外文翻译-JAVA

0外文原文JAVATheJavaprogramminglanguageandplatformhaveemergedasmajortechnologiesforperforminge-businessfunctions.Javaprogrammingstandardshaveenabledportabilityofapplicationsandthereuseofapplicationcomponentsacrosscomputingplatforms.SunMicrosystemsJavaCommunityProcesscontinuestobeastrongbaseforthegrowthoftheJavainfrastructureandlanguagestandards.Thisgrowthofopenstandardscreatesnewopportunitiesfordesignersanddevelopersofapplicationsandservices.ApplicationsofJavaJavausesmanyfamiliarprogrammingconceptsandconstructsandallowsportabilitybyprovidingacommoninterfacethroughanexternalJavaVirtualMachine(JVM).Avirtualmachineisaself-containedoperatingenvironment,createdbyasoftwarelayerthatbehavesasifitwereaseparatecomputer.Benefitsofcreatingvirtualmachinesincludebetterexploitationofpowerfulcomputingresourcesandisolationofapplicationstopreventcross-corruptionandimprovesecurity.TheJVMallowscomputingdeviceswithlimitedprocessorsormemorytohandlemoreadvancedapplicationsbycallingupsoftwareinstructionsinsidetheJVMtoperformmostofthework.ThisalsoreducesthesizeandcomplexityofJavaapplicationsbecausemanyofthecorefunctionsandprocessinginstructionswerebuiltintotheJVM.Asaresult,softwaredevelopersnolongerneedtore-createthesameapplicationforeveryoperatingsystem.Javaalsoprovidessecuritybyinstructingtheapplicationtointeractwiththevirtualmachine,whichservedasabarrierbetweenapplicationsandthecoresystem,effectivelyprotectingsystemsfrommaliciouscode.Amongotherthings,Javaistailor-madeforthegrowingInternetbecauseitmakesiteasytodevelopnew,dynamicapplicationsthatcouldmakethemostoftheInternetspowerandcapabilities.Javaisnowanopenstandard,meaningthatnosingleentitycontrolsitsdevelopmentandthetoolsforwritingprogramsinthelanguageareavailabletoeveryone.The1powerofopenstandardslikeJavaistheabilitytobreakdownbarriersandspeedupprogress.Today,youcanfindJavatechnologyinnetworksanddevicesthatrangefromtheInternetandscientificsupercomputerstolaptopsandcellphones,fromWallStreetmarketsimulatorstohomegameplayersandcreditcards.Thereareover3millionJavadevelopersandnowthereareseveralversionsofthecode.Mostlargecorporationshavein-houseJavadevelopers.Inaddition,themajorityofkeysoftwarevendorsuseJavaintheircommercialapplications(Lazaridis,2003).ApplicationsJavaontheWorldWideWebJavahasfoundaplaceonsomeofthemostpopularwebsitesintheworldandtheusesofJavacontinuestogrow.Javaapplicationsnotonlyprovideuniqueuserinterfaces,theyalsohelptopowerthebackendofwebsites.EverybodyisprobablyfamiliarwitheBayandAmazonhavebeenJavapioneersontheWorldWideWeb.eBayFoundedin1995,eBayenablese-commerceonalocal,nationalandinternationalbasiswithanarrayofWebsites.YoucanfinditoneBay,evenifyoudidntknowitexisted.Onatypicalday,morethan100millionitemsarelistedoneBayintensofthousandsofcategories.oneBay;theworldslargestonlinemarketplace.eBayusesJavaalmosteverywhere.Toaddresssomesecurityissues,eBaychoseSunMicrosystemsJavaSystemIdentityManagerastheplatformforrevampingitsidentitymanagementsystem.Thetaskathandwastoprovideidentitymanagementformorethan12,000eBayemployeesandcontractors.NowmorethanathousandeBaysoftwaredevelopersworkdailywithJavaapplications.JavasinherentportabilityallowseBaytomovetonewhardwaretotakeadvantageofnewtechnology,packaging,orpricing,withouthavingtorewriteJavacode.AmazonAhascreatedaWebServiceapplicationthatenablesuserstobrowsetheirproductcatalogandplaceorders.AusesaJavaapplicationthatsearchestheAmazoncatalogforbookswhosesubjectmatchesauser-selectedtopic.Theapplicationdisplaystenbooksthatmatchthechosentopic,andshowstheauthorname,booktitle,list2price,Amazondiscountprice,andthecovericon.Theusermayoptionallyviewonereviewperdisplayedtitleandmakeabuyingdecision.JavainDataWarehousing&MiningAlthoughmanycompaniescurrentlybenefitfromdatawarehousingtosupportcorporatedecisionmaking,newbusinessintelligenceapproachescontinuetoemergethatcanbepoweredbyJavatechnology.Applicationssuchasdatawarehousing,datamining,EnterpriseInformationPortalsandKnowledgeManagementSystemsareabletoprovideinsightintocustomerretention,purchasingpatterns,andevenfuturebuyingbehavior.Theseapplicationscannotonlytellwhathashappenedbutwhyandwhatmayhappengivencertainbusinessconditions;Asaresultofthisinformationgrowth,peopleatalllevelsinsidetheenterprise,aswellassuppliers,customers,andothersinthevaluechain,areclamoringforsubsetsofthevaststoresofinformationtohelpthemmakebusinessdecisions.Whilecollectingandstoringvastamountsofdataisonething,utilizinganddeployingthatdatathroughouttheorganizationisanother.Thetechnicalchallengesinherentinintegratingdisparatedataformats,platforms,andapplicationsaresignificant.However,emergingstandardssuchastheApplicationProgrammingInterfacesthatcomprisetheJavaplatform,aswellasExtendableMarkupLanguagetechnologiescanfacilitatetheinterchangeofdataandthedevelopmentofnextgenerationdatawarehousingandbusinessintelligenceapplications.WhileJavatechnologyhasbeenusedextensivelyforclientsideaccessandtopresentationlayerchallenges,itisrapidlyemergingasasignificanttoolfordevelopingscaleableserversideprograms.TheJava2Platform,EnterpriseEdition(J2EE)providestheobject,transaction,andsecuritysupportforbuildingsuchsystems.MetadataIssuesOneofthekeyissuesthatbusinessintelligencedevelopersmustsolveisthatofincompatiblemetadataformats.Metadatacanbedefinedasinformationaboutdataorsimplydataaboutdata.Inpractice,metadataiswhatmosttools,databases,applications,andotherinformationprocessesusetodefine,relate,andmanipulatedataobjectswithintheirownenvironments.Itdefinesthestructureandmeaningofdataobjectsmanagedbyanapplicationsothattheapplicationknowshowtoprocessrequestsorjobsinvolvingthosedataobjects.Developerscanusethisschematocreateviewsforusers.Also,userscanbrowsetheschemato3betterunderstandthestructureandfunctionofthedatabasetablesbeforelaunchingaquery.Toaddressthemetadataissue,agroupofcompanieshavejoinedtodeveloptheJavaMetadataInterface(JMI)API.TheJMIAPIpermitstheaccessandmanipulationofmetadatainJavawithstandardmetadataservices.JMIisbasedontheMetaObjectFacility(MOF)specificationfromtheObjectManagementGroup(OMG).TheMOFprovidesamodelandasetofinterfacesforthecreation,storage,access,MetamodelandmetadatainterchangeisdoneviaXMLandusestheXMLMetadataInterchange(XMI)specification,alsofromtheOMG.JMIleveragesJavatechnologytocreateanend-to-enddatawarehousingandbusinessintelligencesolutionsframework.EnterpriseJavaBeansAkeytoolprovidedbyJ2EEisEnterpriseJavaBeans(EJB),anarchitectureforthedevelopmentofcomponent-baseddistributedbusinessapplications.ApplicationswrittenusingtheEJBarchitecturearescalable,transactional,secure,andmulti-useraware.TheseapplicationsmaybewrittenonceandthendeployedonanyserverplatformthatsupportsJ2EE.TheEJBarchitecturemakesiteasyfordeveloperstowritecomponents,sincetheydonotneedtounderstandordealwithcomplex,system-leveldetailssuchasthreadmanagement,resourcepooling,andtransactionandsecuritymanagement.Thisallowsforrole-baseddevelopmentwherecomponentassemblers,platformprovidersandapplicationassemblerscanfocusontheirareaofresponsibilityfurthersimplifyingapplicationdevelopment.DataStorage&AccessDatastoredinexistingapplicationscanbeaccessedwithspecializedconnectors.Integrationandinteroperabilityofthesedatasourcesisfurtherenabledbythemetadatarepositorythatcontainsmetamodelsofthedatacontainedinthesources,whichthencanbeaccessedandinterchangeduniformlyviatheJMIAPI.Thesemetamodelscapturetheessentialstructureandsemanticsofbusinesscomponents,allowingthemtobeaccessedandqueriedviatheJMIAPIortobeinterchangedviaXML.Throughalloftheseprocesses,theJ2EEinfrastructureensuresthesecurityandintegrityofthedatathroughtransactionmanagementandpropagationandtheunderlyingsecurityarchitecture.Toconsolidatehistoricalinformationforanalysisofsalesandmarketingtrends,adatawarehouseisoftenthebestsolution.Inthisexample,datacanbeextractedfromthe4operationalsystemswithavarietyofExtract,TransformandLoadtools(ETL).ThemetamodelsallowEJBsdesignedforfiltering,transformation,andconsolidationofdatatooperateuniformlyondatafromdiversedatasourcesasthebeanisabletoquerythemetamodeltoidentifyandextractthepertinentfields.Queriesandreportscanberunagainstthedatawarehousethatcontainsinformationfromnumeroussourcesinaconsistent,enterprise-widefashionthroughtheuseoftheJMIAPI.JavainIndustrialSettingsManypeopleknowJavaonlyasatoolontheWorldWideWebthatenablessitestoperformsomeoftheirfancierfunctionssuchasinteractivityandanimation.However,theactualusesforJavaaremuchmorewidespread.SinceJavaisanobject-orientedlanguage,thetimeneededforapplicationdevelopmentisminimal.Inaddition,Javasautomaticmemorymanagementandlackofpointersremovesomeleadingcausesofprogrammingerrors.Mostimportantly,applicationdevelopersdonotneedtocreatedifferentversionsofthesoftwarefordifferentplatforms.TheadvantagesavailablethroughJavahaveevenfoundtheirwayintohardware.TheemergingnewJavadevicesarestreamlinedsystemsthatexploitnetworkserversformuchoftheirprocessingpower,storage,content,andadministration.BenefitsofJavaThebenefitsofJavatranslateacrossmanyindustries,andsomearespecifictothecontrolandautomationenvironment.Javasabilitytorunonanyplatformenablestheorganizationtomakeuseoftheexistingequipmentwhileenhancingtheapplication.IntegrationWithfewexceptions,applicationsrunningonthefactoryfloorwereneverintendedtoexchangeinformationwithsystemsintheexecutiveoffice,butmanagershaverecentlydiscoveredtheneedforthattypeofinformation.BeforeJava,thatoftenmeantbringingtogetherdatafromsystemswrittenondifferentplatformsindifferentlanguagesatdifferenttimes.Integrationwasusuallydoneonapiecemealbasis,onceitworked,wasuniquetothetwoapplicationsitwastyingtogether.Additionalintegrationrequireddevelopingabrandnewsystemfromscratch,raisingthecostofintegration.Scalability5AnotherbenefitofJavaintheindustrialenvironmentisitsscalability.Evenwheninternalcompatibilityisnotanissue,companiesoftenfacedifficultieswhensupplierswithwhomtheyshareinformationhaveincompatiblesystems.Thisbecomesmoreofaproblemassupply-chainmanagementtakesonamorecriticalrolewhichrequiresmanufacturerstointeractmorewithoffshoresuppliersandclients.Thegreatestefficiencycomeswhenallsystemscancommunicatewitheachotherandshareinformationseamlessly.SinceJavaissoubiquitous,itoftensolvestheseproblems.DynamicWebPageDevelopmentJavahasbeenusedbybothlargeandsmallorganizationsforawidevarietyofapplicationsbeyondconsumerorientedwebsites.Sandia,amultiprogramlaboratoryoftheU.S.DepartmentofEnergysNationalNuclearSecurityAdministration,hasdevelopedauniqueJavaapplication.Thelabwastaskedwithdevelopinganenterprise-wideinventorytrackingandequipmentmaintenancesystemthatprovidesdynamicWebpages.ConclusionOpenstandardshavedriventhee-businessrevolution.Ase-businesscontinuestodevelop,variouscomputingtechnologieshelptodriveitsevolution.TheJavaprogramminglanguageandplatformhaveemergedasmajortechnologiesforperforminge-businessfunctions.thetimeneededforapplicationdevelopmentisminimal.Javaalsoencouragesgoodsoftwareengineeringpracticeswithclearseparationofinterfacesandimplementationsaswellaseasyexceptionhandling.Javasautomaticmemorymanagementandlackofpointersremovesomeleadingcausesofprogrammingerrors.TheadvantagesavailablethroughJavahavealsofoundtheirwayintohardware.TheemergingnewJavadevicesarestreamlinedsystemsthatexploitnetworkserversformuchoftheirprocessingpower,storage,content,andadministration.中文翻译JAVA6Java编程语言和Java平台，已成为主要的实现电子商务功能的技术。Java编程的标准，是便携性的应用和再利用的应用组件的计算平台。SunMicrosystems的Java程序社区仍然是增长Java基础设施和语言标准一个强有力的基础。这一增长为开放标准创造了新的设计机会和开发的应用服务程序。Java的应用Java使用许多熟悉的编程概念和结构，通过外部Java虚拟机(JVM)为便携性提供了一个共同的接口。虚拟机是一个自成一体的运行环境，给人的感觉就好像它是一个单独的计算机。创造虚拟机的好处包括更好地利用强大的计算资源和隔离的应用程序，以防止交叉和提高安全性。JVM将通过调用软件指示内的JVM执行的大部分工作，允许计算设备有限处理器或记忆体用来处理更高级的应用程序，因为内置的虚拟机的许多核心职能和处理指示，这也减小了Java应用程序的规模和复杂性。其结果是，软件开发人员不需要在每个操作系统上重新建立相同的应用程序。Java也提供了用于安全的指示互动应用的虚拟机，作为应用程序之间的障碍和核心制度，有效地保护系统不受恶意代码的影响。除此之外，Java是专门应用于日益增长的互联网开发，因为它容易开发新的、动态的应用，可以充分发挥大多数互联网的潜能。Java现在是一个开放的标准，也就是说，没有一个单一的实体控制其编程的语言的发展，人人都可获得。Java开放标准能够打破开放源代码的障碍，加快了发展速度。今天，你可以在网络和因特网设备中可以找到Java技术的应用，从互联网和科学超级计算机到笔记本电脑和手机以及来自华尔街的市场模拟器首页游戏卡和信用卡。有超过300万Java开发者，现在有多个版本的代码，多数大型企业在内部都有Java开发人员。此外，大多数的重要软件供应商在商业应用中使用Java。应用JAVA的万维网Java在世界上一些最流行的网站上找到一片空间并且Java的使用空间会继续增长。Java应用程序不仅提供了独特的用户界面，它们还有助于控制网站的后台。在万维网上，每个人都可能eBay和亚马逊一样成为Java领头人。易趣成立于1995年，易趣在地方、国家和国际的电子商务基础上提供了一系列的网站，你可以在eBay上找到它，即使你不知道它的存在。甚至有时候一天当中，在eBay上列出了数以万计类别的超过100万件的物品。易趣是世界上最大的在线市场。易趣无处不在使用JAVA。为了解决一些安全问题，易趣选择了SunMicrosystems的Java系统身份管理平台，改进其身份管理系统。易趣手头的任务是为超过12000名员工和承包商提供身份管理。易趣现在拥有了一千多易趣软件开发商日常工作使用Java应用程序。Java固有的便携性使得易趣转移到新的硬件以利用新技术包装，或更改价格，而不必重写Java代码。亚马逊A创建了一个Web服务应用程序，使用户可以浏览他们的产品目录和订货。A使用Java应用程序，搜索亚马逊图书目录主题来匹配用户选择的主题。应用程序显示10个条目来匹配选择的图书主题，显示了作者姓名、书名、定价、亚马逊的折扣价格以及覆盖图标。用户可以选择性地查看每一个显示标题，并作出购买决策。数据仓库中的Java与挖掘虽然许多公司目前受益于数据仓库，以支持企业决策，不断涌现采用Java技术控制新的商务智能的方法。应用程序如数据仓库，数据挖掘，企业信息门户和知识管理系统7能够提供深入了解客户的保留，购买模式，甚至未来的购买行为。这些应用不仅可以知道发生了什么事情，并且还能知道为什么和为可能会发生某些业务提供条件。由于这种信息的增长，在各级人民内部的企业、供应商，客户和其他价值链中，非常渴望知道广大商店的信息以帮助他们作出商业决策。虽然收集和储存大量的数据是一回事，而利用和部署数据在整个组织是另一回事。该技术的主要挑战是整合不同的数据格式、平台和应用程序。然而，新兴的标准，比如应用编程接口，包括Java平台以及可扩展标记语言技术，可以便利交换数据和开发下一代数据仓库和商业智能应用。虽然Java技术已被广泛用于客户端访问，但是它正在迅速成为挑战表示层的一个重要工具以及发展中国家可伸缩的服务器端程序。在Java2平台企业版(J2EE)中提供了对象、交易和安全支持建立这种系统。元数据问题这里的关键问题之一是商业智能开发必须解决不相容的数据格式。元数据可以被界定为信息数据或简单的“关于数据的数据”。在实践中，元数据是大多数工具、数据库、应用程序和其他信息处理使用的定义，在他们自己的环境中涉及和操纵数据对象。它定义数据结构和管理数据对象的申请，以便知道如何达到应用程序要求或处理这些数据对象。开发者可以使用这个架构为用户提供意见。另外，用户可以浏览架构，以更好地理解结构和功能数据库表的查询。为了解决元数据问题，一批公司加入到Java元数据接口的API的开发。在JIM的API中提供了允许访问和操纵数据的Java标准的元数据服务。JIM是基于元对象设施规范的对象管理组。元模型和元数据交换是通过XML和使用XML元数据交换(XMI信息)规范。JIM利用Java技术建立一个端到端的数据仓库和商业智能解决方案框架。企业JavaBeansJ2EE所提供的一个重要工具的企业级JavaBeans(EJB组件)，建筑的发展基于构件的分布式企业应用。使用的EJB架构编写的应用程序具有可扩展性、事务性、安全和多用户的了解。这些应用程序可能只要写入一次，然后部署在任何服务器平台，以支持J2EE。E