外文翻译原文-使用田口方法设计一个永磁操动机构真空断路器及动态特性分析

0278-0046(c)2015IEEE.Personaluseispermitted,butrepublication/redistributionrequiresIEEEpermission.See/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.htmlformoreinformation.Thisarticlehasbeenacceptedforpublicationinafutureissueofthisjournal,buthasnotbeenfullyedited.Contentmaychangepriortofinalpublication.Citationinformation:DOI10.1109/TIE.2015.2494006,IEEETransactionsonIndustrialElectronicsIEEETRANSACTIONSONINDUSTRIALELECTRONICS1AbstractPermanentmagneticactuators(PMAs)areusuallyusedforvacuumcircuitbreakers(VCBs)duetotheirfastlinearmotionandlargeholdingforce.Astheholdingforcebecomeslarger,sodoesthecurrentcapacityofthecircuitbreaker.ProducingalargeholdingforcewiththesamePMAsizeisthereforeimportantinPMAdesign.ThispaperpresentsadesignmethodofaPMAforvacuumcircuitbreakers.ToattainthedesiredholdingforceundertherestrictionofthePMAsize,mostoftheinfluentialPMAyokedesignparameterswereobtainedbyTaguchimethod.PMAdynamiccharacteristicsweresimulatedconsideringtheelectromagneticcharacteristics,thePMAdrivingcircuit,andthemechanicalcomponentsconnectedtothePMAoutputshaft.Experimentswereperformedtovalidatetheproposeddesignmethod,andtheexperimentalresultswerecomparedwiththesimulationresults.IndexTermsPermanentmagneticactuator,PMAdesign,circuitbreaker,Taguchimethod,holdingforce,transientsimulationI.INTRODUCTIONHEpurposeofacircuitbreaker(CB)istopreventaccidentswhenunexpectedproblemsoccurintheelectricpower-transmissionline.ThekindofCBcanbeclassifiedaccordingtoitsinterruptertype:vacuum,air,oil,orgas.Amongthese,thevacuuminterrupterhastheadvantageofminimalarcingandthedisadvantageofrestrictedapplicationformediumvoltagesbelow75kV1-4.Themaximumstrokeofthevacuuminterruptershouldbelimitedtoacertainvalue.Inthiscase,apermanentmagneticactuator(PMA)canbeasuitableactuatorfordrivingthevacuuminterrupters,becauseitcanbeeffectivelyoperatedinalimitedstroke,hasalargeholdingforce,andhashighreliabilityandlowmaintenance.ManuscriptreceivedSeptember15,2014;revisedMay29,2015andAugust6,2015;acceptedSeptember26,2015.Copyright(c)2015IEEE.Personaluseofthismaterialispermitted.However,permissiontousethismaterialforanyotherpurposesmustbeobtainedfromtheIEEE.C.-H.LeeiswiththeDepartmentofTransdisciplinaryStudies,SeoulNationalUniversity,Suwon,Korea(e-mail:lchsnu.ac.kr).B.H.ShiniswiththeDepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,HanbatNationalUniversity,Daejeon,Korea(e-mail:jedidiahhanbat.ac.kr).Y.-B.Bang(correspondingauthor)iswiththeAdvancedInstitutesofconvergenceTechnology,SeoulNationalUniversity,Suwon,Korea(e-mail:ybbangsnu.ac.kr).ThemainapplicationofaPMAistheabove-mentionedvacuumcircuitbreaker(VCB),andthereforetheresearchonPMAsisoftenperformedinrelationtoVCBs.Thisresearchcanbecategorizedintotwogroups:researchonPMAcharacteristicanalysis,andresearchonPMAdesign.First,researchonPMAcharacteristicanalysiswasperformedinconsiderationoftheelectromagneticbehavior,drivingcircuit,andmechanicalsystemconnectedtotheoutputshaft.TheelectromagneticfieldofaPMAwasanalyzedbasedonthefiniteelementsmethod(FEM)5,6.Theparametricmeshgenerationtechniqueandthenode-movingtechniquewerealsousedtoanalyzetheelectromagneticfieldatdifferentdisplacementsofthearmature7,8.ThiselectromagneticfieldisgeneratedbythecoilsaswellasthepermanentmagnetsofthePMA;therefore,researchwasconductedtoanalyzetheelectromagneticfieldofthePMAinconsiderationofthedrivingcircuit6,9.ThemechanicalsystemconnectedtothePMAoutputshaftalsoaffectsitsdynamiccharacteristic;withthisinmind,someresearchwasperformedtopredictthedynamicbehaviorofPMAs10-13.Second,therehasbeenresearchonPMAdesigntoimprovetheperformanceofPMAs.Toovercometheshortstroke,whichisacommoncharacteristicofaPMA,anewlydesignedPMAinwhichadditionalcoilsormagnetswerearrangedalongthestrokewasproposed14,15.Bylaminatingthearmatureaswellastheouteryoke,theoutputthrustcouldbeincreasedduetothereducededdycurrenteffect9.OptimaldesignmethodswereappliedtothePMAtoincreasetheoutputthrustinalimitedvolume7,16.Tomakeamagnitudedifferenceinthemaking(closing)andbreaking(opening)force,whichisusefulineffectivelyusingthespaceforcoils,auxiliarypermanentmagnetswereinstalled17.Forthispaper,PMAcharacteristicanalysis(suchasdynamicsimulation)wasalsoperformedinconsiderationoftheelectromagneticcharacteristics,drivingcircuit,andconnectedmechanicalsystem(includingthefrictionfactor).However,thispaperismorerelatedtoPMAdesignusingtheTaguchimethod.Thecross-sectionalyokeshapeofmass-producedindustrialservomotorsisnearlyoptimallydesignednottogeneratearippletorque.Severaltypesofservomotorswithdifferentoutputpowersaremanufacturedbyjustchangingtheaxialyokelength,whichoccursbychangingthenumberofyokelaminateswhilekeepingthecross-sectionalshape.However,inthecaseDesigningaPermanentMagneticActuatorforVacuumCircuitBreakersUsingtheTaguchiMethodandDynamicCharacteristicAnalysisChang-HyukLee,BuHyunShin,andYoung-bongBang,Member,IEEET0278-0046(c)2015IEEE.Personaluseispermitted,butrepublication/redistributionrequiresIEEEpermission.See/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.htmlformoreinformation.Thisarticlehasbeenacceptedforpublicationinafutureissueofthisjournal,buthasnotbeenfullyedited.Contentmaychangepriortofinalpublication.Citationinformation:DOI10.1109/TIE.2015.2494006,IEEETransactionsonIndustrialElectronicsIEEETRANSACTIONSONINDUSTRIALELECTRONICS2ofPMA,manyparametersshouldbechangedsimultaneouslytochangetheoutput.PMAsareusuallycustomizedandproducedinrelativelysmallquantitiescomparedtoindustrialservomotors.Therefore,foracompanythatdoesnothaveitsowndesignknowhow,designinganewPMAaccordingtoacustomersrequestisaheavyburden.TheTaguchimethodisoneofanumberofoptimaldesignmethods18-22andtherearemanypapersonitsapplicationtoactualindustrialproblems23-26.Furthermore,theTaguchimethodhasbeenappliedtoactuatordesignproblems27-33.Actuatorscanbeoptimallydesignedbyselectingtheyokeparametersforthecontrolfactors(designparameters)inordertomaximizetheoutputtorque/force27,28andminimizethecoggingtorque/force28,30.ForIPM(interiorpermanentmagnet)motors,theoutputtorquecanbeoptimallymaximizedbyredesigningtheparametersoftheposition,thevolume,andtheanglebetweenthetwosegmentpermanentmagnetsthroughtheTaguchimethod31,32.SomeresearchhasalsoappliedtheTaguchimethodtosolvethermalproblemsofactuators27,33.Inthispaper,weapplytheTaguchimethodforthedesignofthePMAforVCB.InapplyingtheTaguchimethod,weproposedaneffectiveprocedureforitsapplicationtoPMAdesign,whichisdifferentfromtheusualprocedureofrepetitivelyusingtheorthogonalarraytofindinfluentialparameters.Also,weperformedacoildesignthroughdynamicsimulations,whichconsideredthefrictionofexternalmechanicalcomponents,andtheoperationofthedrivingcircuit.Throughthese,weproposedanoverallPMAdesignprocedure.APMAprototypewasmanufactured,andexperimentswereperformedtocomparethesimulationresults.Thecontentsofthispaperareasfollows:SectionIIdescribestheproposeddesignprocedureusingtheTaguchimethodtogeneratearequiredholdingforce;SectionIIIpresentsthePMAsdynamiccharacteristicanalysis;SectionIVdescribesthecoildesignusingthedynamicsimulationresultsofSectionIII;SectionVcomparestheexperimentalresultswiththesimulationresults;SectionVIsummarizesthisresearchII.YOKEDESIGNThemajorgoalsofdesigningaPMAaretoattaintherequiredholdingforceandtomakethePMAoperateatthegivendrivingcondition(capacitorscapacityandchargedvoltage).Anincreaseintheholdingforcecanbeattainedbyincreasingthesizeofthepermanentmagnetsandyoke.However,thePMAsizecannotbearbitrarilyincreasedduetothelimitationsofitsinstallationspaceandproductioncost.Fig.1showstheframeinwhichthePMAofthisresearchshouldbeinstalled.AsknownfromFig.1,ifthePMAsizeexceedsthelimitations,manyparts,suchasshafts,links,andframes,willneedtoberedesigned.TomakethePMAoperateatthegivendrivingcondition,enoughspaceforthecoilsshouldbesecuredandasuitablecoildiametershouldbedetermined.Inthissection,thePMAyokeisdesignedtoattaintherequiredholdingforce.Astheyokebecomeslarger,itisadvantageousforincreasesinbothholdingforceandincoilvolume,butthedesignshouldbeperformedundertheconditionofsizelimitation.ThisresearchwasstartedattherequestofaPMAcompanythathadtriedtodevelopaPMAsatisfyingsomespecifications(holdingforce,dimensionallimits,andcapacitorscapacityandchargedvoltage)bysuccessivetrialanderrormethod,buthadfailed.Inthispaper,aPMAwillbedesignedbymodifyingtheoriginalPMAdesignsparametervalues.Theholdingforcegoalis600kgf(5880N)underthevolumeandstrokeconstraints,asfollows(Fig.2)(a)(b)Fig.1.PMAforVCBdrivinginitsframe.(a)Perspectiveandpartialcross-sectionalview.(b)Cross-sectionalview.Fig.2.PMAstructure.TABLEIUNITSFORMAGNETICPROPERTIESPartnumberPartnameMaterialPermanentmagnetNd-Fe-BArmature(Block)Steel1018Yoke(Laminated)Steel1020,OutputshaftStainlesssteelSpacerAluminum6061,CoilCopper0278-0046(c)2015IEEE.Personaluseispermitted,butrepublication/redistributionrequiresIEEEpermission.See/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.htmlformoreinformation.Thisarticlehasbeenacceptedforpublicationinafutureissueofthisjournal,buthasnotbeenfullyedited.Contentmaychangepriortofinalpublication.Citationinformation:DOI10.1109/TIE.2015.2494006,IEEETransactionsonIndustrialElectronicsIEEETRANSACTIONSONINDUSTRIALELECTRONICS3Width114mm,Length203.5mm,Height180.5mm,andArmaturestroke=26mm(1)TableIpresentsmaterialsofthePMAparts.Ferromagneticmaterialswereusedfortheyokeandarmature,andnon-ferromagneticmaterialswereusedfortheoutputshaftsandspacer.A.TheTaguchiMethodPMAsareusuallycustomizedandproducedinrelativelysmallquantitiescomparedtoindustrialelectricmotors.Therefore,itisimperativetodesignanewPMAaccordingtotheconsumerdemand,butitisinefficienttodesignacompletelynewPMAbychangingalldesignparameterstoproducetherequiredholdingforce.TheorthogonalarrayoftheTaguchimethodcanbeeffectivelyusedtosolvethisproblem.TheorthogonalarrayoftheTaguchimethodisasimulationtablelayout,whichusesaminimizedsetofsimulationstolearntheeffectsofallcontrolfactorsontargetvalue.Tosetuptheorthogonalarray,thecontrolfactorsandtheirlevelsshouldfirstbeselected.Inthispaper,somedesignparametersofthePMAwereselectedascontrolfactorsandholdingforcewasselectedasthetargetvalue.Fig.3showsthecontrolfactors(Fistheairgapbetweenthepermanentmagnetandthearmature)andTableIIpresentstheirlevels.TheleveltwovaluespresentedthelengthsoftheoriginalPMAdesignparameters,whichthecompanydeterminedusingthetrialanderrormethod,andtheleveloneandthreevalueswerechosenbysubtractingandaddingtwentypercenttotheleveltwovalue.InTableII,therearesevencontrolfactorsandtheirthreelevels.Inthiscase,3nullsimulationshavetobeperformedtocoverallthecases;however,18simulationsareenoughtocomprehendthecontrolfactorseffectsbyutilizingtheL18orthogonalarray23,24.TheL18arrayisamatrixwheretherowspresentthecombinationofcontrolfactorlevelsforeachsimulation,andthecolumnspresentthecontrolfactorsandthetargetvalues,asinTableIII.B.FirstsimulationwiththeL18orthogonalarrayInthesimulationofthisresearch,theholdingforcewasselectedastheoutput,asthegoalofthissimulationwastoincreasetheholdingforceoftheoriginalPMA.InTableIII,nullnullistheholdingforcerelatedtotheairgapbetweenthearmatureandtheyoke(Fig.3)anditwascalculatedwithFEMusingelectromagneticanalysissoftware.Theairgapwasembodiedinthesimulationduetomanufacturingerrors.Forsmallquantityproduction,eachlaminationofthePMAyokeisusuallyproducedbylasercuttingof24mmthicksteelplate,andthelaminationsaremanuallyassembledtoformayoke.ForFig.3.ControlfactorsofthePMA.TABLEIICONTROLFACTORANDLEVELSFORTHE1STSIMULATIONControlfactorLevel1(mm)Level2(mm)Level3(mm)A202530B41.2551.2561.25C405060D81012E445566F0.81.01.2G83.2104124.8TABLEIIIL18ORTHOGONALARRAYANDTHE1STSIMULATIONRESULTControlfactorsTargetvalueABCDEFGnullnull(N)nullnull(N)nullnull(N)nullnull(N)L12041.25408440.883.23707328331373376L22051.2550105511044147386037643924L32061.256012661.2124.84318398338864062L42541.254010551.2124.85764520650245331L52551.255012660.883.24192388137863953L62561.256084411046388598558666079L73041.25508661124.86995636761336498L83051.256010441.283.25259476946954908L93061.254012550.81045700507048835218L102041.25601255183.23394309130303172L112051.25408661.21043123281027112881L122061.255010440.8124.86486567955705911L132541.255012441.21046593592657856101L142551.25608550.8124.87784695267967178L152561.25401066183.23192298228773017L163041.256010660.81047334661064336792L173051.254012441124.87310649662646690L183061.25508551.283.250494557438346630278-0046(c)2015IEEE.Personaluseispermitted,butrepublication/redistributionrequiresIEEEpermission.See/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.htmlformoreinformation.Thisarticlehasbeenacceptedforpublicationinafutureissueofthisjournal,buthasnotbeenfullyedited.Contentmaychangepriortofinalpublication.Citationinformation:DOI10.1109/TIE.2015.2494006,IEEETransactionsonIndustrialElectronicsIEEETRANSACTIONSONINDUSTRIALELECTRONICS4thisreason,thelaminatedsurfacesarenotsmoothandtheholdingforcefluctuatesevenwhenthesamelaminationsarereassembled.Thisiswhytheholdingforces(nullnull,nullnull,andnullnull)wererespectivelycalculatedinrelationtotheirairgaps.Theairgaplevelsweresetinthreelevels:0mm,0.05mm,and0.1mm.Thefinaloutputwastheiraverage(nullnull).TableIIIshowstheL18orthogonalarray,andshowstheFEMsimulationresultsoftheholdingforces.Fig.4showslinesconnectingthepoints,whicharetheaveragesofnullnull(N)foreachcontrolfactor.Forexample,thepointoftheholdingforceforcontrolfactorA-level2(A2)wascalculatedbyaveragingtheholdingforceofL4,L5,L6,L13,L14andL15,whichincludedfactorA2.ThepointsoftheholdingforcesforcontrolfactorA-level1andA-level3(A1andA3)werecalculatedinthesamemethod.Alinewasthendrawntoconnectthethreepoints.AsshowninFig.4,AandGwererelativelymoreinfluentialcontrolfactorsontheholdingforce,becausetheirdatalineshadthelargestslopesamongthecontrolfactors.AandGarethedesignparametersthatdeterminethecross-sectionareaofthemagneticfluxpath.CandDdeterminethelengthandthicknessofthepermanentmagnets.TheCandDweredecidedtobelevel2nottoincreasethePMAproductioncostbyreorderingpermanentmagnetsofadifferentsize.E,whichisthearmatureheight,didnotlargelyinfluencetheoutputsofthesimulation;itwasalsonotchangedfromtheoriginaldesign(E2).Fisthegapbetweenthepermanentmagnetandthearmature.Eventhoughitdidnotlargelyinfluencetheoutputofthesimulation,itcaninfluencetheoutputbyminimallychangingtheoverallPMAsize.Therefore,weincludedFinthesecondsimulationparameters,aswellasAandG.Bhaslittleinfluenceontheholdingforceandwasnotselectedasasecondsimulationparameter.However,wemaximizeditwithinthePMAheightconstrainttoincreasethespaceforcoils.Therefore,Bwasdeterminedby(2),whileHeightwasdeterminedtobethelargestvalue(180.5mm)undertheconditionof(1).nullnullnullnullnullnullnullnullnull2nullnullnullnullnullnullnull(2)C.SecondsimulationwithallcombinationsofselectedcontrolfactorThepurposeofthesecondsimulationistodetermineactualvaluesofA,F,andG,whichwereselectedbecausetheywererelativelymoreinfluentialoreasilychangeablecontrolfactors.ThesecondsimulationcontrolfactorG2(simplenotation:2ndG2)wassettohaveamaximumlengthof114mmwithahardwareconstraintof(1),andthe2ndG1wassettobe104mm,whichwastheoriginaldesignvalue.Next,AplaysarolewithGtodeterminethecross-sectionalareaofthemagneticpath,whichisacrucialfactorfortheholdingforcedesign.The2ndA1andA2weresettobe24mmand25mm,while25mmwastheoriginaldesignvalue.Awassettobeslightlysmallerthantheoriginaldesignvalue(A1)orthesameastheoriginaldesignvalue(A2),becausethe2ndGwassettobethesameastheoriginalvalue(G1)orthelimitedmaximumvalue(G2).Therefore,ifAaswellasGincreased,theholdingforcewouldincreasebeyondnecessity.Inaddition,ifAincreased,thespacesforcoilswoulddecrease(Itisadvantageoustohavelargecoilvolumewhenthepowersourceislimited).Theinfluenceofthecontrolfactorsontheholdingforcecouldbeseeninthefirstsimulation.However,amongthesimulationresults,mostoftheholdingforceswerenotlargeenoughtosatisfythegoalof5880N(600kgf).Thus,the2ndF1andF2weresetat0.5mmand0.7mm,whichweresmallerthantheprevioussmallestvalueofF.ThelevelsofA,F,andGforthesecondsimulationareshowninTableIV.Inthesecondsimulation,insteadofsimulatingwiththeL4orthogonalarray24,wesimulatedallcombinationsoftheselectedcontrolfactors(222=8cases)toseeeachsimulatedholdingforceandtodetermineacase.TableVshowsthesecondsimulationresults.Amongtheeightcases(L1L8)weselectedL2,becausethesimulatedoutput(ynull,5966N)satisfiedtherequiredvalue(600kgf,5880N)andAwasthesmallerone(24mm),whichallowedformorecoilspaces.ThedesignedholdingforceofTABLEVSIMULATIONRESULTSFORALLCOMBINATIONSOFTHESELECTEDCONTROLFACTORSAFGy1y2y3nullnullL1240.51045978524151305450L2240.51146536574456195966L3240.71045775516950665337L4240.71146370568955595873L5250.51046275549553525707L6250.51146829602558856246L7250.71046093540852875596L8250.71146690595258086150TABLEIVCONTROLFACTORSANDLEVELSFORTHE2NDSIMULATIONControlfactorLevel1(mm)Level2(mm)A2425F0.50.7G104114Fig.4.Effectofthecontrolfactorsinthe1stsimulation.0278-0046(c)2015IEEE.Personaluseispermitted,butrepublication/redistributionrequiresIEEEpermission.See/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.htmlformoreinformation.Thisarticlehasbeenacceptedforpublicationinafutureissueofthisjournal,buthasnotbeenfullyedited.Contentmaychangepriortofinalpublication.Citationinformation:DOI10.1109/TIE.2015.2494006,IEEETransactionsonIndustrialElectronicsIEEETRANSACTIONSONINDUSTRIALELECTRONICS55966Nmaybeseenashavingtoosmallamarginfromtherequiredholdingforceof5880N.However,whenmeasuringthePMAholdingforceusingthecompanystestapparatus(Fig.12),frictionforcewasaddedtothemagneticholdingforceandpracticallyfrictionforcehelpstheholdingforce(PMAfrictionforcewillbediscussedinSectionIII-C).Therefore,5966Nwasasufficientvaluewithanamplemargin.Inthisregard,wedecidedallofthecontrolfactorsasshowninTableVItoproducetheholdingforceof5880N.Shouldthecircuitbreakerbeusedinahighambienttemperaturesuchasinadesert,themagneticdensityusuallydecreasesduetothecharacteristicsofpermanentmagnets.TheBrtemperaturecoefficientofanNd-Fe-Bmagnetisabout0.1%/(0.0950.105%/)34.Therefore,ifthetem