外文翻译 - 中国管理信息系统的发展历史

0附录：外文原文ThedevelopmenthistoryChinamanagementinformationsystemChinamanagementinformationsystemshistoricaldevelopment。Thehumansocietyisadvancingtotheinformationsocietyfromtheindustrialsociety,theinformationtechnologyisthecontemporarymostpotentialnewproductiveforces,theinformationresourceisthenationaleconomyandthesocialdevelopmentstrategicresources,theinformationizationlevelhasbecomethenationalmodernizationandthecomprehensivenationalstrengthimportantsymbol.TheglobalinformationizationnotonlyhashadwidespreadandtheprofoundinfluencetoChinaseconomyandthesociety,andhasbroughttheraredevelopmentopportunityfortheinformationindustries.ConstructsdiligentlyintoChinathemodernizedcountrytheeconomicformpattern,mustspeeduptheinformationizationconstructionprocess.ThemanagementinformationsystemisMISwhichweoftensaid(ManagementInformationSystem),intheemphasismanagement,stressedthattheinformationinthemodernsocietyitbecomesmoreandmorepopular.MISisanewdiscipline,itsurmountedcertaindomains,forinstancemanagementscience,systemsscience,operationsresearch,statisticsaswellascomputerscience.Inthesedisciplinesfoundation,formsthecollectionofinformationandtheprocessingmethod,thusformsthesystemwhichverticallyandhorizontallyinterweaves.Communicatewiththeinformationattendantinthecustomeraspect,thereisnoanunithopecanmakeperfect,but,havesomeunitsindeedtohavealreadyobtainedthemoreverysuccessfulexperience.Thecustomerthinkswithsomeunitsoftheinformationattendantmatchtacitunderstanding:Thiskindofsuccessfulreasonliein,thecustomerhasalreadycontroledbasicknowledgeofthecalculatorandtheinformationresourcesmanagement.Itisthusclearthat,customerthemanagercontrolstheknowledgeofthis1aspectisverynecessary.Perfectlyright,theinformationservewhatprofessionalpersonnelistohavethisaspectknowledge,buttouseamanagertoacquiretheseknowledges,mustpasstheregularstudy,readingandfulfillments.Togetherbetweentheinformationattendantrelationofappropriateprocessingcustomer,canstrengthenthebothpartiestoworkincoordination.Forbuildingupandsupportinganinformationsystemofhighquantity,theeveryonemustrespectthewilloftheotherparty.Thegoodandbadofthesystemquantityisdirecttobecomethedirectproportionwithcustomerandaqualityforworkincoordinationoftheinformationattendant.Everythosecustomermanagerswhowouldnotliketocontrolthebasicknowledgeofrelevantcalculatorandtheinformationresourcesmanagementaspectsandadministrationmastermind,willbecomethebehindthetimenecessarily,participatethedevelopmenttrendsthattheinformationsystemdevelopstheprocessdirectlyincurrentthiskindofencouragementcustomerespeciallyunder.Recommendinthepast,customermanagertoalargeextentisdependontheinformationattendant,theinformationsystemthatdevelopmentandrealizationsneedof.Owingtotheinformationserviceneedsthecontinuousdevelopmentvariety,leavingtheresponsibilitythatdiscriminatesandraisesthesystemnowtocustomer-thisisalsoareasonshouldof.Thecustomerparticipatesthedevelopmentoftheinformationsystemmorely,thiskindoftrendasearlyas70sthemiddlestarted,and,fromthattimehereafterdevelopconstantly,havealreadyenteredtheinformationattendantnowtogetheragesofthecustomercooperation.Becauseonlyhavethecustomertoevenunderstandthattheywanttogetfromtheinformationsystembythemselveswhat.Thecustomerparticipatesthetypicalmodelcaseperformanceoftheinformationresourcesmanagement(IRM)inthedistributetypedataprocessing(DDP)aspect.Inthisaspect,thecustomernotonlyneedtoattendthedevelopmentofthesystem,andbutalsoneedtoberesponsibleforthehardwareequipmentsthatmanagethesystemmovementsdemandandpersonnel.Peopledidnotknowuntilmostinthelastfewyears:Theinformationisakindofresources,musttakeintotheexploitationtothiskindofworthyresources,dontmakeitthewhitewhiteruntowaste.Incompetetheenvironmentofthevehemence,managerandadministrationthemastermindmustmakeuseoftheinformation2availably,otherwisehardhaveafootholdintheinvincibleposition.Inthepast,manageronlythecalculatorseeisasavingmoneyoftool,butnow,thecalculatorisseeisatoolthatcreatedtheprofits.Eachcompanieshaveagreatdealofof,didntyetdiscoverof,canmakeuseofthepotentialofthecalculatorandtheinformationresources.Discoverthiskindofpotentialtheknowledgelevelofthecalculatorandtheinformationprocessingthatdemandhave,ismostmanagersandtheadministrationmastermindswhatliesinonespowersof.Themanagementinformationsystemcountsthesystemintheinitialstagesection,studiesthecontentisquantitydatathesuperficialrule,itmaydivideintothedataisrelatedandthequitenon-correlatedgroup,thendataconversionforinformation.thesecondstageistheconditionreportingtechnologysystem,butsaysfromtheconcept,itisonlyadataupdatingsystem,whenforinstancecantittellyoutoselloutbypresentsbookingspeedticket,thustakestheremedialtreatment.Thereforeitisalsomanagementinformationsystemslowerstage.Thethirdstageistheconditionreportingtechnologysystem,itmaydivideintosystemsandsoonproductionstatereport,serviceconditionreportandresearchconditionreport.Forinstancetheproductionstatereportingtechnologysystem,theconditionreportingtechnologysystemalsohasoneformisthedataprocessingsystem,itusesfortoprocesstheday-to-daybusinessandtheproductionreportedthatliesinwithemphasisthemanualworkindustryautomation,raisestheefficiencyandsavesthemanpower.Thedataprocessingsystemcannotsupplythedecisioninformationgenerally.Thefinalstageisthedecisionsupportsystem,itisusesfortobeauxiliarypolicy-makingtheinformationsystem.Thissystemmayplan,theanalysisplan,theexaminationexplainstheerrorwhichandsolves.Itshouldhavethegoodman-machineconversationway,howfamiliarcomputersadministrativepersonnelscantalkoverthetelephonewithnot.Itincludessomemodelstousegenerallytohavethedecisioninformation,butdoesnotemphasizethecomprehensivemanagementfunction.Whenhasestablishedtheenterprisedatabase,hadthecomputernetwork,thusafterachievingdatasharing,embarksfromthesystemviewpoint,whenimplementstheoverallsituationplanandthedesigninformationsystem,achievesmanagementinformationsystemsstage.Furtherenhancealongwithcomputertechnologysprogressandthepeople3tosystemsdemand,thepeopleevenmorestressedwhetherthemanagementinformationsystemdoessupportenterprisehigh-levelleaderspolicy-makingthisfunction,stressesontheenterpriseextraneousinformationcollection,thecomprehensivedatabase,themodelbase,whetherthemethodstorehouseandotherartificialintelligencetooltofacethepolicy-makerdirectly,thisisthedecisionsupportsystem(DDS,DecisionSupportSystem)duty.AtpresentChinainformationsystemengineeringspresentsituationwassimilarbeforethe1980sarchitecturalengineeringcondition,buttheinformationsystemhugedevelopmentopportunitieswereattractingmoreandmoreinternationalConsultantfirmsandtheprofessionalserviceproviderhastentoground.Alllevelsofthegovernmentareadvancing“theE-government”positively,manycitiesandtheenterprisehavealsobeguntheconformitywithtopromoteitsinformationizationapplicationsystem,mayestimate,thenationwillhavearemore,thebiggerinformationsystemitemsofbasicconstructiontolaunch.Butintheinformationizationadvancementprocess,inexistencevaryingdegreessomequestions,mainlydisplaysintheplanmakinginsufficientscience,theprojectmanagementisnotverystrict,theoverseeingmechanismbeinadequate,thesystemsoperationbenefitisnotveryobvious,acausequitepartofinformationizationprojectdefeatorhasnotbeenabletoachievetheanticipatedtarget,haswastedthemassiveresources.Tracestothesource,oneofprimarycausesistheinformationizationconstructionthirdpartysupervisorymechanismflawandthestandardisnotperfect.OutsideChinaspracticeindicated:Theinformationizationhastherisk,theinformationsystemscaleisbigger,thefunctionismorecomplex,theriskisalsobigger.Theinvestigationshowedthat96%enterprisesfeelregardingthiscompanysinformationmanagementsystemarediscontented.Atpresent,inChinasinformationizationprojectengineeringconstruction,theoverwhelmingmajorityuser(businessowner)isunabletoorganizethetrooptocarryonthespecializedmanagementtotheinformationsystemconstruction,iscompetentwithdifficultyfromthefeasibilityanalysis,theplandesign,thetender,theplanappraisestoprojectoverseeingandtheacceptanceofworkentireprocessmanagementwiththe4organizationcoordinatedwork,theconstructionsideandtheconstructionsidehastheseriousinformationasymmetricalproblemintheinformationconstructionprocess.Carriesontheauditusingthecomputerauxiliaryauditingtechniquetotheelectronicdataprocessingsystemitself,namelyEDIaudit.Inthe1980s,the90sinformationtechnologysfurtherdevelopmentandpopularized,causestheenterprisetorelyontheinformationmoreandmoreandtoproducetheinformationinformationsystem.Thepeoplestartmoretopayattentiontoinformationsystemssecurity,thesecrecy,theintegrityandrealizethebusinessgoalefficiency,theeffect,realsensesinformationsystemauditonlythenappears.Alongwithelectroniccommercesglobalpopularization,informationsystemsauditobject,thescopeandthecontentwillexpand,thetechnologywhichgraduallyusesalsodaybydaycomplex.Sofar,theinformationsystemauditinthewholeworld,anewservice,showedthattheinformationsystemauditisreceivinggraduallytakesseriously.Originalauthor:MarlonDumas,ArthurH.MterHofstede,PhillipaOaks.Source:Informationresearchandapplication5外文翻译中国管理信息系统的发展历史人类社会正从工业社会迈向信息社会，信息技术是当代最具潜力的新的生产力，信息资源是国民经济和社会发展的战略资源，信息化水平已成为国家现代化和综合国力的重要标志。全球信息化不仅对中国的经济和社会产生了广泛而深刻的影响，而且给信息产业带来了难得的发展机遇。努力把中国建设成为现代化国家的经济形式模式，就必须加快信息化建设步伐。管理信息系统就是我们常说的MIS（ManagementInformationSystem），在强调管理，强调信息的现代社会中它变得越来越普及。MIS是一门新的学科，它跨越了若干个领域，比如管理科学、系统科学，运筹学、统计学以及计算机科学。在这些学科的基础上，形成信息收集和加工的方法，从而形成一个纵横交织的系统。管理信息系统在最初级阶段是统计系统，所研究的内容是数量数据间表面的规律，它可以把数据分成较相关和比较不相关的组，然后把数据转换为信息。第二阶段是状态报告系统，但从概念上来讲，它只是一个数据更新系统，比如它不能告诉你以现在的售票速度何时票将售完，从而采取补救措施。因而它也是管理信息系统的低级阶段。第三阶段是状态报告系统，它可以分为生产状态报告、服务状态报告和研究状态报告等系统。比如生产状态报告系统，状态报告系统还有一种形式是数据处理系统，它用来处理日常业务和生产报告，重点在于将手工作业业自动化，提高效率和节省人力。数据处理系统一般不能提供决策信息。最后的阶段是决策支持系统，它是用来辅助决策的信息系统。该系统可以计划、分析方案，审查解答和求解的误差。它应有较好的人机对话方式，可以和不怎么熟悉计算机的管理人员通话。它一般包括一些模型用以产生决策信息，但不强调全面的管理功能。当建立了企业数据库，有了计算机网络从而达到数据共享后，从系统观点出发，实施全局规划和设计信息系统时，就达到管理信息系统的阶段。随着计算机技术的进步和人们对系统的需求进一步提高，人们更加强调管理信息系统能否支持企业高层领导的决策这一功能，更侧重于企业外部信息的收集、综合数据库、模型库、方法库和其他人工智能工具能否直接面向决策者，这是决策支持系统（DDS，DecisionSupportSystem）的任务。目前中国信息系统工程的现状类似于二十世纪八十年代以前建筑工程的状态，但信息系统巨大的发展空间正吸引着越来越多的国际咨询公司和专业服务提供商来抢滩。各级政府正在积极推进“电子政务”，许多城市及企业也已着手整合与升级其信息化应用系统，可以预计，全国将有更多、更大的信息系统建设项目展开。但在信息化推进过程中，存在不同程度上的一些问题，主要表现在规划制订不够科学，项目管理不够严格，监理机制不够健全，系统运行效益不够明显，致使相当一部分信息化项目失败或未能实现预期目标，浪费了大量资源。究其根源，主要原因之一是信息化建设第三方监管机制的缺失和标准的不健全。中国外的实践表明：信息化是有风险的，信息系统规模越大，功能越复杂，风险也就越大。调查显示，96%的企业对于本公司的信息管理系统感到不满。在用户同信息服务人员的交流方面，没有一个单位指望能做到尽善尽美，但是，确有某些单位已