文献翻译——我国仪器仪表与测量控制科技的发展

第1页外文文献资料ChinascontrolandmeasurementinstrumentationtechnologydevelopmentControlandmeasurementinstrumentationintodayssociety,theimportantstatusandrole;myinstrumentcontrolandmeasurementofthebasicsituation;controlandmeasurementinstrumentationdevelopmenttrendsandcharacteristics,aswellasinstrumentationandmeasurementofChinascontrolofthesignificantprogressinrecentyears.First,thestatusoftheroleofAsweallknow,intodaysworldhasenteredtheinformationage,informationtechnologytopromotescienceandtechnologytobecomekeytechnologiesforhigh-speeddevelopment.FamousscientistQianclearlypointedoutthatinformationtechnology,includingmeasurementtechniques,computertechnologyandcommunicationtechnology.Measurementtechnologyisthefoundation.AcademicianWangDahengalsorepeatedlystressedthatmeasurementtechnologyisthesourceofinformationtechnology.Rapiddevelopmentofinformationtechnology,resultinginahugeemerginginformationindustry,informationindustryhasbecomeafocalpointoftheleadingworldeconomicdevelopmentindustry.U.S.DepartmentofCommerce1999annualreportonthepartoftheemergingdigitaleconomy,informationindustry,includingcomputerhardwareandsoftwareindustries,communicationsequipmentmanufacturingandserviceindustries,instrumentationindustry.Thatistosay,informationtechnology,measurementtechnologyisthebasisandsourceofinformationontheinstrumentationindustryisanimportantcomponentoftheindustry.Itgoeswithoutsayingthatthecontrolandmeasurementinstrumentationintodaysinformationage,scienceandtechnologyandpromotethedevelopmentofthenationaleconomyandhowimportantstatus.第2页Inthatcase,controlandmeasurementinstrumentationonthepromotionofscienceandtechnology,economicandsocialdevelopmentinanimportantroleinwhat?2000InstrumentSocietyofChinatoaccepttheStatePlanningCommission,StateEconomicandTradeCommissionandtheMinistryofScienceandTechnologyCommission,organizedastudygroupofexpertsacrossthecountrycarriedouttheinstrumentationindustryforaperiodofthreemonthsofinvestigationandresearch.VeryrareisthatWangDaheng,YangJiachi,JinGuofantothreeacademiciansparticipatedintheresearchactivitiesandresearchaftertheendofthestudygroupchairedtwocommitteestomakea1ontherevitalizationofChinasindustrialinstrumentationcountermeasuresandsuggestions,theresearchreport.Thereportoftheinstrumentationintodayssocietytheimportanceoftheroleofacleardescriptionoftheimagethatweareveryfamiliar:theinstrumentationofindustrialproductionisthemultiplierscientificresearchmilitarycombateffectiveness,aswellastheactivitiesofmodernsociety,Judgematerialized.Thecontentandtheamountofthenotedonothaveanyexplanation,weareclear.Itisencouragingtonote,instrumentationandmeasurementcontrolmultiplier,combateffectivenessandphysico-chemicaljudgehasanimportantroleinthecommunity,includinggovernmentdepartmentsbyconsensus,becometheinstrumenttoacceleratethedevelopmentofscienceandtechnologyandindustrialscientificbasis,andindocuments,reportsandwidelyquotedspeech.Asaresultofinstrumentationandmeasurementcontroloftheimportantstatusandroleinsocietyattachgreatimportancetothecountryinrecentyearsadoptedaseriesofmajormeasurestoacceleratedevelopment.Worthyofspecialinitiativesare:inMarch2001attheseventhsessionoftheFourthNationalPeoplesCongressthatthecountryseconomicandsocialdevelopmentoftheTenthFive-YearPlanclearlytothedevelopmentofinstrumentationinanimportantposition.NationalProgramfortheDevelopmentofInstrumentsreferredto,butinanimportantposition,isthefirsttimesincethefoundingofthePRC.Shortlythereafter,theStatePlanningCommission,EconomicandTradeCommission,MinistryofScienceand第3页Technologyandmanyotherministriesarelistedanumberofspecial,alargeamountofmoneyspenttosupportthedevelopmentofinstrumentation.In2005,theNationalDevelopmentandReformCommissionissuedaformaltorevitalizetheequipmentmanufacturingindustrytospeedupanumberofopinions,thevariousindustriesinthe16selectedareasofprioritytothedevelopmentofspecificlegislationtosupportthedevelopmentofthefirstofwhichisthe11majorprojectsandsophisticatedautomationcontrolsystemtestingequipment.In2006todevelopnationallong-termscientificandtechnologicaldevelopmentprogram,involvesanumberofcontrolandmeasurementinstrumentationdevelopmentprojects.April2008,MinistryofScienceandTechnology,NationalDevelopmentandReformCommission,MinistryofEducationandtheChinaAssociationforScienceandTechnologyhavejointlyissuedtheinnovativewaystoworkonstrengtheninganumberofopinions,officiallylaunchedtheworkofinnovativewaystocarryoutinthecountry.Thispaper,weexplicitlyputforwardinnovativeapproaches,includingcreativethinking,innovativeapproachesandinnovativetoolsforthethreeelementsofthemaininnovativetoolstopromotescientificandtechnologicalinnovationreferstothescientificinstruments.Theimportantroleofscientificinstrumentshavebeenfurtherenhanced,morepowerfulresearchanddevelopmentsupport.Inaddition,863plans,especiallyinthespaceprogramandothernationalscienceandtechnologydevelopmentplanstosupportthecontrolandmeasurementinstrumentationhasalsobeenonthedevelopmentofanimportantposition.Isinaveryfavorablesituation,inrecentyears,Chinascontrolandmeasurementinstrumentationhasbeendevelopedrapidly.Thetemperaturerelayisoneofcommonrelays,whichtakesactionwhentheoutsidetemperaturearrivesatthegiventemperature.Thetemperaturerelayperformslotsoffunctions,suchastemperaturecontrol,firealarm,automaticignition,wiringheat-protection,soitiswidelyusedinscientificresearch,industryanddefenseindustryetc.Fortemperaturerelay,itisveryimportanttomeasureitstemperaturesforactionandreversion.Butinthecurrentmanufacture,themanualmeasuringmethods,suchasspot-checkmethod,第4页mercuricthermometermethodetc,dominatethemeasuringmethods.Howevertherearesomeinescapableshortcomingsinthesemethods,suchaslowefficiency,largelaborintensityandbadprecisionetc.Thusmeasurementhasbecomethebottleneckofthequalityoftemperaturerelay.Withtheperpetualprogressinthetechnology,theneedforproductqualitygetsmoreandmorestrictandthedegreeinmanufactureautomatizationgetsmoreandmoredeep.Fortemperaturerelay,todaythemanualmeasuringmethodshavebecomeunfittedfortheneedformanufactureandwillbenecessarilyreplacedbytheautomaticmeasuringmethods.Inthispaper,anautomaticmeasuringsystembasedonatmosphericalmeasurementisdiscussed,whichisverysimpleandpreciseinpracticalapplication.Automaticallycontrolledbythecomputer,thetemperatureoftheresistancestovereposefullyrisesfromthelowerlimitofthetemperatureforaction.Whentherelaytakesaction,thetemperatureforactionisdisplayedandthearraignmentappears,thenthecomputerautomaticallycontrolsthetemperaturereposefullyfalling.Whentherelayreverts,thetemperatureforreversionisalsodisplayedandthearraignmentappears,therebyanintegratedmeasuringprocessends.Second,thebasicprofilesTurningtothecontrolandmeasurementinstrumentationinthefundamentalprofile,shouldincludetwoaspects,thatis,disciplinesandindustries.Instrumentationisnotaseparateacademicsubject?Thepasthasbeencontroversial.Today,wecannothesitatetoanswer,instrumentationandmeasurementhasbeendevelopedtocontroltheformationofanindependentacademicintegrity.Thereasonwhydrawsuchaconclusion,wehavefourgoodreasons.First,controlandmeasurementinstrumentationdisciplineshavetheirownuniquesetofbasictheoryandtechnology,whichmainlyincludethetheoryandtechnologysensorstodetectthemeasurementtheoryandtechnology,signalprocessingtheoryandtechniques,erroranalysistheoryandtechnology,automaticcontroltheoryandtechnology.Inthesebasictheoryandtechnology第5页researchanddevelopment,withagroupofoutstandingyoungscientistsandoutstandingtechnologicalinnovation,theresultsoftheirresearchanddevelopmenttopromotethedevelopmentofacademicdisciplineshavemadeimportantcontributions;thesecond,takinganoverviewofthehistoryofthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,Whentheformationofanemergingandevolvingdiscipline,theeducationsystem,especiallyhighereducationwillbetheemergenceofnewdisciplinescameintobeingeducationandtrainingofnewpersonneldisciplines.ChinasMinistryofEducationhasbeenaroundformanyyearswiththemeasurementandcontrolinstrumentationdisciplinesestablishedaninterdisciplinaryeducationsystem,nowknownasinstrumentsofscienceandtechnologydisciplines,nearly250collegesanduniversitiesinthecountrysetuptheappropriateprofessional,morethan30,000undergraduatestudentsandmorethan10,000post-graduatestudyinschool.Chinascollegesanduniversitiesasinstrumentsofscienceandtechnologytodevelopacademicgoalsandprofessionaltrainingstandardsforinstrumentationandmeasurementcontrolsubjectshundredsofthousandsoftrainedtechnicalpersonnel;third,instrumentationandmeasurementcontrolsubjectsisanappliedscienceproject,whichissuitedtotheformationanddevelopmentofindustryisthematerialbasisforthedevelopmentofacademicdisciplinesandtechnicalsupport.InstrumentationindustryinChinahasaconsiderablescale,whichwillbedetailedbelow,therefore,controlandmeasurementinstrumentationisnotinanivorytoweracademic,andhasstrongvitalityanddevelopmentofspace;thefourth,instrumentationandmeasurementcontrolsubjectsthereisanationalacademicorganizationatthenationallevel-InstrumentSocietyofChina.Instituteofprogressinpromotingthedisciplinehasdoneagreatdealofworkandachievedremarkableresults.Societyinparticular,progressinrecentyearstocarryoutinterdisciplinaryresearch,notonlytostrengthentheacademicinfrastructure,butalsoenrichedthecontentofcurricularactivitiesandexpansionofthesubjectdevelopment.Myspeechtodayisbasedonthesubjectslearntowriteaprogressreport.Inthelightofacademicanalysisandrepeatingexperimentation,theperfectcontrollingtemperature第6页curveofthetemperaturefieldisdescribedasFig2:TB-thedemarcatedtemperatureforaction，theparameterwhichexpressthedecentralizationofthetemperatureforaction.Firstlythetemperaturehigh-raterises.Whenthetemperaturearrivesattherangeofthetemperatureforaction,thetemperaturerisesbytheslowerrateK2andthetemperatureforactionismeasured.Whenthetemperaturearrivesattheupperlimitofthetemperatureforaction,thetemperaturefallsbytheslowerrateK3andthetemperatureismeasured.Fortheresistancestove,lag,inertiaandnonlineararebadandtheparameterchangeswithtime.Thusaccordingtotheenactmentcontrollingtemperaturecurve,thealgorithmoffuzzycontrolisusedtocontrolthetemperatureintemperaturefield.SothemodelofthecontrolledobjectcanbeavoidedidentifyingandRobustisexcellent.Theregulatingvoltagemodeofdouble-directionBi-directionalthyristorsisusedforcontrollingtemperature.Firstlythevalueanderrorofthetemperaturearefuzzied,andthenthefuzzyrulefromrepeatingexperimentationdoesfuzzyillation,thenthroughthebarycentermethodfuzzyestimatecalculatestheaccuratevalue,atlastafterD/AtransformtheaccuratevaluecontrolstheBi-directionalthyristorsbyregulatingvoltage,sotemperaturerising.Regardingthecontrolandmeasurementinstrumentationbasicoverviewoftheindustry,letustounderstandsomestatisticaldata.Instrumentsin2007Chinasindustrialenterprisesabovedesignatedsizefor3954,307.8billionyuanoutputvalue,salesincomereached300.5billionyuan,bothexceeded300billionyuan.2004,100billionyuanyear-on-yearin20062000billion,4-yearperiodmorethan30%annualgrowthrate.Salesof300billionyuan,theexportreached8.8billionU.S.dollars,upthepreviousyearincreasedby36%.Atpresent,controlandmeasurementinstrumentationindustrycategorieshasbeenrelativelycompletevariety,reasonablelayout,withaconsiderableproductionscaleandtechnologicalbaseoftheindustrialsystem,inAsia,exceptJapan,Chinaisthesecondlargestproducerofinstrumentsandmeters,isdevelopingthemostpowerfulintegratedinstrumentationproducer.Fromtheanalysisofthetechnologicallevelofproducts,atpresentthevastmajorityofChinese-made第7页instrumentisstillinthe20thcentury,developedinthelate90slevel.Middleandlowbasicrangeofproducts,tothescaleofproduction,thequalityoftheinstruments,etc.Thereisnoinherentdifferencebetweeninstruments;sensors,componentsandfunctionsofthematerialismainlyusedtoobtainsignals,equipmentproductionandtheuseofmaterials.Hasbecomeanimpactsensorinstrumentationandmeasurementcontrolofthedevelopmentandapplicationofthekey.Theoreticalbasisofvariousequipmentandtechnology,constitutethecontrolandmeasurementinstrumentationsystem,thebasiccontentofsubjects,theybecometheinstrumentoftheindustrialcontrolandmeasurementsystem,animportantcomponentindustry,whichdeterminesthedevelopmentofinstrumentationandmeasurementcontrolthefuture.Whenweanalyzethecontrolandmeasurementinstrumentation,whenthestatusquo,cannotbutrealizethatitiscomparedwiththeinternationaladvancedlevel,withChinaseconomicandsocialdevelopmentcomparedtotheactualneeds,therearestillalargegap.Thedifferenceisall-round,threeofthemostcrucialpoint:First,Chinassmall-scaleindustrialinstrumentation,lowproductionvalueofenterprisesisalsoasmallscale,lowproductionvalue.Instrumentsin2007Chinas300billionyuanindustrialoutputvalue,accountingforonly2.5%ofgrossindustrialoutputvalue.10yearsago,theUnitedStatesindustrialoutputvalueofinstrumentationhasreached4100billionU.S.dollars,accountingfor4%ofgrossindustrialoutputvalue.Atpresent,theinstrumentationbusinessintheUnitedStatesmorethan2billionU.S.dollarsoutputvalueofnotlessthan50,Chinaslargestinstrumentationcompanies,BeijingInstrumentGroupof8billionyuaninoutputvalue,SichuanInstrumentGroupofsixbillionyuan.Comparedthetwo,istoogreat.Industriesandenterprisesofthesizeandvalueofadirectimpactonthevitalityofindustryanddevelopment.Toreduceandeliminatethisgap,weneedtoworkhardfor10yearsfor20years.Second,Chinasproductqualityinstrumentation,thespeciesstillexistmanyproblems.Productreliabilityandstability,havenotbeensolvedalongtime,seriouslyaffectthemarketinganduse.Manylarge-scaleproductionof第8页precisioninstruments,wehavenotcomeout,almostentirelydependentondomesticdemandandimports.Instrumentsin2007Chinasexportsrecordeda8.8billionU.S.dollars,butimportsreached17.2billionU.S.dollars,adeficitof8.4billionU.S.dollars,becomingthemostoftheequipmentmanufacturingindustry.Thisproblemisnotsolved,ourcontrolandmeasurementinstrumentationdisciplinesandindustrieswillnotbeabletoshakeoffthepassivesituationofbackwardness.Twokindsofmetalswhoseinflatedcoefficientmakeagreatdealofdifferencearehardcomposedtogether,andthenthedishingtwin-sheetmetalcomesintobeing.Whenthetemperaturerelayarrivesatacertaingivenvalue,oneupwardcurvingforcewillcomeintobeingintwin-sheetmetalasaresultofbigexpandingfornethermetalandsmallexpandingforuppermetal.Whenthetwin-sheetmetalbendsatacertainextent,itwilldrivetheelectriccontactandswitchonorswitchoffthecircuit.Whenthetemperaturerelayreducesatacertaingivenvalue,thetwin-sheetmetalgraduallyinvolutes.Whenthetwin-sheetmetalresumesatacertainextent,itwill3rdInternationalSymposiumonInstrumentationScienceandTechnologyAug.1822,2004,Xian.Chinadrivetheelectriccontactininversedirectionandswitchonorswitchoffthecircuit.Theworkingprincipleofdishingtwin-sheetmetalisdescribedasFig1:1-theinitiatorystate(roomtemperature),2-thestateafterheatedorcooled,3-displacement.Third,theinstrumentationindustryinourcountrydonothaveastrongabilitytoinnovate,butalsocannotassumetheresponsibilityofthemainscientificandtechnologicalinnovation.Internationalscientificandtechnologicalinnovationanddevelopmentofinstrumentationfast,theproductreplacementcycle,onlyabout2-4years,mostenterpriseshavesalesofmorethanhalfofalmost5yearsfromthelistingofnewproducts.InChina,alotofinstrumentationproductsalsoderivedfromthe80sinthe20thcentury,theintroductionofaproductoftechnology,quiteanumberofproductshasalwaysbeenthesystemis10years,eatinglivingcapital.Abilityofindependentinnovationformanyreasons,mostnomorethantwo:First,investinthe第9页developmentofscientificandtechnologicalinnovationtoo.Foreignenterprisestoinvestinscientificandtechnologicalinnovationingeneralsales8-10%,whileinvestmentinChinasenterprisesrarelyexceed3-5%,nottomentionthealreadymorethansales,whichgreatlylimitstheeffectiveconductofscientificandtechnologicalinnovation;Second,humanfactors,andsomedonotattachimportancetoindependentinnovationleadership,innovationandtalentismorescarce.Putforththepartys17toimprovethecapabilityofindependentinnovation,buildinganinnovation-orientedcountriesarethecoreofnationaldevelopmentstrategiesistoenhancetheoverallstrengthofthekey.Enterprisestoenhancetheirtechnologicalinnovation,hasbecomeamissionimperative.Third,thetrendofthecharacteristicsofToday,controlandmeasurementinstrumentationdevelopmentisthetrend:Inthefaceofproductstability,reliabilityandadaptabilityofrising;technicalindicatorsandfunctionsarebeingconstantlyimproved;thefirstintroductionofthenewresultsofscientificresearch;extensiveuseofhigh-tech;Instrumentandmicroandsmallunitsofmeasurementandcontrol,intelligenceisincreasinglyclear;requiremonitoringandcontrolinstrumentsandmodulescanbeusedindependently,embeddednetworkinguseandtheuseof;thescopeofequipmenttothethree-dimensionalmeasurementandcontrol,theexpansionofglobalization;tosystematicmonitoringandcontrolfunctions,network-baseddevelopment;portable,hand-heldinstrumentsaswellasalargenumberofpersonaldevelopment.Technicalfeaturesare:integrationofnewtechnologiesandinstrumentationinthestudyrelatedtothetypeofsensors,componentsandmaterialsandtechnologiesbasedoninnovationandthedevelopmentofnewsensitivetoweaksignal,sensing,detection,integrationoftechnology,materialandatomic,molecular-leveldetectiontechnology,thecomplexityofthecompositionofsamplesGCtechnology,lifesciencesitu,power,real-time,online,highsensitivity,high-throughput,highlyselectivedetectiontechnique,creatingallkindsofnewinspectionandtestinginstrumentsandmeters;combinationofsystemtheory,thedevelopmentofcyberneticsinthedevelopmentofindustrialautomationmonitoringandcontrolofonlineanalysis第10页andcontrol,insituanalysisandcontrol,highreliability,highperformanceandhighadaptability,suchastechnology,innovationanddevelopmentofindustrialautomationinstrumentationandcontrolsystems;combinationoflifesciencesbodyofscientificdevelopment,inthedevelopmentofthehealthstatusofmedicaldiagnosisandtreatmentmonitoring,earlydiagnosisandtreatment,non-destructivediagnosis,non-invasiveandlowinvasiveopenclinics,thetreatmentofprecisepositioningtechnologydevelopedonthebasisofmedicalequipment;Atthesametime,newsubjectareasandtrackingalltypesofapplicationsdevelopment,thedevelopmentofadedicated,fast,automateddetectionandmeasurementtechnologyandadedicatedinstrument.