistorevealtheinterconnectionbetweencultureandmodernOlympicGamesinaglobalhistoriccontext.Thedocumentationforthisstudyincludesalargerangeofdataaboutthe20thandthedownof21stcentury.history,statistics,arthistory,anthropologicalstudies,biographicalsitesandeconomicsIntheOlympichistoryIfindaparadoxicalmoment:iftheOlympicidealisaboutcelebratethepeaceandahealthymindinahealthybody,theParalympicsideaaroseaftertheSecondWorldWartohonorthepeoplewhohavegotpermanentdisabilitiesonthebattlefields.ThesocialritualsperformedinOlympicceremoniesevolvedfromasacredplaceandhaveareligiousdimension,whichfindsaprofaneexpressioninpublicarenas,butthevaluesandthesymbolstheypromotestillattractlargecrowds.Conclusions.ThewideningoftheOlympicsmovementaroundtheworld,aswellastheconnectionbetweenlargenumbersofcountriesmakestheIOCamodelstructurethatoperatessuccessfullyonaglobalscale.Theimpactofthemostimportantsportingeventonthehostcityscommunityformorethanthreeweeksrepresentsaparadigmofurbananthropology.CristianaPopProcedia-SocialandBehavioralSciences2013-爱思唯尔期刊Olympicsportsconstituteanexceptionallycomplexandmultidimensionalsocialspace,particularlyintheframeworkofacceleratedsocialtransformations.ThesocialmeaningofOlympiccommunicationhasradicallybeentransformed,principallyduringthelasttwo第1页decades.Theinfluencesofothersocialspacessuchastheeconomy,themassmediaandpoliticshaveleadtoanotionalheterogeneiaofmodernOlympicsportssemantics.Today,Olympicinstitutionsandorganizationalconfigurationsdirecttheirinterestsexclusivelytowardseconomicstructures.Inotherwords,implementedwithoutreservationsarealltheprocessesthatsupportthecommercialprofileofOlympicsportsandpromoteitasacommercial-entertainmentspectacle.Asaresultseriouscontradictionsandinconsistenciesarise.betweentodaysOlympicsocialrealityandthevaluesadvocatedbytheOlympicmovementandtheOlympicCharter.Olympiccommunicationpracticesareprimarilyconnectedtoeconomicinterests,andasaresultitisdifficulttodefinethemasconveyorsandasmeansofreflectionforfoundationalsocialandethicalvalues.Consequently,theoriginalmessagesadvocatedbythe19thcenturyOlympicmovementandinparticularbyCoubertinwithregardtoOlympismandOlympicEducationarenotreproducedandreactivatedintodaysOlympicsocialreality.Inevitablyquestionsarisesuchas(1)WhatisthemeaningofOlympicideology,OlympismandOlympicEducation?(2)IsthereadiscrepancyoralackofcorrespondencebetweenthesocialandethicalvaluesadvocatedbytheOlympicmovementandOlympicsocialreality?NIKOLAOSPATSANTARASChoregia，2008-1DOAJ期刊Webapplicationsoftenrelyonserver-sidescriptstohandleHTTPrequests,togeneratedynamiccontents,andtointeractwithothercomponents.Theserver-sidescriptsareusuallynotcheckedbyanycompilerand,hence,canbeerror-prone.Inthispaper,weadapttraditionaldataflowtestingtechniquesintothecontextofJavaServerPages(JSP),averypopularserver-sidescriptfordevelopingWebapplicationswithJavaTechnology.WepointoutthattheJSPimplicitobjectsandactiontagscanintroduceseveraluniquedataflowtestartifactswhichneedtobeaddressed.AtestmodelispresentedtocapturethedataflowinformationofJSPpageswithconsiderationsofvariousimplicitobjectsandactiontags.Basedonthetestmodel,raprocedural,interprocedural,andsessionaldataflowtestpathsforuncoveringthedataanomaliesofJSPpages.Thisstudyexaminestherelationshipsamongperceivedusabilitybeforeactualuse,第2页taskcompletiontime,andpreference,andtheeffectsofdesignattributesonuserpreferencefore-commercewebsites.Nineonlinebookstorewebsiteswereusedbytenparticipants.Resultsindicate:(1)pre-useusabilityandtaskcompletiontimewerecorrelated;(2)therelationshipbetweenpre-useusabilityandpreferencewasgreaterthanthatoftaskcompletiontimeandpreference;(3)designattributeassessmentsafteractualusewerehighlyintercorrelated;and(4)organizationalstructureandlayouthadagreatereffectonuserpreferencethanaestheticaspects,suchascolorandtypography.Thesefindingscanbeusedtoconstructaconceptualframeworkforunderstandinguserpreferencesand.todevelopdesignguidelinestoyieldmorehighlypreferrede-commercewebsites.Also,themethodologyinthisstudycanbeappliedtoothercomputerized-applications.DepartmentofComputerScienceandInformationEngineering,NationalTaipeiUniversityofTechnology,1,Sec.3,Chung-HsiaoE.Rd.,Taipei106,TaiwanJSPisthelatestJavatechnologyforwebapplicationdevelopmentandisbasedontheservlettechnology.Whileservletsaregreatinmanyways,theyaregenerallyreservedforprogrammers.Inanywebapplication,aprogramontheserverprocessesrequestsandgeneratesresponses.Inasimpleone-pageapplication,suchasanonlinebulletinboard,youdontneedtobeoverlyconcernedaboutthedesignofthispieceofcode;alllogiccanbelumpedtogetherinasingleprogram.However,whentheapplicationgrowsintosomethingbigger(spanningmultiplepages,usingexternalresourcessuchasdatabases,withmoreoptionsandsupportformoretypesofclients),itsadifferentstory.Thewayyoursiteisdesignediscriticaltohowwellitcanbeadaptedtonewrequirementsandcontinuetoevolve.ThegoodnewsisthatJSPtechnologycanbeusedasanimportantpartinallkindsofwebapplications,fromthesimplesttothemostcomplex.JSPisallaboutgeneratingdynamiccontent:contentthatdiffersbasedonuserinput,timeofday,thestateofanexternalsystem,oranyotherruntimeconditions.JSPprovidesyouwithlotsoftoolsforgeneratingthiscontentstandardactions,customactions,theJSPStandardTagLibrary,JavaBeans,theExpressionLanguageandscriptingelements.TheJavaBeansspecificationdefinesasetofprogrammingconventionsforJavaclassesthatareusedaspluggablecomponents.Inlaymansterms,toolsthathavenoinsideinformation第3页aboutaclasscanuseitifitsdevelopedaccordingtotheseconventions.Forinstance,agenericGUIbuildertoolcansupportanywidgetsdevelopedasJavaBeanscomponents.AJavaBeanscomponent,orjustabeanforshort,isoftenusedinJSPasthecontainerforthedynamiccontenttobedisplayedbyawebpage.Ittypicallyrepresentssomethingspecific,suchasaperson,aproduct,orashoppingorder.WhenJSPiscombinedwithservlets,thebeancanbecreatedandinitializedwithdatabytheservletandpassedtoaJSPpagethatsimplyaddsthebeansdatatotheresponse.ButeveninapureJSPapplication,abeanisausefultool,forinstanceforcapturingandvalidatinguserinput.Aprogrammermustdevelopthebean,butsomeonewhodoesnthaveanyprogrammingexperiencecanthenuseitinaJSPpage.JSPdefinesanumberofstandardactionsforworkingwithbeans,andtheJSPExpressionLanguageacceptsbeansasvariablesinexpressions.Wetakeacloserlookatwhatabeanisandhowitcanproducedynamiccontentinapage.SofarwevecoveredtheJSPbasicstheprimarypartsofapageandinstallationandexecutionofapageandhowtousebeanstodynamicallyaddcontenttoapage.Beforewestartworkingonrealapplications,letsturntoanotherfundamentalJSPfeature:customtaglibraries.Customtaglibrariesare,inmyopinion,whatmakeJSPsopowerful.Theymakeitpossibleforpageauthorstoembedprettymuchanylogicinapageusingfamiliar,HTML-likeelements.Wetakeacloselookatwhatacustomtaglibraryis,howtoinstallanduseit,andwhattheJSPStandardTagLibrary(JSTL)bringstothetable.Userinputisanecessityinmodernwebpages.MostdynamicwebsitesgeneratepagesbasedonuserinputsubmittedthroughanHTMLform.Unfortunately,usersseldomenterinformationinexactlytheformatyouneed,sobeforeyoucanusesuchinput,youneedtovalidateittomakesureitsusable.Anditsnotonlytheinputformatthatsimportant.WebbrowsersarealsopickyabouttheformatoftheHTMLyousendthem.Forinstance,whenyougenerateanHTMLformwithvaluestakenfromadatabase,anamesuchasOReillycancauseproblems.ThesinglequotecharacteraftertheOcanfoolthebrowserintobelievingitsattheendofthestring,第4页soyouendupwithjustanOinyourform.Anyrealapplicationconsistsofmorethanasinglepage,andmultiplepagesoftenneedaccesstothesameinformationandserver-sideresources.Whenmultiplepagesprocessthesamerequest(e.g.,onepagethatretrievesthedatatheuseraskedforandanotherthatdisplaysit),theremustbeawaytopassdatafromonepagetoanother.Inanapplicationinwhichtheuserisaskedtoprovideinformationinmultiplesteps,suchasanonlineshoppingapplication,theremustbeawaytocollecttheinformationreceivedwitheachrequestandgetaccesstothecompletesetwhentheuserisready.Otherinformationandresourcesneedtobesharedamongmultiplepages,requests,andallusers.Examplesareinformationaboutcurrentlylogged-inusers,databaseconnectionpoolobjects,andcacheobjectstoavoidfrequentdatabaselookups.Startingwiththe2.0versionoftheJSPspecification,customtaglibraryactionscanbeimplementedintwoways:asJavaclassesorasregulartextfilescontainingJSPelements.Inpriorversions,customactionscouldonlybeimplementedasJavaclasses,puttingthemoutofthereachofnonprogrammers.AnotherproblemwiththeJavaimplementationofcustomactionsisthatyoureforcedtoprintoutHTMLcodewithprintln()callstoproducecomplexcontenttheveryproblemJSPwassupposedtosolve.AlmostallthewebapplicationsthatyouseeontheInternetaccessadatabase.Databasesstorecustomerinformation,orderinformation,productinformation,evendiscussionforummessagesinshort,allinformationthatneedstosurviveaserverrestartandistoocomplextohandleinplain-textfiles.Therearemanytypesofdatabasesusedintheindustrytoday.However,relationaldatabasesarebyfarthemostcommon.Arelationaldatabaseusestablestorepresenttheinformationithandles.Atableconsistsofrowsofcolumns,witheachcolumnholdingasinglevalueofapredefineddatatype.Examplesofthesedatatypesaretextdata,numericdata,dates,andbinarydatasuchasimagesandsound.AspecializedlanguagecalledStructuredQueryLanguage(SQL)isusedtoaccessthedata.SQLisanANSIstandardandissupportedbyallmajordatabasevendors.Relationaldatabaseenginescomeinallshapesandsizes,fromsimpleone-person第5页databaseswithlimitedfeatures,tosophisticateddatabasescapableofhandlinglargenumbersofconcurrentuserswithsupportfortransactionsdistributedovermultipleserversandextremelyoptimizedsearchalgorithms.EventhoughtheyalluseSQLasthedataaccesslanguage,theAPIusedtoexecuteSQLstatementsisdifferentforeachdatabaseengine.Tohelpprogrammerswritecodethatsportablebetweendatabaseengines,thestandardJavalibrariesincludeanAPIcalledtheJavaDatabaseConnectivity(JDBC)API.JDBCdefinesasetofclassesthatcanexecuteSQLstatementsthesamewayinanyrelationaldatabase.AsIdescribedinthepreviouschapter,combiningJSPwithservletsletsyouclearlyseparatetheapplicationlogicfromthepresentationoftheapplication;inotherwords,itletsyouusethemostappropriatecomponenttypesfortherolesofModel,View,andController.ToillustratehowaservletcanactastheControllerforanapplicationusingbeansastheModelandJSPpagesasViewsweredesigntheProjectBillboardapplicationfromChapter13inthischapter.Alongtheway,welookathowservletsandJSPpagescansharedata,howtodealwithreferencesbetweenservletsandJSPpagesinaflexiblemanner,howtousefiltersandlisteners,andhowtohandleruntimeerrorsconsistentlyinanapplicationthatmixesthesetwotechnologies.JavaservletsofferapowerfulAPIthatprovidesaccesstoalltheinformationabouttherequest,thesession,andtheapplication.IfyourenotfamiliarwiththeServletAPI,Igiveyouacrashcourseinthefirstsectionofthischapter.Itsjustabriefintroduction,butitshouldbeenoughtogetyougoingandtounderstandtherestofthischapter.Ifyoureanoldservletpro,youmaystillwanttoscanthroughthelastpartoftheintroductiontolearnaboutthenewcomponenttypesavailableinrecentversionsofthespecification(Servlet2.3orlater):filtersandlisteners.Ifyouplantomakeheavyuseofservletsinyourapplication,Irecommendthatyoualsoreaduponthedetails.YoushouldpickupacopyofJavaServletProgrammingbyJasonHunterandWilliamCrawford(OReilly).AservletisaJavaclassthatextendsaserverwithfunctionalityforprocessingarequestandproducingaresponse.ItsimplementedusingtheclassesandinterfacesdefinedbytheServletAPI.TheAPIconsistsoftwopackages:thejavax.servletpackagecontainsclassesandinterfacesthatareprotocol-independent,whilethejavax.servlet.httppackageprovides第6页HTTP-specificextensionsandutilityclasses.Whatmakesaservletaservletisthattheclassimplementsaninterfacenamedjavax.servlet.Servlet,eitherdirectlyorbyextendingoneofthesupportclasses.Thisinterfacedefinesthemethodsusedbythewebcontainertomanageandinteractwiththeservlet.AservletforprocessingHTTPrequeststypicallyextendsthejavax.servlet.http.HttpServletclass.ThisclassimplementstheServletinterfaceandprovidesadditionalmethodssuitableforHTTPprocessing.Customactionsletyouencapsulatelogicandmakeitavailabletopageauthorsinafamiliarformat.Throughoutthisbook,JSTLactionsandanumberofothercustomactionsareusedforsuchtasksasaccessingadatabase,includinglocalizedcontent,encodingURLs,andmuchmore.Usingtheseactions,theamountofJavacodeinyourJSPpagescanbekepttoaminimum,makingyourapplicationeasiertodebugandmaintain.However,forcomplexapplications,thesegenericactionsmaynotbeenough.Perhapsyouwanttodevelopbusiness-specificactionstoaccessthedatabaseinsteadofputtingSQLstatementsintheJSPpages.YoumaywanttopresentcomplexdataasasetofnestedHTMLtableswithcellsformatteddifferentlydependingontheirvalues.InsteadofusingJSTLconditionalandloopactionsintheJSPpagetogeneratethistable,anapplication-specificcustomactioncanbeused.Halfthepagesarepurecontrollerandbusinesslogicprocessing,itaccessesadatabasetoauthenticateusers,andmostpagesrequireaccesscontrol.Inreallife,itwouldlikelycontainevenmorepages,forinstance,pagesforaccesstoashareddocumentarchive,timeschedules,andasetofpagesforadministration.Astheapplicationevolves,itmaybecomehardtomaintainasapureJSPapplication.Itseasytoforgettoincludetheaccesscontrolcodeinnewpages,forinstance.ThisisclearlyanapplicationthatcanbenefitfromusingacombinationofJSPpagesandthecomponenttypesdefinedbytheservletspecificationfortheMVCroles.Letslookatthemainrequirementsandseehowwecanmapthemtoappropriatecomponenttypes:Databaseaccessshouldbeabstracted,toavoidknowledgeofaspecificdataschemaordatabaseengineinmorethanonepartoftheapplication:beansintheroleofModelcanbe第7页usedtoaccomplishthis.Thedatabaseaccessbeansmustbemadeavailabletoallotherpartsoftheapplicationwhenitstarts:anapplicationlifecycleeventlisteneristheperfectcomponenttypeforthistask.Onlyauthenticatedusersmustbeallowedtousetheapplication:afiltercanperformaccesscontroltosatisfythisrequirement.RequestprocessingisbestdonewithJavacode:aservlet,actingastheController,fitsthebill.Itmustbeeasytochangethepresentation:thisiswhereJSPshines,actingastheView.Addingservlets,listenersandfilterstothemixminimizestheneedforcomplexlogicintheJSPpages.PlacingallthiscodeinJavaclassesinsteadmakesitpossibletousearegularJavacompileranddebuggertofixpotentialproblems.Ishowedyouhowtousetagfilestoimplementcustomactions.Tagfilesallownonprogrammerstodevelopcustomactionsandarealsosuitableforcustomactionsthatgeneratealotofmarkup,suchasHTMLtables.ButcustomactionscanalsobeimplementedasJavaclasses,andthatsthefocusofthischapter.AJavaimplementationisagoodchoiceforverycomplexactionsorwhenyouneedtosqueezeouteveryounceofperformance.TodevelopacustomactionasaJavaclass,youuseasetofclassesandinterfacesreferredtointheJSPspecificationasthetagextensionmechanism.Theclassthatimplementsthebehaviorofacustomactioniscalledataghandlerclass.Itisbasicallyabean,withpropertysettermethodscorrespondingtothecustomactionelementsattributes,thatalsoimplementsoneoffourJavainterfacesdefinedaspartofthetagextensionmechanism.WetakeacloserlookatthestrategiesforusingadatabaseinawebapplicationthatIvementionedinthepreviouschapters.IncaseyourenewtoJavadatabaseaccess,westartwithabriefoverviewofthemostimportantJDBCclassesandinterfaces.Next,wefocusinontheJDBCConnectionclassandhowpoolingConnectionobjectshelpstosolveanumberofcommonproblems.Welookattwowaystoimplementconnection-poolingcapabilities:theJDBC2.0wayandusingaJDBC1.0connectionpoolthatsimulatesaJDBC2.0pool.第8页AconnectionpoolcanbemadeavailabletotherestoftheapplicationservletsaswellastheJSTLdatabaseaccessactionsinanumberofways.Inmoredetail,aswellasanapproachthatsmoreflexiblebutthatonlyworksinwebcontainersthatsupporttheJavaNamingandDirectoryInterface(JNDI).Nomatterifyouuseaservletoracustomactiontoaccessthedatabase,thereareanumberofJDBCdetailsthatmustbehandled.Tohelpwiththisgruntwork,welookatagenericdatabaseaccessbeanthatsimplifieslifeandmakestheresultofaqueryeasytouse.Thelastsectioncontainsanexampleofanapplication-specificcustomactionusingthisbean.HansBergstenJSP设计英文版（第三版）第9页中文翻译对照奥运会是一个重大的全球体育盛事，吸引了巨大的利益，从人的所有种族，年龄，社会地位，使其在全球民主的事情绝对。去年，超过4.8的电视观众数十亿被连接到这个主要的体育文化节（7100000000是全世界人口）。从一开始，现代奥运会是世界文化与现代历史的一部分，反映了政治紧张局势，经济危机，文化繁荣，技术开发。本研究的目的是揭示在全球历史语境文化和现代奥运会之间的互连。这项研究的文件包括一个大范围的约第二十和第二十一世纪的下行数据历史，统计，艺术史，人类学的研究，在奥运历史传记网站和经济学我找到一个似是而非的时刻：如果奥林匹克理想是庆祝和平和在一个健康的身体是一种健康的心态，残奥会理念出现了第二次世界大战纪念那些在战争领域得到永久性残疾的人之后。社会仪式在奥林匹克仪式从神圣的地方发展和有宗教维度，发现一个世俗的表达在公共领域，但值和符号促进仍然吸引了大量的人群。结论。世界奥林匹克运动的扩大，以及大量的国家之间的联系让国际奥委会的模型结构，操作成功地在全球范围内。对举办城市的社区最重要的体育赛事三周以上的影响是一个都市人类学范式。奥林匹克运动是一个非常复杂的、多维的社会空间，特别是在加速社会变革框架。奥运传播的社会意义已经发生了根本的转变，主要是在过去的二十年。其他的社会空间，如经济影响，大众传媒与政治导致名义heterogeneia现代奥林匹克运动的语义。今天，奥运会的机构和组织结构的直接利益专门对经济结构。换句话说，实现无保留的所有进程，支持奥林匹克运动的商业形象和促进它作为一个商业娱乐表演。由于严重的矛盾和不一致今天的奥运会的社会现实和价值的奥林匹克运动和奥林匹克宪章主张之间。奥运传播实践主要是与经济利益，因此很难将它们定义为输送机和作为基础的社会和道德价值观的思考方式。因此，原始讯息的第十九世纪的奥林匹克运动倡导和特别是由顾拜旦关于奥林匹克主义和奥林匹克教育不复制和今天的奥运会的社会现实，重新激活。不可避免的问题出现，如（1）奥林匹克思想体系的意义是什么，奥林匹克主义和奥林匹克教育？（2）的差异或缺乏社会和道德价值观的奥林匹克运动和奥运会的社会现实，主张之间的对应关系是吗？Web应用程序通常依赖于服务器端脚本来处理HTTP请求，生成动态内容，并与其他组件之间的交互。服务器端脚本通常没有任何编译器检查和，因此，可以容易出错。在本文中，我们适应传统数据流测试技术为Java服务器页面（JSP）的背景下，发展与Java技术的Web应用程序一个非常受欢迎的服务器端脚本。我们指出，JSP隐含对象和动作标签可以介绍一些独特的数据流测试工件需要解决的。一个测试模型与各种各样的隐式对象和动作捕捉的JSP页面标签，考虑数据流信息。基于测试模型，我们描述了一种计算方法术中，间，并揭示的JSP页面数据的异常数据流测试路径开庭。本研究探讨知觉性的关系在实际使用中，任务完成时间，和偏好，以及对电子商务网站的用户偏好的属性设计的影响。九网上书店的网站都是由十的参与者使用。结果表明：（1）预使用可用性和任务完成时间呈正相关；（2）使用前可用性和偏好之间的关系大于任务完成时间和偏好；（3）设计属性的评估在实际使用高度相关；和（4）的组织结构和布局对用户偏好比审美方面的影响更大，如颜色和字体。这些结果可以被用来构造一个概念性的框架，了解用户的喜好开发的设计准则，以得到更优先的电子商务网站。同时，本研究方法可以应用到其他的计算机应用。JSP是一种用于Web应用程序开发的最新的Java技术，它是建立在Servlet技术第10页基础之上的。尽管Servlet的功能在很多方面来说都很强大，但是它通常属于程序员专有的领域。在任何Web应用程序中，都有一个服务器上的程序来处理请求并产生应答。对于简单的单页式应用程序，例如一个在线公告牌，你并不需要过多地考虑代码设计，而且所有的逻辑都可以堆在一个程序中。但当应用程序变得