外文翻译-增强现实的调查

外文文献ASurveyofAugmentedRealityRonaldT.AzumaHughesResearchLaboratories3011MalibuCanyonRoad,MSRL96Malibu,CA90265(310)317-51511.Introduction1.1GoalsThispapersurveysthecurrentstate-of-the-artinAugmentedReality.ItdescribesworkperformedatmanydifferentsitesandexplainstheissuesandproblemsencounteredwhenbuildingAugmentedRealitysystems.Itsummarizesthetradeoffsandapproachestakensofartoovercometheseproblemsandspeculatesonfuturedirectionsthatdeserveexploration.Thispaperdoesnotpresentnewresearchresults.Thecontributioncomesfromconsolidatingexistinginformationfrommanysourcesandpublishinganextensivebibliographyofpapersinthisfield.WhileseveralotherintroductorypapershavebeenwrittenonthissubjectBarfield95Bowskill95Caudell94Drascic93bFeiner94aFeiner94bMilgram94bRolland94,thissurveyismorecomprehensiveandup-to-date.Foranyoneinterestedinstartingresearchinthisarea,thissurveyshouldprovideagoodstartingpoint.Section1describeswhatAugmentedRealityisandthemotivationsfordevelopingthistechnology.FourclassesofpotentialapplicationsthathavebeenexploredaredescribedinSection2.ThenSection3discussestheissuesinvolvedinbuildinganAugmentedRealitysystem.Currently,twoofthebiggestproblemsareinregistrationandsensing,sothosearethesubjectsofSections4and5.Finally,Section6describessomeareasthatrequirefurtherworkandresearch.1.2DefinitionAugmentedReality(AR)isavariationofVirtualEnvironments(VE),orVirtualRealityasitismorecommonlycalled.VEtechnologiescompletelyimmerseauserinsideasyntheticenvironment.Whileimmersed,theusercannotseetherealworldaroundhim.Incontrast,ARallowstheusertoseetherealworld,withvirtualobjectssuperimposeduponorcompositedwiththerealworld.Therefore,ARsupplementsreality,ratherthancompletelyreplacingit.Ideally,itwouldappeartotheuserthatthevirtualandrealobjectscoexistedinthesamespace,similartotheeffectsachievedinthefilmWhoFramedRogerRabbit?Figure1showsanexampleofwhatthismightlooklike.Itshowsarealdeskwitharealphone.Inside太原理工大学毕业设计(论文)用纸thisroomarealsoavirtuallampandtwovirtualchairs.Notethattheobjectsarecombinedin3-D,sothatthevirtuallampcoverstherealtable,andtherealtablecoverspartsofthetwovirtualchairs.ARcanbethoughtofasthemiddlegroundbetweenVE(completelysynthetic)andtelepresence(completelyreal)Milgram94aMilgram94b.SomeresearchersfeelthatARrequirestheuseofHead-MountedDisplays(HMDs).Forthepurposesofthispaper,IdefineARnotbyspecifictechnologiesbutbythreedesiredcharacteristics:1)Combinesrealandvirtual2)Interactiveinrealtime3)Registeredin3-DThisdefinitionallowsothertechnologiesbesidesHMDs,whileretainingtheessentialcomponentsofAR.Forexample,itdoesnotincludefilmor2-Doverlays.FilmslikeJurassicParkandTheMaskfeaturephotorealisticvirtualobjectsseamlesslyblendedwitharealenvironmentin3-D,buttheyarenotinteractivemedia.2-Dvirtualoverlaysontopoflivevideocanbedoneatinteractiverates,buttheoverlaysarenotcombinedwiththerealworldin3-D.However,thisdefinitiondoesallowmonitor-basedinterfaces,monocularsystems,see-throughHMDs,andvariouscombiningtechnologies.PotentialsystemconfigurationsarediscussedfurtherinSection3.1.3MotivationWhywouldsomeonebeinterestedinAugmentedReality?Whytrytocombinerealandvirtualobjectsin3-D?Basically,AugmentedRealityenhancesausersperceptionofandinteractionwiththerealworld.Thevirtualobjectsdisplayinformationthattheusercannotdirectlydetectwithhisownsenses.Sincemanyoperationsrequiremanipulationormodificationofarealenvironment,thevirtualobjectsprovideinformationthathelpsauserperformareal-worldtask.ARisaspecificexampleofwhatFredBrookscallsIntelligenceAmplification(IA):usingthecomputerasatoolthatmakesataskeasierforahumantoperform.AtleastsixclassesofpotentialARapplicationshavebeenexplored:medicalvisualization,maintenanceandrepair,annotation,robotpathplanning,entertainment,andmilitaryaircraftnavigationandtargeting.Thenextsectiondescribesworkthathasbeendoneineacharea.Whilethesedonotcovereverypotentialapplicationareaofthistechnology,theydocovertheareasexploredsofar.2.Applications2.1MedicalDoctorscoulduseAugmentedRealityasavisualizationandtrainingaidforsurgery.Itmaybepossibletocollect3-Ddatasetsofapatientinrealtime,usingnoninvasive太原理工大学毕业设计(论文)用纸sensorslikeMagneticResonanceImaging(MRI),ComputedTomographyscans(CT),orultrasoundimaging.Thesedatasetscouldthenberenderedandcombinedinrealtimewithaviewoftherealpatient.Ineffect,thiswouldgiveadoctorX-rayvisioninsideapatient.Thiswouldbeveryusefulduringminimallyinvasivesurgery,whichreducesthetraumaofanoperationbyusingsmallincisionsornoincisionsatall.Aproblemwithminimally-invasivetechniquesisthattheyreducethedoctorsabilitytoseeinsidethepatient,makingsurgerymoredifficult.ARtechnologycouldprovideaninternalviewwithouttheneedforlargerincisions.ARmightalsobehelpfulforgeneralmedicalvisualizationtasksinthesurgicalroom.SurgeonscandetectsomefeatureswiththenakedeyethattheycannotseeinMRIorCTscans,andvice-versa.ARwouldgivesurgeonsaccesstobothtypesofdatasimultaneously.Thismightalsoguideprecisiontasks,suchasdisplayingwheretodrillaholeintotheskullforbrainsurgeryorwheretoperformaneedlebiopsyofatinytumor.Theinformationfromthenon-invasivesensorswouldbedirectlydisplayedonthepatient,showingexactlywheretoperformtheoperation.ARmightalsobeusefulfortrainingpurposes.Virtualinstructionscouldremindanovicesurgeonoftherequiredsteps,withouttheneedtolookawayfromapatienttoconsultamanual.VirtualobjectscouldalsoidentifyorgansandspecifylocationstoavoidDurlach95.Severalprojectsareexploringthisapplicationarea.AtUNCChapelHill,aresearchgrouphasconductedtrialrunsofscanningthewombofapregnantwomanwithanultrasoundsensor,generatinga3-Drepresentationofthefetusinsidethewombanddisplayingthatinasee-throughHMD(Figure2).Thegoalistoendowthedoctorwiththeabilitytoseethemoving,kickingfetuslyinginsidethewomb,withthehopethatthisonedaymaybecomea3-DstethoscopeBajura92State94.OthergroupsattheMITAILabGrimson94Grimson95Mellor95aMellor95b,GeneralElectricLorensen93,andelsewhereBetting95Edwards95Taubes93areinvestigatingdisplayingMRIorCTdata,directlyregisteredontothepatient.2.2ManufacturingandrepairAnotherpotentialcategoryofAugmentedRealityapplicationsistheassembly,maintenance,andrepairofcomplexmachinery.Instructionsmightbeeasiertounderstandiftheywereavailable,notasmanualswithtextandpictures,butratheras3-Ddrawingssuperimposedupontheactualequipment,showingstep-bystepthetasksthatneedtobedoneandhowtodothem.Thesesuperimposed3-Ddrawingscanbeanimated,makingthedirectionsevenmoreexplicit.Severalresearchprojectshavedemonstratedprototypesinthisarea.SteveFeinersgroupatColumbiabuiltalaserprintermaintenanceapplicationFeiner93,showninFigures3and4.Figure3showsanexternalview,andFigure4showstheusersview,wherethecomputer-generatedwireframeistellingtheusertoremovethepapertray.AgroupatBoeingisdevelopingARtechnologytoguideatechnicianin太原理工大学毕业设计(论文)用纸buildingawiringharnessthatformspartofanairplaneselectricalsystem.Storingtheseinstructionsinelectronicformmightsavespaceandreducecosts.Currently,techniciansuselargephysicallayoutboardstoconstructsuchharnesses,andBoeingrequiresseveralwarehousestostorealltheseboards.SuchspacemightbeemptiedforotheruseifthisapplicationprovessuccessfulCaudell92Janin93Sims94.BoeingisusingaTechnologyReinvestmentProgram(TRP)granttoputthistechnologyontothefactoryfloorBoeingTRP94.Eventually,ARmightbeusedforanycomplicatedmachinery,suchasautomobileenginesTuceryan95.2.3AnnotationandvisualizationARcouldbeusedtoannotateobjectsandenvironmentswithpublicorprivateinformation.Applicationsusingpublicinformationassumetheavailabilityofpublicdatabasestodrawupon.Forexample,Fitzmauricesuggestscarryingahand-helddisplaythatprovidesinformationaboutthecontentsoflibraryshelvesastheuserwalksaroundthelibraryFitzmaurice93Rekimoto95.AttheEuropeanComputer-IndustryResearchCentre(ECRC),ausercanpointatpartsofanenginemodelandtheARsystemdisplaysthenameofthepartthatisbeingpointedtoRose94.Figure5showsthis,wheretheuserpointsattheexhaustmanifoldonanenginemodel,andthelabelexhaustmanifoldappears.Alternately,theseannotationsmightbeprivatenotesattachedtospecificobjects.ResearchersatColumbiademonstratedthiswiththenotionofattachingwindowsfromastandarduserinterfaceontospecificlocationsintheworld,orattachedtospecificobjectsasremindersFeiner93b.Figure6showsawindowsuperimposedasalabeluponastudent.Hewearsatrackingdevice,sothecomputerknowshislocation.Asthestudentmovesaround,thelabelfollowshislocation,providingtheARuserwithareminderofwhatheneedstotalktothestudentabout.ARmightaidgeneralvisualizationtasksaswell.AnarchitectwithaseethroughHMDmightbeabletolookoutawindowandseehowaproposednewskyscraperwouldchangeherview.Ifadatabasecontaininginformationaboutabuildingsstructurewasavailable,ARmightgivearchitectsX-rayvisioninsideabuilding,showingwherethepipes,electriclines,andstructuralsupportsareinsidethewallsFeiner95.ResearchersattheUniversityofTorontohavebuiltasystemcalledAugmentedRealitythroughGraphicOverlaysonStereovideo(ARGOS),whichamongotherthingsisusedtosupplementvisualizationduringdifficultviewingconditionsDrascic93a.Figure7showswireframelinesdrawnontopofaspaceshuttlebayinterior,whileinorbit.Thelinesmakeiteasiertoseethegeometryoftheshuttlebay.Similarly,virtuallinesandobjectscouldaidnavigationandsceneunderstandingduringpoorvisibilityconditions,suchasunderwaterorinfog.2.4RobotpathplanningTeleoperationofarobotisoftenadifficultproblem,especiallywhentherobot太原理工大学毕业设计(论文)用纸isfaraway,withlongdelaysinthecommunicationlink.Underthiscircumstance,insteadofcontrollingtherobotdirectly,itmaybepreferabletoinsteadcontrolavirtualversionoftherobot.Theuserplansandspecifiestherobotsactionsbymanipulatingthelocalvirtualversion,inrealtime.Theresultsaredirectlydisplayedontherealworld.Oncetheplanistestedanddetermined,thenusertellstherealrobottoexecutethespecifiedplan.Thisavoidspilot-inducedoscillationscausedbythelengthydelays.Thevirtualversionscanalsopredicttheeffectsofmanipulatingtheenvironment,thusservingasaplanningandpreviewingtooltoaidtheuserinperformingthedesiredtask.TheARGOSsystemhasdemonstratedthatstereoscopicARisaneasierandmoreaccuratewayofdoingrobotpathplanningthantraditionalmonoscopicinterfacesDrascic93bMilgram93.OthershavealsousedregisteredoverlayswithtelepresencesystemsKim93Oyama93.Figure8showshowavirtualoutlinecanrepresentafuturelocationofarobotarm.2.5EntertainmentAtSIGGRAPH95,severalexhibitorsshowedVirtualSetsthatmergerealactorswithvirtualbackgrounds,inrealtimeandin3-D.Theactorsstandinfrontofalargebluescreen,withacomputer-controlledmotioncameravideotapingthescene.Sincethecameraslocationistracked,andtheactorsmotionsarescripted,itispossibletodigitallycompositetheactorintoa3-Dvirtualbackground.Forexample,theactormightappeartostandinsidealargevirtualspinningring,wherethefrontpartoftheringcoverstheactorwhiletherearpartoftheringiscoveredbytheactor.Theentertainmentindustryseesthisasawaytoreduceproductioncosts:creatingandstoringsetsvirtuallyispotentiallycheaperthanconstantlybuildingnewphysicalsetsfromscratch.2.6MilitaryaircraftFormanyyears,militaryaircraftandhelicoptershaveusedHead-UpDisplays(HUDs)andHelmet-MountedSights(HMS)tosuperimposevectorgraphicsuponthepilotsviewoftherealworld.Besidesprovidingbasicnavigationandflightinformation,thesegraphicsaresometimesregisteredwithtargetsintheenvironment,providingawaytoaimtheaircraftsweapons.Forexample,thechinturretinahelicoptergunshipcanbeslavedtothepilotsHMS,sothepilotcanaimthechinturretsimplybylookingatthetarget.FuturegenerationsofcombataircraftwillbedevelopedwithanHMDbuiltintothepilotshelmetWanstall89.3.CharacteristicsThissectiondiscussesthecharacteristicsofARsystemsanddesignissuesencounteredwhenbuildinganARsystem.Section3.1describesthebasiccharacteristicsofaugmentation.Therearetwowaystoaccomplishthis太原理工大学毕业设计(论文)用纸augmentation:opticalorvideotechnologies.Section3.2discussestheircharacteristicsandrelativestrengthsandweaknesses.Blendingtherealandvirtualposesproblemswithfocusandcontrast(Section3.3),andsomeapplicationsrequireportableARsystemstobetrulyeffective(Section3.4).Finally,Section3.5summarizesthecharacteristicsbycomparingtherequirementsofARagainstthoseforVirtualEnvironments.3.1AugmentationBesidesaddingobjectstoarealenvironment,AugmentedRealityalsohasthepotentialtoremovethem.Currentworkhasfocusedonaddingvirtualobjectstoarealenvironment.However,graphicoverlaysmightalsobeusedtoremoveorcoveruppartsoftherealenvironmentthatyoudontwanttosee.Forexample,ifIwanttoremovethedesksittinginfrontofme,Iwoulddrawarepresentationoftherealwallsandfloorsbehindthedeskandpaintthatovertherealdesk,effectivelyremovingitfrommysight.Thishasbeendoneinfeaturefilms.DoingthisinteractivelyinanARsystemwillbemuchharder,butthisremovalmaynotneedtobephotorealistictobeeffective.AugmentedRealitymightapplytoallsenses,notjustsight.Sofar,researchershavefocusedonblendingrealandvirtualimagesandgraphics.However,itisconceivablethatARcouldbeextendedtoincludesound.Theuserwouldwearheadphonesequippedwithmicrophonesontheoutside.Theheadphoneswouldaddsynthetic,directional3-Dsound,whiletheexternalmicrophoneswoulddetectincomingsoundsfromtheenvironment.ThiswouldgivethesystemachancetomaskorcoverupselectedrealsoundsfromtheenvironmentbygeneratingamaskingsignalthatexactlycanceledtheincomingrealsoundDurlach95.Whilethiswouldnotbeeasytodo,itmightbepossible.Anotherexampleishaptics.Gloveswithdevicesthatprovidedtactilefeedbackmightaugmentrealforcesintheenvironment.Forexample,ausermightrunhishandoverthesurfaceofarealdesk.Simulatingsuchahardsurfacevirtuallyisfairlydifficult,butitiseasytodoinreality.Thenthetactileeffectorsintheglovecanaugmentthefeelofthedesk,perhapsmakingitfeelroughincertainspots.Thiscapabilitymightbeusefulinsomeapplications,suchasprovidinganadditionalcuethatavirtualobjectisataparticularlocationonarealdeskWellner93.太原理工大学毕业设计(论文)用纸中文翻译增强现实的调查罗纳德T.东休斯研究实验室3011马里布峡谷路，rl96女士马里布，CA90265（310）317-51511.景区简介1.1个目标本文调查了增强现实中的现状。它介绍了在许多不同的网站进行的工作和解释问题遇到的问题时，建筑增强现实系统。总结了到目前为止权衡和采取的方法来克服这些问题，并推测未来的发展方向，值得探索。本文不提出新的研究结果。的贡献从巩固现有的信息从许多来源和出版在这一领域的论文的参考书目。而其他一些介绍性论文已被写在这个主题barfield95bowskill95caudell94drascic93bfeiner94afeiner94bmilgram94brolland94，这项调查是更多全面和最新的。任何人在这方面的研究开始感兴趣，这项调查应该提供一个良好的开端。第1节描述了增强现实和动机这项技术的发展。四类，有潜在的应用探讨了在第2节中描述的。然后3节讨论中所涉及到的问题建立一个增强现实系统。目前，两个最大的问题是注册和敏感，所以这段4人和5。最后，第6节介绍了一些领域需要进一步的工作和研究。1.2定义增强现实（AR）是一个变化的虚拟环境（VE），或是更多的被称为虚拟现实。我们的技术完全契合在合成环境的用户。沐浴时，用户不能看到真正的他周围的世界。相反，AR允许用户看到的真实世界是虚拟对象叠加或合成与真实世界。因此，AR补充现实，而不是完全代替。理想的情况下，它会出现的用户在同一空间的虚实并存的，类似的作用在电影“实现谁陷害了兔子罗杰？”这可能看起来像。它显示了一个真实的电话一个真正的桌子。里面这个房间也有虚拟灯和两个虚拟的椅子。注意，对象结合三维，所以虚拟灯罩实在的桌子，和实在的桌子包括两个虚拟椅配件。AR可以被认为是“中间地带”之间的（完全合成）和临场感（完全）太原理工大学毕业设计(论文)用纸milgram94a一些研究人员认为，AR需要使用的头戴式显示器（HMDS）。本文的目的，我定义的具体技术，但不所需的特性：1）将真实的和虚拟的2）实时交互3）在三维注册这个定义允许除了HMDS其他技术，同时保留AR。例如必不可少的组成部分，它不包括膜或二维覆盖。像电影“侏罗纪公园”和“面具”特征的真实感虚拟对象无缝三维真实环境下的混合，但它们不是互动媒体。二维虚拟覆盖在现场视频可以在互动率，但覆盖不结合3D的。然而现实世界，这个定义并允许基于显示器的接口，单眼系统，通过的HMD，及各种结合技术。潜在的系统配置的进一步讨论3节.1.3动机为什么会有人在增强现实感兴趣吗？为什么要结合三维真实的和虚拟的物体吗？基本上，增强现实增强用户的感知与现实世界的互动。虚拟对象的显示的信息，用户不能直接用自己的感官检测。由于许多操作需要一个真实的环境中操作或修改，虚拟对象提供信息，帮助用户完成真实任务。AR是一个弗莱德布鲁克斯称智能放大具体的例子（IA）：使用计算机作为一种工具，使人更容易执行的任务。至少六种潜在的AR应用进行探讨：医学可视化，维护和修理，注释，机器人路径规划，娱乐，飞机和军用飞机的导航和定位。虽然这些并没有覆盖到所有潜在的应用领域这项技术2.应用2.1医学医生可以利用增强现实技术作为一种可视化和培训援助手术。它可能会收集的实时三维数据集的患者，使用非侵入性的传感器的磁共振成像（MRI），计算机断层扫描扫描（CT），或超声成像。这些数据可以被渲染结合在实时与真正的病人。实际上，这将使一个医生在病人的X光视力。这将是非常有用的在微创采用小切口手术，降低了手术创伤或没有在所有的切口。随着微创技术的一个问题是，他们减少医生的能力，看到里面的病人，使手术更加困难。AR技术可以提供一个内部视图不需要大切口。AR可能也有利于在一般的医学可视化任务手术室。外科医生能与他们不能肉眼检测的一些特点看到在MRI或CT扫描，反之亦然。AR会给外科医生进入同时对数据类型。这也引导精度的任务，如显示在钻孔到头骨的脑外科或执行太原理工大学毕业设计(论文)用纸一个小肿瘤穿刺活检。从非侵入式传感器的信息可直接显示在病人的确切位置，显示执行的操作。AR可能还为培训目的是有用的。虚拟指令提醒一个新手外科医生的必需步骤，不需要离开患者咨询手册。虚拟对象可以识别和指定的器官为了避免durlach95的位置。几个项目正在探索这一应用领域。北卡莱罗纳大学教堂山分校，一研究小组进行了试运行扫描一个孕妇的子宫超声波传感器，产生一个在胎儿的三维表示子宫和显示在透视式头盔显示器。我们的目标是赋予在看到移动的能力的医生，在子宫内胎儿躺，与希望这一天可能会成为一个“三维听诊器”bajura92state94。其他团体在MIT人工智能实验室grimson94grimson95mellor95amellor95b，通用电气lorensen93，和其他地方的betting95edwards95taubes93调查显示MRI或CT数据，直接注册到患者。2.2制造和修理另一个潜在的增强现实应用中的类是装配，维修，和复杂的机械修理。说明会更容易理解，如果他们是可用的，不以文字和图画手册，但而作为三维图叠加在实际设备，显示一步一步需要完成的任务和如何做。这些叠加三维图纸就可以制作动画，方向更明确。几个研究项目已经证明原型在这个地区。史提夫芬纳集团在哥伦比亚建立激光打印机维修中的应用feiner93，在计算机生成的线框是告诉用户删除纸托盘。在波音公司集团发展的AR技术指导技术员建设一个线束形成飞机电气系统的一部分。商场这些指令以电子形式可以节省空间，降低成本。目前，技术人员大量使用的物理布局板构造带，与波音公司需要几个仓库存储所有这些板。这样的空间会被清空，其他使用如果此应用程序被证明是成功的caudell92janin93sims94。波音公司使用的技术再投资计划（TRP）格兰特放这技术到工厂车间boeingtrp94。最后，AR可以用于任何复杂的机械设备，如汽车发动机tuceryan95。2.3注释和可视化AR可以用于对象和公共的或私人的环境中的注释信息。使用公共信息应用程序的公共性数据库利用。例如，菲茨莫里斯建议携带手提式显示提供有关图书馆书架上的内容信息作为用户走在图书馆fitzmaurice93rekimoto95。在欧洲计算机产业研究中心（ECRC），用户可以在发动机部件模型和AR系统显示是指rose94部分的名称。在用户指向发动机新型排气歧管，和标签“排气”出现。另外，这些注释可能是私人便条具体对象。研究人员在哥伦比亚证明这个附加的概念从一个标准的用户界面上的具体位置在世界的窗口，或连接到特定的对象作为提醒feiner93b。图6显示一个窗口叠加作为标签在一个学生。他戴